Proceedings of The Two Day National Seminar on History and Culture of Kalinga-Andhra focus on District - 2012

SRIKAKULAM

Organized by

INTACH, (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage) & GURAJADA EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY

J i J Proceedings of the First Session of History Congress on Kalinga Andhra with focus on Srikakulam District held at Gurajada Educational Society, Srikakulam. on 17th & 18th June 2012

Copies : 1000

Price : Rs.200/-

Published on behalf of the History Congress on Kalinga Andhra by : Dusi Dharma Rao Secretary History Congress Convener of INTACH Srikakulam District. - 532 001 (A.P.) Mobile : 9908101809 Tel.No : 08942-224568 email : [email protected] [email protected]

Permanent Office : In-Charge Dr. P. Srinivasa Rao Principal, Gayatri Degree College Gurajada Educational Society Munasabpeta, Srikakulam. mobile : 9949688625

J ii J HISTORY CONGRESS OF KALINGA - ANDHRA with focus on Srikakulam District

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (2012-13) OFFICE BEARERS Chairman (2011-12) : Sri G. Venkatarami Reddy, IAS, Collector & District Magistrate, Srikakulam

Chairman (Present) : Sri Saurabh Gaur, IAS, Collector & District Magistrate, Srikakulam

Vice-Chairmen : Prof : K. Thimmareddy Rtd. Professor of Anthropology, Andhra University Prof. P. Vijaya Prakash Former Registrar, Andhra University

Secretary : Sri Dusi Dharma Rao Convenor, INTACH, Srikakulam

Joint Secretaries : Dr. Pulakhandam Srinivasa Rao Principal, Gayatri Degree College, Srikakulam (Office In-Charge) Dr. Sanapala Narayana Murthy Rtd. Lecturer in Govt. Colleges, Srikakulam

Treasurer : Sri S. Eswara Rao Principal, Govt. Jr. College, Burja

Members : Sri Badabagni Sankara Raju Reader in History, Govt. Degree College (Women), Srikakulam Smt. A. Lakshmi Rupavani Lecturer in History, Govt. Degree College (Women), Srikakulam Sri K. Madhubabu Lecturer in History, Govt. Jr. College Dr. R. Sai Kumar Sr. Asst. Professor in History & PRO, and Member of National Mission nominated by A.P. Govt. for write up and Archaeological sites in Vizianagaram Dr. B.V.A. Rama Rao Naidu Rtd. Reader in Botany, Govt. Colleges

Advisors : Prof. C. Somasundaram (Chennai) Rtd. Professor in History, Andhra University Dr. L. Pandurangareddy Member, Royal Asiatic Society, London at Hyderabad J iii J CONTENTS...

1. SEMINAR ON THE HISTORY & CULTURE OF KALINGA - ANDHRA 1 (KEYNOTE ADDRESS) Dr. C. Somasundarara Rao Professor Rtd. in History & Archeology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam

2. SRIKURMAM 5 An unique temple of Kalinga - Andhra Dr. M.S.Ramachandra Rao Asst. Professor (Retd.), P.S.Telugu University,

3. HISTORY AND CULTURE OF SRIKAKULAM DISTRICT - A TOURISM PERSPECTIVE 11 Dr. V.B.T.Sundari HOD- History, St. Joseph’s college for Women (A),Visakhapatnam-530004

4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC POSITION OF WOMEN IN MEDIEVAL KALINGANDHRA 17 (Special reference to Srikurmam and Inscriptions) Smt. A.Lakshmi Rupa Vani Lecturer in History (T.T.M.), Govt. College for Women, Srikakulam

5. LITTLE TRADITIONS UNDER THE SHADOW OF GREAT TRADITIONS 23 The Hill-Tracts and Maritime Cultures of Srikakulam District, A Dr. P. Vijaya Prakash Retired Professor of Anthropology and former Registrar, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam

6. ASHOKA AND THE KALINGA WAR 27 (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO KALINGA – ANDHRA) S. Eswararao, M.A., M.Phil Principal, Govt. Junior College, Burja

7. JAINA VESTIGES IN NORTHERN DISTRICTS OF ANDHRA 31 Dr.G.Jawaharlal Former Director (OMLRI) Tirupathi-l (A.P.).

8. DISCOVERY OF NEW BUDDHIST MONUMENTS IN THE NORTH COASTAL 37 ANDHRA PRADESH (1999-2012) Kadiyala Venkateswara Rao, Tenali. Former DSDO, Srikakulam Dt. Retd.Dy.Director, SAAP & Member APHC.

