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Glacier Velocities from Aerial Photographs in North and North

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Glacier Velocities from Aerial Photographs in North and North 102 References Jarvik, E. A. V. 1961: Devonian vertebrates. In Raaseh,G. O. (edit.) Geologyof the Arctic 1, 197-204. TorontoU.P. Alexander-Marraek, P. D. & Friend, P. E 1976: Devonian Jarvlk, E. A. V.1972: Middle and Upper Devonian Porolepi­ sediments of East Greenland. III: The eastern sequenee, formes from East Greenland with special reference to Glyp­ Vilddal Supergroup and part of the Kap Kolthoff Super- tolepis groehla~dica n.sp, and a discussion on the.structure of group.Meddr Grønland 206(3), 122 pp. ' the head in the Porolepiformes. Meddr Grønland 187(2),307 Bendix-Almgreen, S. E. 1976:' Palaeovertebrate faunas of pp. Greenland. In Eseher, A. & Watt, W. S. (edit.) Geology of Jarvik, E. A. V. 1980: Basic structure and evolution of ver- Greenland, 536-573. Copenhagen: Geol. Surv. Greenland. tebrates 1, 575 pp. London: Aeadeinic Press.' ' Birkelund, T. & Pereh-Nielsen, K. 1976: Late Palaeozoie ­ Jarvik, E. A. V. 1985: Devonian osteolepiform fishes from Mesozoic evolution ofcentral East Greenland. In Escher, A. East Greenland. Meddr Grønland Geosd. 13; 52 pp. & Watt, W. S. (edit.) Geology of Greenland, 304-339. Co­ Lehman, J.-P. 1959: Les dipneustes du Devonien superieurdu ,penhagen: Geo!. Surv. Greenland. Groenland. Meddr Grønland 160(4),58 pI'.", Bjerring, H. C. 1985: Faets and thoughts on piscine phylogeny. Mayne, W. 1942: Stratigraphie 'und Faziesverhiiltnisse der In Foreman, R. E., Gorbman, A. & Olsson, R. (edit.) Oberpermischen Ablagerungen Ostgr6enlands (Olim 'Ober­ Evolutionary biology of primitivefishes. NATO Adv. Stud. karbon-Unterperm') zwisehen Woll.as~oJl:F6r1and und den Inst. Ser. A, life sci. 103,31-57. New York: Plenum Press. , Kejser Josephs Fjord. MeddrGrø~land 115(1,), 128 pp. Biitler, H. 1954: Die stratigraphisehe Gliederung der Mittelde~ Nicholson, J. & Friend, P. E 1976: Devon'iansediments of East vonisehen Serien im Gebiete von Kap Franklin an Kejser Greenland. V:The central sequence,Kåp Graah Group and Grøn~; Franz Joseph Fjord in Zentral-Ostgronland. Meddr Mount Celsius Supergroup. MeddrGrønland i06(5), 118 pp. land 116(7), 126 pp. Nielsen' E. 1935: Thi: Permian~nd EotriMsic'vertebrate-bear­ Claek, J. A. in press: New Tetrapod material from the Upper . 'iog b~ds at Godthaab Gulf (East Gr~enlå-ndy. Meddr Grøn- Devonian of East Greenland. Palaeontology. land 98(1), 111 pp. Friend, P. F.,Alexander-Marraek, P. D., Nicholsen, J. & Peel; J. S. & Yochelson, E. L. 1984:Permian Toxeomorpho­ Yeats,' A. K. 1976a: Devonian sediments of East Greenland. rida from Greenland: an appraisal of the molluscan class I: Introduetion, c1assificationof sequences, petrographie Xenoconchia. Lethaia 17, 211-221. , notes. Meddr Grønland 206(1), 56 pp. Stensi6, E. A. 1931: 'UpperDevonian vertebrates from East Friend, P. 'E, Alexander-Marrack, P. D., Nicholson, J. & Greenland eolleeted by the Danish Greeriland expeditions in, Yeats, A. K. 1976b: Devonian sediments of East Greenland. , 1929 ånd 1930. Meddr Grønland 86(1), 212 pp. II: Sedimentary structures and fossils. Meddr Grønland 206 Stensi6,E. A. 1936:0n the Plaeode~mi ofthe Upper Devo­ (2),91 pp, nian of East Greenland. Supplement to part I. Meddr Grøn­ Friend, P. E, Alexander-Marrack, P. D., Allen, K. C., Niehol­ land 97(2), 52 pp. son, J. & Yeats, A. K. 1983: Devonian sediments of East Warren; J. W. & Wakefield,N: A~ 1972: Trackwilys of tetra­ Greenland. VI: Review of results. Meddr Grønland 206(6), pod vertebrates from theUpper Devonian of Victoria, Aus­ 96 pp. tralia. Nature, Lond. 238, 469-470. Jarvik, E. A. V. 1952: On the fish-like tail in the ichthyostegid Yeats, A. K. & Friend, P. F. 1978: Devonian sediments of East stegoeephalians, with description of a new stegocephalian Greenland. IV: The western sequence, Kap Kolthoff Super­ and a new erossopterygian from the upper Devonian of East , group ofthe western areas. Meddr Grønland 206(4),112 pp. Greenland. Meddr Grønland 114(12), 90 pp. S.E.B.-A.• J.A.C.. H.O.• Geologisk Museum. University Museum of Zoology, Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse. øs/er Voldgade 5-7. Downing 'Stree/, øs/er Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, . DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark. e ,U. K: Denmark. Glacier velocities from aerial photographs in Noith and North~East Greenland .. ; ; ,A. K. Higgins General descriptions of the glaciers of North and descriptions, however, provide little in the way of quim­ North-East Greenland have been givenby Koch (1928), titative data on glacier' velocities, although Davies & Krinsley canc1uded that a large number af glaciers and Davies & Krinsley (1962) and Weidick (1975). These, Rapp, Grønlands geol. Unders. 140, 102-105 (1988) 103 56' 44' 20' 8' 250 km 1. Petermann Gletscher 11. Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden 2. Steensby Gletscher 12. Zachariæ Isstrøm 3. Ryder Gletscher D. Dijmphna Sund 4. C.H. Ostenfeld Gletscher F. Freuche~ Land 5. Jungersen Gletscher H: Hendrik ø 6. Hans Tavsen Iskappe HF. Hagen Fjord 7. Hunt Fjord ice shelt J. jtikelbugten 8. Academy Gletscher . N. NordenskitildFjord : ~ ", 9. Hagen Bræ . V. Victoria Fjord 10. Flade Isblink , ':. smal! ice caps in North Greenland exhibited stable con­ Washington Land and Hal! Lari~L" At.leastth~northern ditions, with a significant number showing evidence of 40 km ofthe glacier is afloat; a~dmatching ol surface recent retreat. Comparisons of vertical aerial photo­ features on aerial photographs from 1959 and 1978 dem­ graphs taken in 1959-63, 1971 and 1978 permit mea­ onstrate that the central.part ofthe glacier has moved l T surements ef glacier velocity to be made on floating ice km in 19 years, an average velocity of 895 m/year. tongues which have preserved a distinctive surface pat­ . The position of the, glacier te~ininus is reported to tern of meandering streams and crevasses. These show have had a fairly stable positionslnce 1876 (Koch, 1928; . the largest glaciers draining the Inland Ice in North and Davies & Krinsley, 1962), which indieates that large North-East .Greenland to have average velocities rang­ icebergs must regularly calve from the front arid escape ing from 300 to 900 mlyear. into Robeson Channel, where there is often open water This study of vertical aerial phot6graphs has also in the summer. demonstrated that for floating glacier tongues the posi­ tion of the glacier terminus is not areliable indicator of Steensby Gletscher (fig. 1: no. 2) drains intothe head of advance or retreat. In the fjords of North Greenland Sankt George Fjord, betWeen Warming 'LaridandNye- . semi-permanent sea ice often maintains the integrity of boe Land. Itis 62.km long; and about 3.5 km wide at the advancing floating glacier fronts for periods of ten to front where it characteristicallybreaks up into several twenty years (Koch, 1928; Weidick, 1975); the break-up floating lobes separated by aggregates of small icebergs of the floating tongue in rare summers when the sea ice (Ahnert, 1963). Aerial photographs from 1963, 1971 melts completely may give the impression of a sudden and 1978 demonstratea velocity .of 430mfyear. Ah­ retreat, but this 'retreat' is unrelated to changes in the nert's estimate of an,annual advance of 5A to 8.7 km mass balance. was based on an incorrect assumption. The semi-perma­ nentsea ice has maintained the advancingfront of Petennann Gletscher (fig. 1: no. 1) isJlO km long and 15 Steensby Gletscher as an jntaet mass,and no large km wide at its front, and occupies a deep deft between icebergs drifted away from the frontbetween 1953 and 1978. 104 RyderGleischer.(fig.:I: no. 3) is more than 80 kmlong measured velocity determined from 1963 and1978 verti­ and drains northwards between Wulff Land and Perinin cal aerialphotographs is 350 mlyear. Land;' where it is8km.wide.Characteristic surfaee features on tliefrontal floating segment of· the. glaCier Hans Tavsen Iskappe (fig. 1: no. 6)'is an independent ice .demonstrate a movement olup to 8 km between.1963 cap about 70 km' across. Three small outlet glaciers and 1978,an average velocityof about 535 mlyear. draining into the fjord tothe west have measured veloc: Lauge Koch's observations in 1917 showedthe float­ ities 'of 40-70 mlyear, and a larger.glacierdraining' ingglacier otongue to extend il considerabledistance northwards 100 mlyear. A drilling operation was carried farther·north. than at present,into the'fjord between out on Hans Tavsen Iskappe durin~ the1975 Greenland Hendrik ø and Wulff Land (Koch, 1928). Davies & lce Sheet Prograrnme (Langwaye( al., 1985)~ Krinsley (1962) note that' this tongue had broken up prior to '1947, and that the positionof the glacier front Hunt Fjord ic~ shelj(fig.i: no. 7). Small ice shelves withdrew a further 5 km from 1947. to 1956. Between occurjn northe'm Peary Land, one of which completely .1971 and 1978 the front has advanced without drift of fills Hunt Fjord; a smaller ice sheifpartially blocks the significant icebergs away from the front. sound west o~ Hunt Fjord. These are the only ice Break-up and dispersal of tlie floating glaciertongue' shelves in NorthGreenland whichbear comparison with cldrly takes place only in rare summers when the sea the better known ice shelves'fringing northern Ellesm~ ice melts completely. Oblique aerial photographs from ere Island (Jeffries, 1987). Like them they appear to be 1953 show a collection oflarge icebergs off the front of very ancient features and exhiblt a comparable surface Ryder Gletscher, which in an ice-free summer prior to pattem of undulatlng ridgesand water-filled hollows. 1963 had drifted 15 to 45 km northwards to positions . However, the North Greenland ice shelves are ,clearly between Hendrik ø and WulffLand. These tabular fed by the' alpine glaciers in north Peary Land, and ic~bergs oCcupied virtuaIly unchanged positions o~ 1963 while they generally show little:.signof rnovement be- , and 1978 aerial photographs and in 1985 (personal ob­ tween1963 and 1978 aerial photographs; a glacier feed- . servations), showing the sea' ice had not melted com­ ing aportion'of the we!;t frqnt of Hunt Fjord ice shelf is pletely for ilt least 22 years.
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