Democratisation, Reintegration and the Security Sector: Assessing the Peacebuilding Effort in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1995-2000
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London School of Economics and Political Science Democratisation, Reintegration and the Security Sector: Assessing the Peacebuilding Effort in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1995-2000 A Thesis Submitted by Dominique Orsini University of London Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations 2002 UMI Number: U166549 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U166549 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 k nz\ 6928S3 Abstract This thesis examines the impact of security sector reform in peacebuilding operations on the process of democratisation, with reference to the case of Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH) between the signing of the peace agreement in November 1995 and the parliamentary elections of November 2000. A hard realist model has been applied in BiH but has not significantly helped democratisation, leaving the nationalist power structure largely untouched because of two factors: the structure of the agreement itself, tom between its separatist and re-integrationist provisions, and the incoherence of the international community with regard to security sector reform in BiH. The Bosnian predicament demonstrates the potential of a hard realist/liberal model of peacebuilding. It is argued here that it is less the nature of the model itself, which combines a hard realist approach to SSR with efforts at democratisation, that determines the success of the democratisation effort than the place of SSR within the overall peacebuilding process, as well as the roles played by third parties and the extent of their commitment in pushing democratisation forward. 3 Acknowledgements This thesis could not have been written, without the unconditional support of my parents. Even though they may not have fully understood what I was doing, their constant encouragement gave me the confidence and optimism that I needed to move forward. I am also grateful and indebted to them for all the sacrifices they have made to help me qualify to do a doctorate. I am also greatly indebted to my supervisor, Mr. Nicholas Sims. This thesis would not be the same without his patient and thorough reviewing of my work. His support over the past four years has been invaluable. I also want to thank those who made a contribution to this work by making me think harder about this project and opening up new avenues. They are Dr. Mats Berdal, Dr. Spyros Economides, Dr. Vesna Bojicic-Dzelilovic, Michael Banks, Ambassador Osman Topcagic, Jane Sharp, Louiza Odysseos, Nicky Short, Lothar Rast, Ralph Emmers, James Chui and David Styan. Finally, I would have never got this far without the help of friends, in and outside the International Relations Department at the LSE, who sometimes without knowing, have supported me along the way. I am particularly grateful to Jose Morlin for his financial support, without which I would have never been able to complete this work. 4 Table of Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...............................................................................................................................................................4 ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 INTRODUCTION: RECONSIDERING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SECURITY AND POLITICAL COMPONENTS OF PEACEBUILDING OPERATIONS ................................................11 1. PEACEBUILDING: TRANSFORMING CONFLICT, BUT HOW?......................................................................................... 16 2. P eacebuilding Interventions : L ibera lism a s a G u id in g Pr in c ip l e .........................................................21 3. P eacebuilding : W h a t R o le a n d A u t h o r ity fo r T h ir d P a r t ie s ? ................................................................29 4 . PEACEBUILDING: DESIGNING A HARD REALIST/LIBERAL STRATEGY....................................................................33 PARTI ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER 1: POLITICAL ASPECTS OF UNITED NATIONS PEACEBUILDING: ASSISTING THE TRANSITION TOWARDS DEMOCRACY ........................................................................................................... 39 1. E x p l a in in g t h e S ustainability o f D e m o c r a c y : V a l u e s a n d Institutions ? ......................................41 2 . H o w D o e s D e m o c r a c y G u a r a n t e e P e a c e ? ............................................................................................................... 47 3. T h e U N a n d t h e S h ift t o w a r d s D e m o c r a c y ............................................................................................................51 4 . U N P eacebuilding : S ix Ca s e S t u d i e s ........................................................................................................................... 55 4.1. Angola....................................................................................................................................................... 56 4.2. El Salvador ...............................................................................................................................................58 4.3. Cambodia..................................................................................................................................................61 4.4. Mozambique..............................................................................................................................................64 4.5. Rwanda..................................................................................................................................................... 65 4.6. Guatemala.................................................................................................................................................67 5. Conclusion: UN Peacebuilding-Building Democratic Institutions .................................................. 70 CHAPTER 2: SECURITY SECTOR REFORM IN UN PEACEBUILDING: IMPACT ON DEMOCRATISATION ......................................................................................................................................................................72 1. W e a p o n s a n d In t e r st a t e W a r : L ib e r a l a n d R e a l ist P erspectives .........................................................75 1.1 The Liberal Argument: Arms Races as the Cause of War.................................................................... 76 1.2. The Realist Argument: Political Disputes as the Cause o f War.......................................................79 2 . UN Peacebuilding: an Idealist Approach to the Reform of M ilitary Forces ..............................85 3. T h e S ec u r it y D il e m m a , Co n tr o l o v e r T er rito r y a n d M ilita r y B a l a n c e : Co n s id e r in g a D iffe r e n t M o d e l o f M ilita r y R efo rm in U N P eacebuilding ............................................................................89 4 . P o lic e R efo rm in U N P eacebuilding : Ju s t B u il d in g a R eintegrated , D em o c r a t ic P olice F o r c e ? ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 96 4.1. Training o f the Local Police by CIVPOL: Impact on the Balance o f Forces, Control over Territory and the Security Dilemma.............................................................................................................98 4.2. CIVPOL: From Soft Monitoring to Robust Monitoring: Impact on the Balance o f Forces, Control over Territory and the Security Dilemma.................................................................................... 102 4.3. Conclusion..............................................................................................................................................106 5. Co n c l u s io n : Q u e st io n in g S ecurity S ecto r R efo rm in U N P eacebuilding O p e r a t io n s 107 * P A R T I I .................................................................................................................................................................................................... I l l 5 CHAPTER 3: THE DAYTON ACCORDS AND THE POLITICAL EQUATION: SEEKING TO CREATE A CONSOCIATIONAL DEMOCRACY ......................................................................................................I l l 1. B a c k g r o u n d t o t h e G e n e r a l F r a m e w o r k A