Evidence from the Influence of Coal Resources-Exhaustion on Coal
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sustainability Article Does the Exhaustion of Resources Drive Land Use Changes? Evidence from the Influence of Coal Resources-Exhaustion on Coal Resources–Based Industry Land Use Changes Bo Wen 1, Yunhua Pan 2, Yanyuan Zhang 3, Jingjie Liu 4 and Min Xia 4,* 1 College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; [email protected] 2 Institute of Soft Science on Transformation and Development of Resource-Exhausted Cities, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang 337000, China; [email protected] 3 College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; [email protected] 4 College of Public Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-025-8439-5700 Received: 3 July 2018; Accepted: 31 July 2018; Published: 1 August 2018 Abstract: Analyzing the spatial-temporal changes of resources–based industrial land is essential to the transformation and development of resources–exhausted cities. In this paper, we studied coal resources–based industrial land use changes and their driving factors in a typical coal resources–exhausted city, Anyuan District, Pingxiang city. The changes between coal resources–based industrial land and other land-use types were analyzed. The logistic regression models were applied to identify the main driving factors and quantify their contributions to coal resources–based industrial land-use changes during the two periods of 2003–2008 and 2008–2013. The results show that coal resources–based industrial land declined by 34.37% during the period 2008–2013 as coal resources were being exhausted. Altitude, distance to roads, distance to town, population density change, fixed-asset investment per area change, and GDP per capita change drove coal resources–based industrial land-use changes. However, the patterns of the driving effects differed, and even the same factors had different influences on coal resources–based industrial land-use changes during the two periods. The changes in the driving factors can be seen as responses to socioeconomic transformation and development in the city, which is experiencing the exhaustion of coal resources. As a result of the comprehensive effects of these driving factors, coal resources–based industrial land use has changed in complex ways. Keywords: coal resources–based industrial land-use changes; driving factors; logistic regression model; resources–exhausted city; Anyuan District 1. Introduction Nowadays resources–exhausted cities whose economy used to rely on development of the natural resources such as mineral resources, forest resources and so on are facing the phenomenon of resource exhaustion. The cumulative extraction of resources in these cities has reached more than 70% of recoverable reserves and resource exploitation has come to the end stage [1]. In recent years, resources extraction and initial processing enterprises in these cities had gradually closed, causing a dramatic change of industrial land. On the one hand, enormous abandoned industrial land brings environmental problems [2,3]. On the other hand, there is an urgent need for construction land in Sustainability 2018, 10, 2698; doi:10.3390/su10082698 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2018, 10, 2698 2 of 13 economic transformation and sustainable development of these cities [4]. However, few studies have explored coal resources–based industrial land-use changes and their driving forces. In recent decades, dramatic land-use changes have occurred around the world, especially in rapidly developing regions [5,6]. As an important component of global environmental change, land use and cover change (LUCC) has become a hot topic in sustainable development studies [7,8]. Increasing numbers of studies have investigated land-use changes and their driving forces [9–11], including comprehensive land-use changes [12,13], construction land-use changes [14–16], farmland changes [17–19], and ecological land changes [20,21]. Generally speaking, researchers believe that natural environment changes, industrialization and urbanization are the main driving forces in the conversion of farmland to nonagricultural use [22–24]. Socioeconomic developments and land-use policies drive urban and industrial land expansion for future urban land-use spaces [25,26]. On the other hand, the wetland and forest has increased and environment has improved with the ecological restoration projects are implemented [27]. Most of these studies are focused on large-scale or mesoscale land use changes and their driving forces [28–30]. At different spatial scales, the interactions between land use change and its associated factors are also different [31–33]. An in-depth study of small-scale land-use changes can further reveal the micro-processes and internal mechanisms of regional spatial-temporal changes in land use [34]. Moreover, as a special and important land use type in resources–exhausted cities, resources–based industrial land use changes are related to the phases of coal resources–based cities, which include the two different phases of prosperity and exhaustion. Analyzing the spatial-temporal changes of resources–based industrial land is essential to provide important information for its reasonable use and reclamation, and is beneficial to the transformation and development of these cities. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the research to coal resources–based industrial land-use changes and their driving forces at a small scale. Pingxiang is a typical coal resources–exhausted city located in Jiangxi province in China. Anyuan District in Pingxiang was selected in this study to explore coal resources–based industrial land-use changes and their driving forces. By the using of high-resolution images from 2003, 2008 and 2013, changes in coal resources–based industrial land areas and their directions of flow were considered to determine spatiotemporal characteristics. The possible driving forces and their impact on coal resources–based industrial land-use changes were spatially identified and quantified using logistic regression models. 2. Overview of the Study Region Anyuan District is situated in the hilly and mountainous area of central China, lying between 113◦450–113◦590 E and 27◦330–27◦440 N (Figure1). It is the political, economic, and cultural center of Pingxiang in Jiangxi province. The landform is plain in the northwest part of the study area and mountainous in the southeast. The east–west width is about 22.75 km, and the north–south length is about 20.33 km, covering an area of approximately 212.58 km2. The area is located in a humid subtropical monsoon climate zone and is characterized by four distinct seasons with an average annual precipitation of 1630 mm and a mean annual temperature of 17.2 ◦C. The annual rainfall is higher than the annual evaporation. Anyuan District is among the earliest recorded coal mining areas in China and can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. In the past, it was called the “Coal Capital” south of the Yangtze River because of its abundant coal resources. Coal resources–based industrial land is the main component of industrial land. As they are located in hilly and mountainous areas, coal mines are widely distributed at relatively high altitudes. The exploitation of coal resources has greatly contributed to the modernization of the region, as well as the whole country. As a result of high-intensity coal mining over a long period, coal resources in Anyuan District since 2000 have become nearly exhausted, resulting in a reduction of coal mining and coal processing activities. The coal economy is collapsing. In March 2008, the State Development and Reform Commission identified Pingxiang as a resources–exhausted city. As the most important coal production area of Pingxiang, Anyuan District is experiencing dilemmas in both its socioeconomic and ecological development. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2698 3 of 13 Sustainability 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 13 Figure 1. Location of Anyuan District. 3. Data Sources and Methods 3.1. Data Sources SPOT imagesimages from from 2003 2003 and and aerial aerial photographs photographs from 2008from and 2008 2013 and obtained 2013 obtained from the Pingxiangfrom the MunicipalPingxiang BureauMunicipal of LandBureau and of Resources Land and were Resources chosen were as the chosen base images.as the base The images. resolution The of resolution the SPOT imagesof the SPOT is 2.5 images m, and is the 2.5 resolution m, and the of resolution the aerial of photography the aerial photography images is 1 images m. The is images 1 m. The from images 2003, 2008from and2003, 2013 2008 were and geo-referenced 2013 were geo-referenced and imported and into imported a Gauss-Kruger into a Gauss-Kruger coordinate system. coordinate An accuracy system. ofAn less accuracy than 0.5 of pixel less than root mean0.5 pixel square root error mean was square achieved error using was imageachieved rectification using image in ERDAS rectification Imagine in 9.2ERDAS software. Imagine The 9.2 land-use software. categories The land-use were dividedcategories into were six kinds:divided Coal into resources–based six kinds: Coal resources– industrial land,based generalindustrial construction land, general land, construction farmland, land, forestland, farmland, and forestland, other use typesand other by the use objected-based types by the classificationobjected-based method. classification In the study,method. coal In resources–based the study, coal industrialresources–based