A Short Resume of Thesis Entitled “Effect of Specific

A SHORT RESUME OF THESIS

ENTITLED

“EFFECT OF SPECIFIC YOGIC EXERCISES ON PHYSICAL FITNESS AND PERFORMANCE OF KABADDI AND WRESTLING PLAYERS OF LATUR DISTRICT”

To be submitted to the Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University For the Registration to Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By

MANGIRE GANESH PRAKASH

DIRECTOR OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION,

SHRI KUMARSWAMI MAHAVIDYALAYA, AUSA. DIST – LATUR

RESEARCH SUPERVISOR

Head Department Of Physical Education

Dr. MOGHE GOPAL LAXMIKANT Director, Physical Education, MAHARASHTRA MAHAVIDYALAYA, NILANGA. DIST – LATUR (MAHARASHTRA)

Submitted To

S.R.T.M. UNIVERSITY, NANDED

MAY 2016

INDEX

Sr. No. Contents Page No. 01 Introduction 04 1.1 History of Yoga 04 1.2 History of Kabaddi 05 1.3 History of Wrestling 06 1.4 Statement of the Problem 06 1.5 Significance of the Study 07 1.6 Objectives of the Study 07 1.7 Hypothesis 08 1.8 Delimitations of the Study 08 1.9 Limitations of the Study 08 1.10 Operational Definitions of the Terms 09 1.10.1 Yogic Exercise 09 1.10.2 Physical Fitness 10 1.10.3 Kabaddi Skills 11 1.10.4 Wrestling Skills 11 02 Review of related literature 12 03 Research Methodology 17 3.1 Experimental Design and Experiment 17 3.2 Selection of Sample 17 3.3 Selection of Variables and Test 17 3.4 Tools Used 17 3.5 Independent Variables 18 3.6 Procedure of the Study 18

04 Data analysis and Interpretation 19

05 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation 19 5.1 Introduction 19 5.2 Summery 19 5.3 Conclusion 19 5.4 Recommendations 19 Bibliography 20 Proposed planning of Research 22

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

1. YOGA

Yoga is a commonly known generic term for the physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient India with a view to attain a state of permanent peace. Specifically, yoga is one of the six āstika

("orthodox") schools of Hindu philosophy. One of the most detailed and thorough expositions on the subject is the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, which defines yoga as

"the stilling of the changing states of the mind" Yoga has also been popularly defined as "union with the divine" in other contexts and traditions. Various traditions of yoga are found in Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism and Sikhism.

Post-classical traditions consider Hiranyagarbha as the originator of yoga.

Pre–philosophical speculations and diverse ascetic practices of first millennium

BCE were systematized into a formal philosophy in early centuries CE by the

Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. By the turn of the first millennium, Hatha yoga emerged as a prominent tradition of yoga distinct from Patanjali Yoga Sutras and marks the development of asanas into the full body postures now in popular usage and, along with its many modern variations, is the style that many people associate with the word yoga today.

Hindu monks, beginning with Swami Vivekananda, brought yoga to the

West in the late 19th century. In the 1980s, yoga became popular as a system of physical exercise across the Western world. This form of yoga is often called

Hatha yoga. Many studies have tried to determine the effectiveness of yoga as a complementary intervention for cancer, schizophrenia, asthma and heart patients.

In a national survey, long-term yoga practitioners in the United States reported musculo–skeletal and mental health improvements.

2 KABADDI:

Kabaddi is essentially an Indian game, which commands huge popularity in the India as well as its hinterland. In India, kabaddi is popular in different names.

In the southern parts of India, the game is referred to as Chedugudu or Hu-Tu-Tu.

In eastern India, it is fondly called Hadudu (for men) and Kit-Kit (for women). The game is known as Kabaddi in northern India. Breath control, raid, dodging and movement of hand and feet are the basic skills that one has to acquire, in order to play kabaddi. The player has to acquire power and learn both offensive and defensive skills to excel in the game.

The origin of kabaddi can be traced to the pre-historic times. In India, kabaddi was primarily devised as a way to develop the physical strength and speed

5 in young men. During its inception, kabaddi was played to boost the self-defense skills and to develop quick responsiveness to attacks.

3 WRESTLING:

Wrestling in India is said to be amongst the most ancient sports whose past is enriched with glory. The game of wrestling commenced its journey in India several centuries ago, during the middles ages. Even in the Olympic Games, wrestling is considered to be one of the most significant games. In 708 BC, this game was included in the Olympics.