10. NATURE AS DEPICTED IN THE MURAL PAINTINGS OF SRIKAKULAM DISTRICT 53 Prof. Myneni Krishnakumari U.G.C. Emeritus Fellow, Dept of History & Archaeology, Andhra University

11. THE CULT OF SURYA IN KALINGA - ANDHRA 59 Dr. G. Jawaharlal Former, Dy.Director (Epy.); -(A.P.) J xvii J 12. BUDDHISM 65 H. Manmadha Rao, B.Tech.,M.B.A.,B.L.,M.Sc.,M.Phil., Bhaskaranagar clony, Chinabondilipuram, Srikakulam-532001, A.P.,

13. A STUDY OF FAMOUS BUDDHIST SITES 69 DANTAPURAM AND SALIHUNDAM Dr. R. Saikumar, M.A., M.Ed., M.Phil(Hist.)., M.Phil (Edn), Ph.D.(Hist.) Sr. Asst. Professor in History & P.R.O., and Member, National Mission, Nominated by A.P. Govt. for a write up on Archaeological sites in Vizianagaram Dist.

14. SRIKAKULAM - SAVIOURS OF 75 Dr. (Capt.) Lingala Panduranga Reddy Ph.D. (Osm.), F.R.A.S. (Lond.)

15. KALINGANDRA BOTANICALS IN SAFEGAURDING HUMAN HEALTH 81 Dr. B.V.A. Ramarao Naidu Rtd. Reader in Botany, Govt. Colleges 16. ‘=* ø£[+>∑ #·Áø£e]Ô ªU≤s¡y˚\T&ÉTµ 87 <ä÷dæ <Ûäsêàsêe⁄ ø£˙«qsY, Ç+{≤ø˘, lø±≈£îfi¯+, bò˛Hé : 08942`224568, ôd˝Ÿ : 9908101809 16. ø£[+>±+Á<Ûä #ê]Á‘·ø£ uÛÑ÷>√fi¯+ 89 Ä#ês¡´ õ. yÓ+ø£≥sêeTj·T´ &ûHé, $<ë´‘·àø£ e´eVü‰sê\T, bı{Ϻ lsêeTT\T ‘Ó\T>∑T $X¯«$<ë´\j·T+, ôV’≤<äsêu≤<é.

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J xix J SEMINAR ON THE HISTORY & CULTURE OF KALINGA - ANDHRA ( KEYNOTE ADDRESS) Dr. C. Somasundarara Rao*

I am grateful to the organisers of this seminar the seizure of Udayagiri fort in the . for inviting me to deliver the Keynote Address. I am So it is difficult to draw a boundary line of the Kalinga happy to note that a Congress is formed for Empire. Some scholars hold that Kalinga was divided disseminating the Srikakulam District History among into 3 parts: northern Kalinga with Singupuram as the people and the INTACH is associated with this capital; middle Kalinga with Devapura/Devada as avowed objective. The latter has already done a work capital; and southern Kalinga with Pishtapura / relating to the maritime history of the district and it , thus extending the connotation of the would be proper to continue the historical studies term Kalinga/ Sakala Kalinga up to the river Godavari. under its banner. Reconstruction of the history of the Srikakulam History of the Srikakulam district, in many district and for that matter, any region, requires ways, may not be much different from the history of scholars in the fields of archaeology, epigraphy, the Vizianagaram or Visakhapatnam district, except numismatics, art and architecture, literature and for some importance to particular events and dates. archives. A study of the society of the times including These three districts put together constitute ‘Kalinga- the pastoral & tribal societies requires the help of Andhra’. What does ‘Kalinga’ mean? What is sociologists and anthropologists. represented by ‘Trikalinga’? These questions evoke many answers. Kalinga at one time, meant Orissa A number of studies have already been made proper. The inscriptions of Asoka at Dhauli & by historians, either from the view point of Andhra Jaugada; and the Hathigumpha inscription of history or from that of Orissa history. R. Subba Rao Kharavela may place Kalinga in Orissa and not in brought out for the first time in Telugu, the famous any part of Andhradesa. The minor families that ruled work entitled the History of Kalingadesa which was during 4th-5th centuries A.D. like the Matharas and actually edited by him while writing a big historical Vasishthas had issued inscriptions in the three introduction . This was done under the auspices of northern coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh. The the Andhra Historical Research society, Eastern Gangas of Kalinga starting their rule from . He has also written articles in English in the Journal 496-498 A.D. had ruled mostly in these parts, rather of Andhra Historical Research Society relating to than in Orissa. The Later Gangas from the time of the history of the Eastern Gangas of Kalinga. Later Anantavarma Chodaganga (1078-1148 AD.) onwards we have R. Subrahmanyam’s doctoral dissertation extended their authority into Orissa and shifted their on the Suryavamsi Gajapatis of Cuttack (Waltair, capital to Cuttack. But the Andhra part of their empire 1957). The Society and Culture of the later Ganga continued to receive importance. Then the rule of and Gajapati periods was surveyed by C.V. the Gajapatis (1435 A.D -1538 AD.) has such a great Ramachandra Rao in his work, Administration and influence in the Deccan and South that other Society in the later Ganga and Gajapati periods contemporary powers like the Reddis, Vijayanagara (1038 AD-1538 AD)(Nellore,1976). This work utilizes rulers and the Bahamanis had suffered a disastrous much of the epigraphical material from Srikurmam defeat. Until Krishnadevaraya came on the scene, and Mukalingam reconstructing the Cultural life for the Gajapati power in the South covered the whole about five centuries. At a later date, N. Mukunda Rao of the coastal Andhra, and as such (Kalinga under the Eastern Gangas (Delhi,1991) Krishnadevaraya’s Kalinga campaign started with discussed the problems relating to the Early Ganga

