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M C LUCAS PRÉDATION INTRAGUILDE ET STRATÉGIES mcLUCAS PRÉDATION INTRAGUILDE ET STRATÉGIES DÉFENSIVES CHEZ TROIS PRÉDATEURS APHIDIPHAGES. Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études superieures de l'université Laval pour l'obtention du grade de Philosophiae Doctor (Ph-D.) Departernent de phytologie FAcULTÉ DES SCIENCES DE L'AGRICULTURE ET DE L'ALIMENTATION UNNERS~LAVAL Q-= MAI 1998 @ Énc Lucas, 1998 National Libfary I*N d-* Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services senrices bibliographiques The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exchisve permettant à la National Lîbrafy of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distriiute or sell reproduire, prêter, distriiuer ou copies of this thesis in microfom, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de rnicrofiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. RÉSUME (court) La prédation intraguilde (IGP) et les stratégies defensives associées ont été étudiées chez Coleornegilla maculnta (Coccinellidae), Chrysoperla rufilabris (Chrysopidae) et Aphidoleres aphidimyza (Cccidomyiidae), predateurs du puceron de Ia pomme de terre. En absence de puceron, la majorités des stades étaient impliqués dans les interactions de type IGP. Le niveau d"lP diminuait généralement en presence de pucerons, mais parfois uniquement à forte densité, ou encore se maintenait, Les stratégies défensives des jeunes larves de coccinelle face aux chrysopes se resumaient à Ia fuite tandis que les larves âgées utilisaient également le combat. Les mues de la coccinelle se d6roulaieat sur le plant, tandis que la nymphose se déroulait hors-plant, ce qui diminuait les risques d'IGP. La cécidomyie protège ses oeufs en pondant dans des sites à forte densité de tnchomes. Les larves de la cécidomyie possédant un comportement furtif, bénéficient d'un effet de diIution généré par la colonie. La prédation intraguilde (IGP) et les stratCgies ddfensives associées ont été énidih en laboratoire chez trois prédateurs du puceron de la pomme de terre, soit la coccineile maculée Coleomegilla maculata, la chrysope Chrysope rl a rufila b ris et la cécidomyie Aphidoletes aph idimyza. LlGP est une interaction importante qui affecte l'abondance, la distribution et 1'~volution des êsphs. La première partie du travail consistait à caracttriser 1TGP entre les prédateurs. En absence de puceron, la quasi-totalité des stades ttaient impliqués dans les interactions de type IGP. La spécificit6 alimentaire, la taille et la mobiIité constituaient les facteurs déterminants dans la symétrie de la relation. En présence de pucerons, le niveau d'IGP soit diminuait (majorite des cas), soit demeurait constant, soit diminuait uniquement à forte densite. La seconde partie portait sur les stratégies défensives des stades vulnérables à I'IGP. Chez la coccinelle maculée, les jeunes larves étaient plus vulnérables que les larves âgées à la prédation par les chrysopes de 3&me stade. La seule defense active des jeunes stades était la fuite, tandis que les stades âg€s utilisaient en plus le combat. La mue chez la coccinelle maculée se déroulait sur le plant dans des sites utilisés par les larves libres, tandis que la nymphose se déroulait hors-plant ce qui réduisait les risques d'IGP. La cécidomyie sc5lectionnait des sites de ponte à forte densité de trichornes au voisinage des colonies de pucerons. Ces sites conféraient une protection aux oeufs contre la coccinelle et facilitaient l'atteinte de Ia colonie par les larves néonates. Finaiement, les larves de cécidomyie, par leur comportement furtif, bénéficiaient d'un effet de dilution généré par la colonie de pucerons. Leur vulnérabilité face à une chrysope de 2ème stade, diminuait avec la taille de la colonie. Cet effet de dilution disparaissait avec une chrysope de 3ème stade probablement en raison du plus grand effet perturbateur associé. Au vu de nos résultats, 1'IGP apparaît comme un des moteurs de Ia dynamique de la communauté tant par la mortalité qu'elle engendre que par les stratégies défensives qu'elle contribue B générer. Il est clair que I'IGP devrait également affecter les programmes de lutte biologique contre les pucerons. ABSTRACT Intraguild predation (IGP) is an important type of interspecific interaction that may affect the abundance. distribution and evolution of animal species. Under laboratory conditions. we studied IGP and defensive strategies of three species of aphid predators: the twelve spotted ladybeetle Coleomegilla maculata. the green lacewing Chrysoperla rufilabris and the midgc Aphidoletes aphidirnyza. The