In India, wrestling is known as 'Malla-Yudhha'. Some forms of Mallayuddha were practiced in India even before the invasion of the Aryans. The famous Indian epic, Mahabharata has numerous references of the game of wrestling in the country. Bhima, an important character in Mahabharata is believed to be a great wrestler.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

"EFFCET OF SPECIFIC YOGIC EXERCISE ON PHYSICAL FITNESS AND

PERFORMANCE OF KABADDI AND WRESTLING PLAYERS OF LATUR DISTRICT".

Now a days the Indian players are not physically fit and their performance not getting improved because of lack of fitness just like flexibility, agility etc. The same position is in latur district.

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

There is some research in this field conducted in various directions. This thesis is an opportunity for the coaches, players and all the peoples to grow their physical fitness and performance in the future. It is helpful for the coaches and player to apply the exercises in the practice and enhance their performance for getting selection in the state, National games.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Keeping in the view the need of back ground and purpose of the study investigation had listed the following major objectives.

1. To determine the effect of specific yogic exercise Kabaddi and Wrestling player

2. To determine the effect of specific yogic exercise on the performance of

Kabaddi and Wrestling players.

3. To determine the effect of specific yogic exercise on the flexibility of Kabaddi

and Wrestling players.

4. To determine the effect of specific yogic exercise on the strength of Kabaddi and

Wrestling players.

HYPOTHESIS:

1. It was hypothesized that there yoga exercises might improvement in the

performance of the Kabaddi and Wrestling player.

2. It was hypothesized that there yoga ExercisesS might improvement in the

flexibility of the Kabaddi and Wrestling player.

3. It was hypothesized that there might improvement in the strength of the Kabaddi

and Wrestling player.

10. DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

1. The study is delimited to the observation of the improvement of performance

and physical fitness of Kabaddi and Wrestling players.

2. This study is restricted to Latur District only.

3. The result of effect of specific yogic exercises for the promotion of physical

fitness and performance are limited to Latur District.

11. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Heredity and environmental back ground of subject may affect their performance I matches and they have not been controlled.

12. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS OF THE TERM

 Yogic exercise:

Yoga is an important and ancient school in India. Yoga is practiced

for better physical and psychological health. Today people are suffered from

many common severe ailments. Due to lack of exercise, healthy and nutrition

food and hygiene, and due to busy, hectic schedules people cannot gives

enough time to maintain their health.

1 Asanas in Sitting Position

i) Padmasana

ii) Vajrasana

2 Asanas in Standing Position

i) Padhastasana

ii) Tadasana

3 Asanas in Back Position

i) Sarvangasan

ii) Halasana

4 Asanas in Stomach Position

i) Bhujangasan

ii) Dhanurasana

 Physical fitness:

Physical fitness is your ability to carry out tasks without undue fatigue. Physical fitness is defined as the state of general well being, physically sound and healthy, along with mental stability. Previously fitness was commonly defined as the capacity of the person to meet the physical demands of daily life and carry out the day’s activities without undue fatigue. However, because of increased leisure time, changes in lifestyles rendered this definition insufficient. These days, physical fitness is considered a measure of the body’s ability to function efficiently and effectively in work and leisure activities, to be healthy, to resist hypo-kinetic diseases, and to meet emergency situations.

1. Physical fitness is defined as a set of attributes that people have or achieve that relates to the ability to perform physical activity. (USDHHS, 1996) 2. Fitness means improved physiological state that leads to improved health and longevity.

Fitness Components:

1) Agility 2) Co-ordination 3) Speed 4) Flexibility 5) Power

 Kabaddi Skills:

Toe-touch: It is a skill performed by raider to touch the opponent by toe or leg during raid. This action is very fast and deceiving while raider remains very active to response back to own half safe.

Ankle-Catch: In this, the catcher visualizes the movements of raider very carefully and grabs the raider ankle firmly. Catcher pulls the raider close and makes him to fall.

 Wrestling Skills:

Lifting: A wrestler often lifts his opponent off the mat when executing a takedown. He may also lift an opponent who has performed a stand up from the bottom position. He lifts his opponent and returns him to the mat. The legs and hips are most important when lifting. For instance, when you shoot a double leg, you don't lift with your back. You get your hips squarely beneath you and then use your leg and hip strength to lift your opponent off the mat. When a wrestler has been lifted off the mat, he is in a very vulnerable position lacking support and balance. Back Step: A back step is most often seen when a wrestler executes a throw. Back Arch: When a wrestler attempts a throw, he often pops his hips under his opponent while arching his back.