J 1 J history like the rule of the Svetaka branch and other From the above references to the works, one can problems in the identification of the territorial divisions see how a lot of material is available in the form of and fixing the extent of the Nadus and Vishayas. He inscriptions and temple sculptures. The person has furnished maps, marking places located in the interested in the Srikakulam district history has to repective divisions. consult the above works for forming a background of the history of Srikakulam district. From the view point of Orissa, scholars like R. D. Banerjee and H.K. Mahtab published their works In spite of vast research, one can raise a number on Orissan history. One has to cull out the information of questions: What were the relations of the Gangas pertaining to the history of the Srikakulam district from of Talakad with the early members of Eastern Ganga the works from the Andhra and Orissa angles. family? Is there any real history when a person from Kolahalapura came here, conquered Sabaraditya In addition to the above publications on the and occupied Kalinga? If sabaraditya were the ruler, history of the Kalinga region, some scholars have what happens to the history of the Matharan and collected the inscriptions of this period. S. N. Vasishthas in this area? How did the Kadambas Rajaguru seems to be the first to collect the emerge on the Kalinga scene? Several problems inscriptions of Orissa from 3rd Century B.C. to the relating to the succession of the Eastern Ganga rulers late medieval period in a serial form in six or seven and their relations with the Svetaka branch are still volumes. While utilizing the texts of inscriptions unsolved. Identification of places like Kalinganagara published in Indian Antiquary, Epigraphia Indica / Mukhalingam; Dantipura / Dantavarapukota and and other journals, he notes those published in Oriya many other places, has yet to be made. journals. On this basis, he reconstructed the history of several families ruling in the Andhra-Orissa areas. Apart from the political life, the socio cultural life is The Indian Council of Historical Research financed significant. Generally it is stated that in south India a number of volumes relating to the Early Kings of there was no Kshatriya caste as such. The rulers of Kalinga and Early Eastern Gangas collected by different families connected themselves with the solar Snigdha Tripathy and those of the Gajapatis of Orissa and lunar genealogies to gain legitimacy of their rule. by R. Subrahmanyam. More recently, summaries of Patronage of temples and Vedic ritualists was the inscriptions of the rulers of Orissa, as found in Orissa order of the day. The Buddhist -Jaina presence in as well as other States, are brought out by Snigdha the initial stages and Hinduism of a later period must Tripathy. have brought down to some extent caste barriers. The land tenures like the agraharas / devadeyas / In addition to these books on inscriptions, studies military assignments should be viewed in a proper on Buddhist and Hindu monuments have also been way. The tribal societies and their contacts with published. The Buddhist remains at Salihundam people of the Kalinga Andhra region and their role in received special attention in R. Subrahmanyam’s history should be studied. Salihundam published by the department of Archaeology, Hyderabad. Kalingpattanam, These are a few thoughts that occurred to me. Dantavarapukota are noticed and excavated, but There are many more that need the attention of detailed reports are yet to come. Details of art and historians. These will, I hope, be discussed in a few architecture of the temple of Mukhalingam by B. more seminars/ panel discussions to facilitate the Masthanaiah and of the temple of Srikurmam by M.S. preparation of the district History. The Guntur and Rama Chandra Rao are available. The authors also histories are already published; note the socio religious significance of the it should be possible to bring out soon the history of monuments of the Later Ganga and Gajapati periods. Srikakulam district. *Professor Rtd. in History, Andhra University now at Chennai J 2 J SRIMUKHALINGAM : The Madhukeswara or Srimukhalingeswara Temple is of 8th Centuary A.D. with Kalinga Style of Architecture popularly known as a lyric on stone. JJ 3 J J SRIKURMAM An unique temple of Kalinga - Andhra