first section of the thesis characterizes the levels and symmetry of IGP among the various developmental stages of the predators- In the absence of aphids, almost al1 stages were involved in IGP. Feeding specificity, size. and mobility were significant factors determining the outcome and symmetry of the interactions. In the presence of aphids, IGP either decreased steadily or exponentially with increased aphid density, remained constant, or decreased only at high aphid density. The second section of the thesis describes some of the defensive strategies evolved by predators susceptible to IGP. Vulnerability of coccinellid Iarvae to lacewing is age-specific and determined by larval defensive behaviors. Young coccinellids on1y exhibit escape reactions while older Iarvae also actively defena themselves. Coccinellids moult close to the aphid colony but Ieave the host plant to pupate, a strategy that balances vulnerability to IGP predators and foraging profitability of larvae. Redatory midges select oviposition sites with high trichorne density in the vicinity of aphid colony, reflecting botb the food resource dependance and predation risk constraints of immature midges. Funhermore. foraging midge larvae display furtive behavior and. confined within the aphid colony, benefit from a dilution effect that reduces the incidence of IGP. This study emphasizes the role of IGP in shaping the dynarnic and structure of animal communitiw. as well as its implication for aphid biological control. REMERCIEMENTS Mon doctorat s'est déroulé de l'hiver 1994 à I'hiver 1998. Pendant ces quatre annees, j'ai partage mon temps entre l'université Laval à Quebec et I'universitb du Québec à Montréal. J'ai reçu durant cette période l'assistance technique, l'aide, les conseils et l'encadrement de la part d'un grand nombre de personnes tant à Montréal qu'à Québec. Je tiens donc B les remercier sinc&rement, en espérant n'oublier personne. Dans cette longue aventure, Ie personnage sans nul doute le plus important aura été mon directeur de recherches Jacques Brodeur. Je tiens il le remercier tout d'abord pour avoir accepté un étudiant nomade toujours sur la route entre Montréal et Québec. Jacques constitue un modèle à différents égards notamment pour sa capacit6 de travail phénoménale et sa rigueur scientifique LL toute épreuve. Neanmoins, ce qui m'est apparu le plus remarquable à travers ces années, c'est d'une part la transparence avec laquelle iI administre ses "interactions humaines" (au moins avec moi), et d'autre part sa grande ouverture d'esprit et sa curiosité devant des résultats parfois surprenants ou des protocoles singuliers. J'avais déjà remercie Daniel Coderre à l'issue de ma maîtrise. Devenu mon co- directeur au doctorat, je le remercie encore, entre autres pour les discussions scientifiques toujours très stimulantes qu'ont gbnerb tes résul tats des diverses experiences et qui m'ont tant fait défaut durant sa sabatique. Je le remercie Cgalement pour l'appui constant qu'il m'a apporte notamment professionnellement et pour l'extraordinaire "chi mie" qu'il a su installer au laboratoire. Faire un doctorat dans deux laboratoires, deux universités et deux villes différentes constituait un defi B priori. Au bout du compte, je suis très satisfait de mon choix et suivrais le même chemin si c'était à refaire. Je remercie toutes les personnes qui ont participé aux divers comités d'encadrement du doctorat en biologie végétale: Le Dr. Conrad Cloutier (évaluation de projet, seminaire de fin d'études, soutenance), le Dr. Jeremy McNeil (examen de synthbe, séminaire de fin d'étude, soutenance), le Dr. Yves Carrière (séminaire de fin d'études), le Dr. Nicole Benhamou (examen de synthèse), le Dr. Gilles Leroux (6valuation de projet), le Dr. Lyne Rochefort (examen de synthèse) et le Dr. Daniel Dostaler (kvaluation de projet, examen de synthèse, séminaire 1 et séminaire de fin d'étude) et enfin le Dr. Luc-Alain Giraldeau (soutenance). k remercie les ttudiants des laboratoires de Québec et de Montréal. À Québec. je remercie tout particulièrement Marc Fournier pour son aide precieuse et ses nombreux cours d16volution ainsi qu'André Bouchard pour sa patience B toute épreuve et pour avoir consend de précieuses photocopies de mes résultats. Merci aussi & Hassan Askary. Isabelle Pouliot, Isabeiie Couture, Louise Sénéchal. Guy Breton, Marie-Claude Pépin et Steeve Bourassa pour leur bonne humeur et leur contribution respective. À Montreal, je remercie tout particulièrement Silvia Todorova avec qui j'ai pu partager les petites misères et les grands bonheurs des étudiants
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