Chapter II

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

Studied the effect of yogasana and specific exercises on the performance 100 mts run of 15 boys. She selected a set of specific exercises and yogasana and conducted 4 weeks training programming on boys of 15 years of a age. She observed overall improvement in the 100 mts. Run and also their timing was reduced. There was significant improvement in the flexibility boys and therefore the movement o sterides length and running action were also improved.

S.N. Khupsangikar, ''Effect of yogasana and specific exercise on the performance''

A study on Effects of fitness training and yoga on well-being, social competence and body image. It describes and compares influences from physical activity program and a yoga program on well-being, mood, stress coping, body- image and social competence in healthy people. 18 persons attending a gym and 21 taking part in a yoga program answered following questionnaires before entering the program and taking part for 20 units: Body-Image-Questionnaire (25),

Symptom – Checklist – 90 R (8), Complaint-List (31), Adjective Mood- Scale (32) and a Visual Analogue Scale for assessing stress-level (10). Statistical analyses show significant improvement in social Competence in both training groups; the gym-group shows a reduction in summarization and body-related anxiety as well

12 as an improvement in physical and emotional well-being. Our findings support the evidence that physical activity in general improves psychological wellbeing, however, gym and yoga seems to have different psychological impacts. Future research should focus on comparing the psychological effects of different physical activity interventions in prevention programmed as well as exercise prescriptions in patients with mental illness.

Hafner-Holter, Kopp and Gunter (2009)

The principle of specificity in exercise science holds that a healthy body will adapt to the specific physical stressors placed upon it. With yoga’s heavy emphasis on correct biomechanics and muscle stretching and strengthening, it is not surprising that some of the strongest evidence of the benefits of yoga has come from studies that measured strength and flexibility indices.

The Research Researchers who examined the fitness-related benefits of hatha yoga studied 10 previously untrained subjects who had no knowledge of yoga (Tran et al. 2001). The subjects participated in twice-weekly sessions of yoga breathing exercises and hatha yoga. After 8 weeks, the subjects showed significant improvements in upper- and lower-body muscular strength, endurance and flexibility; there was no statistically significant change in body composition or pulmonary function.

Unfortunately, this trial lacked a control group, had a relatively short training period and drew from a small, homogeneous sample.

(Tran et al. 2001).

A study on the effect of yoga exercise intervention on health related physical fitness in school-age asthmatic children to investigate the effect of yoga exercise on health-related physical fitness of school-age children with asthma. The study employed a quasi-experimental research design in which 31 voluntary children

(exercise group 16; control group 15) aged 7 to 12 years were purposively sampled from one public elementary school in Taipei Country. The yoga exercise program was practiced by the exercise group three times per week for a consecutive 7 week period. Each 60-minute yoga session included 10 minutes of warm-up and breathing exercises, 40 minutes of yoga postures, and 10 minutes of cool down exercises. Fitness scores were assessed at pre-exercise (baseline) and at the seventh and ninth week after intervention completion. A total of 30 subjects (exercise group 16; control group 14) completed follow-up. Results included: 1. Compared with children in the general population, the study subjects (n = 30) all fell below the 50th percentile in all physical fitness items of interest, There was no significant difference in scores between the two groups at baseline (i.e., pre-exercise) for all five fitness items. 2. Research found a positive association between exercise habit after school and muscular strength and endurance among asthmatic children. 3.

Compared to the control group, the exercise group showed favorable outcomes in terms of flexibility and muscular endurance. Such favorable outcomes remained evident even after adjusting for age, duration of disease and steroid use, values for which were unequally distributed between the two groups at baseline. 4. There was a tendency for all item-specific fitness scores to increase over time in the exercise group. The GEE analysis showed that yoga exercise indeed improved BMI, flexibility, and muscular endurance. After 2 weeks of self-practice at home, yoga exercise continued to improve BMI, flexibility, muscular strength and cardio- pulmonary fitness.

(Duffield, Carney and Karppeninen,2009) The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of 12 weeks of yoga training on selected measures of balance, fitness, and mood. Initially, 30 adult, healthy males and females volunteered for this study. At 12 weeks, yoga =3, n=6control All participants

.underwent one static and two dynamic tests on a force plate to measure balance, two functional tests to measure fitness, and the BRUMS mood scale to test state mood. The participants were assessed at week 1, week 6 and week 12 of the study.

