N OTES 1 Introduction: Geography and Gendered Rule 1 . B é atrice Leroy, La Navarre au Moyen Age (Paris, 1984), 186. 2 . The other queens regnant during this period are: Margaret of Norway (Queen of Scotland, 1286–90), Beatrix of Portugal (contested queen, 1383–85), Constanza of Aragon (claimant queen, 1369–87), Isabel of Castile (1474–1504), Isabella of Mallorca (claimant queen, 1375), Maria of Sicily (1392–1401), Giovanna I of Naples (1343–82), Giovanna II of Naples (1414–35), Maria of Hungary (1382–95), Elizabeth of Hungary and Bohemia (claimant queen, 1437–42), Jadwiga of Poland (1382–99), and Margarethe of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (1375–1412). See Armin Wolf, “Reigning Queens in Medieval Europe: Where, When and Why,” in Medieval Queenship , ed. John Carmi Parsons (Stroud, 1998), 169–188. Outside of Europe, it must be noted that the Kingdom of Jerusalem had a similar number of reigning queens immediately prior to the period of this study: Melisende (1131–53), Sibylla (1186–90), Isabella (1190–1205), Maria (1205–12), and Isabella II/Yolande (1212–28). Although these women will be discussed as comparative examples, many of these women were queens regnant in title only, due to the loss of Jerusalem in 1187 and the increasing loss of territory during the subsequent years. In addition, despite the fact that most were of French descent, these queens cannot be consid- ered to be truly “European” and therefore do not challenge Navarre’s record of the most female sovereigns in Europe during the Middle Ages. 3 . Rachel Bard, Navarra: The Durable Kingdom (Reno, 1982), 28. 4 . Regarding Carlos as a French prince, see Jocelyn N. Hillgarth, The Spanish Kingdoms 1250–1516. Vol. 2; 1410–1516 Castillian Hegemony . 2 vols. (Oxford, 1978), 564. For a discussion of his reorientation toward pen- insular politics see Elo í sa Ram í rez Vaquero, “A modo de present- aci ó n: Estudios sobre la realeza Navarra en siglo XV,” in Estudios sobre la realeza Navarra en siglo XV , ed. Elo í sa Ram í rez Vaquero (Pamplona, 2005), 11–13. 5 . Mar í a Narbona-C á rceles, “Woman at Court: A Prosopographic Study of the Court of Carlos III of Navarre (1387–1425),” Medieval Prosopography 22 (2001), 31–64. 6 . Jaime Vicens Vives, Juan II de Aragon (1398–1479); Monarquia y revolu- ció n en la Españ a del siglo XV (Barcelona, 1953), 83, and Jer ó nimo Zurita, 174 Notes Anales de la Corona de Aragon . 9 vols., ed. Angel Canellas Lopez, vol. 6 (Zaragoza, 1980–90), 134–136. 7 . Elo í sa Ram í rez Vaquero, Historia de Navarra La Baja Edad Media , Colecci ó n Temas de Navarra, vol. 2 (Pamplona, 1993), 82–83. 8 . John Carmi Parsons, “Family, Sex and Power: The Rhythms of Medieval Queenship,” in Medieval Queenship , 1. 9 . Ibid., 1. In 1976, Natalie Zemon Davis called for women’s studies to move “from Women Worthies to a worthier craft,” arguing for a wider examination of women’s agency and activities than just elite women; Natalie Zemon Davis, “‘Women’s History’ in Transition: The European Case,” Feminist Studies 3, no. 3/4 (1976), 93. 10 . Theresa Earenfight, “Highly Visible, Often Obscured: The Difficulty of Seeing Queens and Noble Women,” Medieval Feminist Forum 44, no. 1 (2008), 86–90. 11 . See Barbara F. Weissburger, Isabel Rules: Constructing Queenship, Wielding Power (Minneapolis, 2004), Peggy K.Liss, Isabel the Queen: Life and Times (Oxford, 1992), and David A. Boruchoff (ed.), Isabel la Cató lica, Queen of Castile: Critical Essays (London, 2003). Luis Su á rez Fern á ndez also wrote a seminal three-volume work, Politica Internacional de Isabel la Cató lica: Estudio y Documentos (Valladolid, 1965–69). Work on Isabel’s daughter Juana includes Bethany Aram, Juana the Mad: Sovereignty and Dynasty in Renaissance Europe (Baltimore, 2005), and a collection Juana of Castile: History and Myth of the Mad Queen , ed. Maria A. Gomez, Santiago Juan-Navarro and Phyllis Zatlin (London, 2008). 12 . Ana Isabel Cerrada Jim é nez, “Tres Generaciones de mujeres en el poder: Urraca de Zamora, Urraca de Castilla, Teresa de Portugal y Do ñ a Sancha. Las mujeres en la construcci ó n de las monarquia feudales hisp á nicas,” in Las mujeres y el poder: Representaciones y Prá cticas de vida , ed. Ana Isabel Cerrada Jimenez and Cristina Segura Gra íñ o (Madrid, 2000), 99–106. Jennifer R. Goodman, “The Lady with the Sword: Phillipa of Lancaster and the Chivalry of the Infante Dom Henrique (Prince Henry the Navigator),” in Queens, Regents and Potentates , ed. Theresa M. Vann (Cambridge, 1993), 149–165. C é sar Olivera Serrano, Beatriz de Portugal: la pugna dinastica Aví s-Trast á mara , Cuadernos de Estudios Gallegos (Santiago de Compostela, 2005). Bernard F. Reilly, The Kingdom of Leó n-Castilla under Queen Urraca, 1109–1126 (Princeton, NJ: 1982). Nuria Silleras-Fern á ndez, “Widowhood and Deception: Ambiguities of Queenship in Late Medieval Crown of Aragon,” in Shell Games: Studies in Scams, Frauds and Deceits (1300–1650 ), ed. Mark Crane, Richard Raiswell, and Margaret Reeves (Toronto, 2004), 185–210. 