Dr. M.S.Ramachandra Rao*

The region of Kalinga-Andhra has a record There are about 200 inscriptions2 in the of glorious past. The concrete evidence of our temple which offer source material for the ancient civilization and culture and the accumulated reconstructing the political and the social history of knowledge of the past were well preserved in our the Eastern Gangas and the Suryavamsi Gajpatis of temples of antiquity for the benefit of coming Orissa. The Earliest inscriptions3 dated A.D 1113 generations. One such marvelous temple is The and belongs to the reign of Anantavarma Srikurmam temple built by the nobility of the past Chodagangadeva (A.D 1078-1147) of Eastern Ganga around 10th century A.D., with a vision for the future. dynasty. These inscriptions are very important not Situated on the East-coast in the Srikakulam Dist. only in knowing various aspects of political, cultural, Of Andhra Pradesh. This temple with its Deity religious aspects; they throw a considerable light on specialty, its iconographic beauty, sculptural, the Devadasi system prevailed in those days. painting, and architectural excellence, colorful rituals The Srikurmam temple like many of the and functionaries, and also contains an epigraphical important temples of South India has its own wealth of no less importance. sthalapurana or Kshetra mahatyam. The internal The Srikurmam (18° 16' N and 84° 1' E) is a evidence of the sthalapurana shows that it was taken holy centre of pilgrimage and worship. This village from the celebrated puranas like Padmapurana and derives its name from the existing Sri Kurmanadha Bramhandapurana but in reality the sthalapurana temple, and is situated at about 12km east of does not figure in any of the puranas. It seems that Srikakulam, the district head quarters. This is a the sthalapurana was fabricated in order to glorify unique temple and is having many peculiarities of the temple and to confer antiquity upon it. its own. This temple has a holy past and is revealed There are number of legends connected with in the tradition of the region, and in the sankalpa of temple, current in the region. The most important of the priests, the entire area Visakhapatnam and the legendary references is given in the Srikakulam districts are referred to as situated in Prapannamruta, according to which the temple is the Srikurma Kshetra. stated to have been converted from a Saivite to The origin of this place according to tradition Vaishnavaite by the celebrated saint Sri is attributed to Swetha Chakravarthy, who ruled over acharya4. The greatness and the glory of the temple this locality from Salihundam, about 10km from here. has been noticed by many celebrities and mentioned The place was also known sometimes as Swethadri in some of the literary works of the medieval period. and the lord as Swethachalavasa, due to the Srinadha in one of his classical works, the existence at that time a white stone hill1. Later this Bhimeswara Purana, referred the greatness of the place became famous as Srikurmam because of Srikurmam temple. In the Phirangipura inscription the existence of Lord in the incarnation of Pedacomati Vemareddy it is said that the creeper

J 5 J of the glory of the ruler originated at Srisailam, by a Astagriva Shikhara, forming as a nucleus of the developed at Krumachalam spread all around temple complex. The garbhagriha is connected to Pancharamas and Simhachalam and flowered at the frontal mandapas through a narrow antarala. Srikurmam and Purushottam and became an offering There are two closed mandapas which are locally before the deity Vishwanadha at Kasi5 called as Bhogamandapa and a Pushpanjali mandapa, and an open mandapa which is locally The legends also throw considerable light on called as asthanamandapa. All these are placed the life and activities of Sri Naraharithirtha, a famous before the garbhagriha on the East side. There are disciple of Mardhavacharya who promoted religious two separate sub-signs for Lakshmi, who is locally fervor to the people of kalinga. The legendary story called as Kurmanayaki. ,and Ramanujacharya and of Sri Naraharithirtha was fully borne out by many Alwars, the Thiruchuttumandapa or the cloister is the inscriptions that are available in the Srikurmam most inspiring one containing fifty beautiful pillars temple. The Srikurmam inscriptions of carved in such a way that no two pillars are exactly Naraharithirtha range between A.D. 1264 to 1294. similar. Another peculiarity of the temple is that it The last of the inscriptions6 which is dated 3rd January contains two pillars known as Garuda Sthamba 1294 mentions that Sri Naraharithirtha installed in the situated before the open mandapa of the main local Vishnava temple the images of Sita, Rama, and entrance and another, which is called the Dhwaja Lakshmana. These idols were very beautifully carved sthamba erected behind the Vimana. and are objects of worship even today7. The pillars are of various kinds and their The Srikurmam temple is a unique and variety is mainly based upon the difference in shape important temple in various aspects. It is the only and ornamentation. The shapes can be uniform or temple dedicated to Vishnu in the Kurma incarnation, mixed. There are four uniform shapes viz., square, the second of the Dasavataras of the Lord Vishnu. octagonal, sixteen faced and square combined with Matsya (fish) are worshipped at Matsyagundam of circular. The pillars are executed completely four- the Machkhand project, Ganjam district of Orissa. faced, eight-faced, sixteen-faced are circular. But there is no temple dedicated to Vishnu as Matsyaavatara as the Moolavirat. The Srikurmam temple is a treasure house of iconography ,sculpture and paintings of the The Srikurmam temple is a typical Dravida medieval period. The iconography as well as the temple with a three storied Vimana mounted by sculpture of temple is an admixture of the South Astagriva Shikhara and the pillared cloister built Indian and Orissan schools of art. The icons present around it. Though the temple is mainly of Dravida on the outer walls of the garbhagriha exhibit more of type, it is really an admixture of all the three main the South Indian features than that of the Orissan styles of architecture. The temple being situated on and comes close to the descriptions given in the the border of Andhra and Kanlinga regions there are South Indian texts like silparatna, the agama sastras various influences of architectural mode of Eastern like the Amsumadbhed agama and the Suprabheda Chalukyas of Vengi and the Eastern gangas of agama. The Orissan features can be observed on Kalinga. the other structures especially on the pillars of the The Srikurmam temple is known for its cloister, which was constructed during the reign of architectural beauty with a Dravida Vimana, mounted Ananga Bhima8 (A.D.1211-38).