Standard deviations of the Center of Pressure (COP) in the x and in the y directions were averaged for each balance test. Maximum sit‐and‐reach distance (cm) and curl number were averaged for each fitness test. Subcategories of the BRUMS mood scale were added and compared for each test. The results of all tests were

15 compared between groups and across time using mixed model ANOVAs. No significant differences were obtained, p>.01. However, mean differences were observed for the yoga and control groups. Increased static balance for the stork stance was observed in the yoga group during week 6 and 12 (013±.01, .008±.003).

While small, positive and negative fluctuations occurred in the control groups’ static balance during the12 weeks (.007±.001, .009±.003, .007±.00). Increased hip and hamstring flexibility were observed in the yoga group during week 6 and 12

(36.00±7.26, 39.25±7.54, 40.75±5.619). Both groups showed improved core strength (yoga =14.67±14.50, 23.00±19.92, 29.00±25.24, control = 47.67±22.64, iv 56.83±20.16, 60.00±17.16). Depression scores were shown to decrease and maintain decreased after 6 weeks of yoga training (45.33±4.04, 43±.00, 43±.00).

Depression scores in the control group showed a similar decrease however, this was not maintained throughout the 12 weeks (46±4.8, 44.33±2.07, 46±3.5). The yoga group decreased tension scores while the control group showed an increase in tension scores (yoga =44.67±2.31, 43.33±2.31, 42.00±.00, control =45.67±3.14,

42.00±.00, 49.00±8.05. Wesuggest a training stimulus of 2 sessions/week and/or

12 weeks of yoga is not adequate to significantly influence balance, fitness, and mood, but there is a trend toward improvement in all variable.

Chapter III

METHODOLOGY AND TOOLS OF RESEARCH

3.1 Experimental Design and Experiment:

The present investigation is an experimental research was conducted with a purpose to see efficiency to selected yogic practices in the improving physical fitness variables and promotion of the fitness and performance of Kabaddi and

Wrestling player.

3.2 Selection of Samples:

The players were randomly assigned in four groups. There were 300 players

in each group.

3.3 Selection of Variables & Test:

3.3.1 Dependant Variables

3.3.2 Independent Variables

3.4 Tools Used – Description Tests:

3.4.1 Standing Broad Jump

3.4.2 Sit – Ups

3.4.3 50 Yard Dash

3.5 Description of Independent Variables

3.5.1 Asanas in Sitting Position

3.5.2 Asanas in Standing Position

3.5.3 Asanas in Back Position

3.5.4 Asanas in Stomach Position

3.6 Procedure of the Study

For the present study 300 males subjects were chosen. The age of the subject was confirmed from the Latur District. Further they were divided in the four groups equally consisting of 75 players each in the experimental group and control group. AAPHER youth fitness test was administrated as a pre test. The experimental group practiced a selected yogic exercise for total three weeks period as yoga intervention

Chapter IV

Data Analysis and Interpretation of Results

Data will be analyzed here with the help of mean, median and mode. Graphs also used for the interpretation of data. For statistical analysis T scale will be used.

Chapter V

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1 INTRODUCTION:

The chapter will summarizes in short the entire research work done for the current topic. Along with its present the measure findings of the study and the conclusions are drawn based on the interpretation and findings. Further it puts forth the recommendations for further research work which can be carried out.

5.2 SUMMARY:

The purpose of the study is find out the effect of specific yogic exercise on physical fitness and performance of the kabaddi and wrestling players.

5.3 CONCLUSION:

Conclusion of the research topic will be discussed here.

5.4 RECOMMENDATION:

Recommendations for further research will be mention here.

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on selected measures of balance, fitness, and mood’. 2009

Proposed planning of Research

1. To make research proposal & submit 1 Month

2. Collection of review of related literature 4 Months

3. Finding tests 3 Months

4. Sampling 2 Months

5. Experiment and Collection of data 3 Months

6. Analysis of data 4 Months

7. Conclusion and Recommendation 2 Months

8. Thesis writing 4 Months

9. Checking and re-writing of thesis 2 Months

10. Submission of Thesis

CHAPTERIZATION

01 - INTRODUCTION

02 - REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

03 - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

04 - DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

05 - SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

APPENDIX

GRAPHS

REFERENCES

Research Scholar Guide

MANGIRE GANESH PRAKASH DR.MOGHE GOPAL LAXMIKANT

Director Of Physical Education, Director, Physical Education, Shri Kumarswami Maha. Ausa. Maharashtra Mahavidyalaya, Dist - Latur Nilanga. Dist. - Latur