13 . Nuria Silleras-Fern á ndez, Power, Piety and Patronage in Late Medieval Queenship: Maria de Luna (New York, 2008), Miriam Shadis, Berenguela of Castile (1180–1246) and Political Women in the High Middle Ages (New Notes 175 York, 2009), Janna Bianchini, The Queen’s Hand: Power and Authority in the Reign of Berenguela of Castile (Philadelphia, 2012), and Theresa Earenfight, The King’s Other Body: Maria of Castile and the Crown of Aragon (Philadelphia, 2010). 14 . Cristina Segura Gra íño, “Las mujeres y la sucesi ó n a la corona en Castilla durante la Baja Edad Media,” En la Españ a Medieval 12 (1989), 205–214, “Participaci ó n de las mujeres en el poder polí tico,” Anuario de Estudios Medievales 25, no. 2 (1995), 449–462, “Las mujeres y el poder real en Castilla: Finales del siglo XV y principios del XVI,” in Las mujeres y el poder: Representaciones y Prá cticas de vida , ed. Ana Isabel Cerrada Jim é nez and Cristina Segura Gra íñ o (Madrid, 2000), 135–146. 15 . An early example of research into French queenship is Marion Facinger, “A Study of Medieval Queenship: Capetian France, 987–1237,” Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History 5 (1968), 3–48. See also Peggy McCracken, The Romance of Adultery: Queenship and Sexual Transgression in Old French Literature (Philadelphia, 1998), Kathleen Nolan (ed.), Capetian Women (New York, 2004), and Andr é Poulet, “Capetian Women and the Regency: The Genesis of a Vocation,” in Medieval Queenship , 93–116. On Early Modern French queens, see Katherine Crawford, Perilous Performances: Gender and Regency in Early Modern France (Cambridge, MA: 2004), Pauline Matarasso, Queen’s Mate: Three Women of Power in France on the Eve of the Renaissance (Aldershot, 2001), and Simone Berti ère’s series on the queens of France: Les Reines de France au temps du Valois and another on the Bourbon queens. 16 . See É liane Viennot, Marguerite de Valois: Histoire d’une femme, histoire d’un mythe (Paris, 1993) and Anne de France, Enseignements à sa fille, suivis de l’Histoire du siè ge de Brest (Saint-Etienne, 2007); Sarah Hanley, “The Politics of Identity and Monarchic Government in France: The Debate over Female Exclusion,” in Women Writers and the Early Modern British Political Tradition , ed. Hilda L. Smith (Cambridge, 1998), 289–304; Craig Taylor, “The Salic Law and the Valois Succession to the French Crown,” French History 15 (2001), 358–377 and “The Salic Law, French Queenship and the Defense of Women in the Late Middle Ages,” French Historical Studies 29, no. 4 (2006), 543–564. 17 . É liane Viennot, La France, les femmes et le pouvoir: l’invention de la loi salique (V-XVI siè cle) (Paris, 2006). 18 . An excellent review article on this strand is Anne McLaren, “Queenship in Early Modern England and Scotland,” The Historical Journal 49 (2006), 935–952. A few examples of research into Early Modern British queenship: Alice Hunt and Anna Whitelock, Tudor Queenship: The Reigns of Mary and Elizabeth (London, 2010), Robert M. Healey, “Waiting for Deborah: John Knox and Four Ruling Queens,” Sixteenth Century Journal 25, no. 2 (1994), 371–386, Glyn Redworth, 176 Notes “‘Matters Impertinent to Women’: Male and Female Monarchy under Phillip and Mary,” The English Historical Review 112, no. 447 (1997), 597–613, Judith M. Richards, “Mary Tudor as ‘Sole Quene’? Gendering Tudor Monarchy,” The Historical Journal 40, no. 4 (1997), 895–924, and “‘To Promote a Woman is to Beare Rule’: Talking of Queens in Mid-Tudor England,” Sixteenth Century Journal 28, no. 1 (1997), 101–121. 19 . Clarissa Campell Orr (ed.), Queenship in Britain: 1660–1837—Royal Patronage, Court Culture and Dynastic Politics (Manchester, 2002), Susan Doran and Thomas S. Freeman (eds.), Mary Tudor; Old and New Perspectives (New York, 2011), Carole Levin and Robert Bucholz (eds.), Queens and Power in Medieval and Early Modern England (Lincoln, 2009). 20 . Charles Beem, The Lioness Roared: The Problems of Female Rule in English History , Queenship and Power (New York, 2008). 21 . Helen Castor, She-Wolves: The Women Who Ruled England before Elizabeth (London, 2010). 22 . John Carmi Parsons (ed.), Medieval Queenship (Stroud, 1998). 23 . Anne J. Duggan (ed.), Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe: Proceedings of a Conference Held at Kings College London, April 1995 (Woodbridge, 1997). 24 . Anne J. Cruz and Mihoko Sukuki (eds.), The Rule of Women in Early Modern Europe (Chicago, 2009), Levin and Bucholz, Queens and Power, and Liz Oakley-Brown and Louise Wilkinson (eds.), The Rituals and Rhetoric of Queenship: Medieval to Early Modern (Dublin, 2009).