J 6 J The icons of the temple are mostly southern walls, which belong to the late medieval Vaishnavaite and Saivite icons like the images of lord period and are in the Lepakshi style. These paintings Siva, Kaklabhairava murthy, Ganeshan Skhanda are have high value from the religious, aesthetic, also present The Vaishnavaite iconography contains decorative and educational point of view. The main the twenty four forms of Vishnu, Dasavataras of theme of the paintings is religious and the most of Vishnu etc.,. Among the icons the figures of them depict the stories connected with Lord Krishna, Narsimha and Trivikrama present on the outer walls especially his birth and childhood. of the pushpanjali mandapa are very prominent. The These paintings are executed in fresco or Gaja Lakshmi icons seem to be the most favorite of the lime medium technique. In this technique a the sculpture and are carved not only on the lintel of ground plaster was laid by mixiang lime and sand the entrance, but at several places in the temple. The which formed a large ground on which a thin layer of figures of Saraswathi and dancing Ganapati seem fine plaster was laid. Against this back ground to be very interesting paintings were made in mineral colors without mixing The sculptures of the Srikurmam temple are any binding medium while the lime surface was still interesting. The sculptor never attempted to overload wet. This kind of technique is most popular in South any image with excess ornamentation. The sculptor India and we notice it in the temples of Kanchi, has good taste and aims at perfection. All the features Lepakshi and Travancore, Cochin etc10. The great are well defined and the forms are well proportioned. advantage of this technique lies in chemical action, The male figures are usually modeled with broad the pigments penetrates the surface, the wet calcium chest, narrow waist and broadening at hips. The hydroxide in the lime react with carbon dioxide in the female figures are beautifully modeled with the bulging form of a thin protective and transparent layer over breasts and hips, narrow waist and soft graceful folds the surface of the paintings. This glossy protective of belly. The face is generally broad and sometimes film over the films enables them to long last. it is carved with a pointed chin. The dress is usually The paintings of the Srikurmam temple are represented as fitting tightly to the body, and some attractive because they satisfy all the six cannons of of the figures, especially the male figures appear nude paintings. They resemble the sculpture , as an even though they wear garments. In the case of men, attempt is made to indicate the depth. Great care is their drapery reaches only to the knees, where for taken in modeling the figures which can be observed the female figures it is up to the anklets. The upper especially in the Kaliya Mardhanam paintings. The part of the body male or female usually bare. line drawings of the paintings are also remarkable. Among sculptures the floral designs, animal They are executed in brown color and at times these figures the conventional and symbolic figures are outlines are corrected with black outlines. The beautifully executed and they reflect geographical suggestion of the physical moment in the paintings environment of the region with thick forests, which is effective. In the panel depicting Krishna dancing must have inspired the sculptor9. The human figures on the serpent’s head, the moment of the serpent especially those of men and women in the decorative can be noticed. scheme are prominent. The ritual or the daily offering of worship to There are few interesting paintings executed the deities at different times is of fundamental on the inner walls of the cloister on the eastern and importance. It is difficult to say when the rituals J 7 J

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