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Conjunctival Involvement in Mal Ignancy Associated

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Conjunctival Involvement in Mal Ignancy Associated CONJUNCT IVAL INV OLVEMENT IN MAL IGNANCY­ ASSOCIATED ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS H. TABANDEH, S. GOPAL, M. TEIMORY, T. WOLFENSBERGER, I. K. LUKE, I. MACKIE and N. DILLY London SUMMARY CASE REPORT Acanthosis nigricans classically presents with pigmented A 74-year-old man, a retired scrap metal worker, was skin lesions over the neck, groin and axillae. It may referred by his general practitioner. He had a 3 month involve the mucosal surfaces, particularly the oral history of red and gritty eyes. He smoked 15 cigarettes a mucosa. Conjunctival involvement is very rare, especially day and had not suffered from any eye, skin or allergic in the variety associated with malignancy. We report a problems in the past. On examination, he was found to case of acanthosis nigricans associated with squamous have diffuse conjunctival hyperaemia with fine papillary cell carcinoma of the bronchus where bilateral papillary changes in both lid margins and conjunctiva. There was conjunctivitis, progressing to hypertrophic papillary early lower lid medial ectropion in both eyes. The visual conjunctival and lid margin lesions, was the presenting acuity was 6/6 in each eye. The cornea, anterior chamber feature. Topical treatment with corticosteroid and arti­ and intraocular pressures were normal. A diagnosis of ficial tear drops resulted in the partial improvement of chronic blepharoconjunctivitis was made and the patient the ocular symptoms. was treated with lid hygiene and chloramphenicol ointment. Acanthosis nigricans is a rare skin disorder of unknown Four months later, he presented with an exacerbation of aetiology which was independently described by Pol­ his symptoms. On examination, marked conjunctival litzd and Janovsky? It is characterised by the develop­ papillary hypertrophy was noted nasally on the bulbar ment of localised, pigmented, hyperkeratotic lesions on conjunctiva and lid margins. There was also partial loss of the neck, face, groin, antecubital and popliteal fossae, eyebrows (Figs. 1,2 and 3). The lower lid medial ectro­ umbilicus and axillae. The lesions may be generalised and pion had progressed and was causing epiphora in the right profound.3 Velvety overgrowth of the skin at the flexures eye. He was treated with prednisolone 0.5% eye drops, may be accompanied by filiformgrowths around the face, hydrocortisone I % eye ointment and artificial tear drops. mouth and the tongue. Roughness of the palmar and plan­ In the meantime, the patient presented to the general phys- tar skin can occur (tripe palms) and strongly suggests the presence of an underlying malignancy.4 The main histo­ logical features of acanthosis nigricans are hyperkeratosis, papillomatosis, acanthosis and areas of apparent epider­ mal atrophy. Mucosal lesions tend to involve the mouth and usually occur in the malignant variety of the disease. Conjunctival involvement is very rare.5 It may take the form of marked conjunctivitis with diffuse papillary hypertrophy. The palpebral conjunctiva may or may not be pigmented.6,7 We report a case of malignant acanthosis nigricans presenting with bilateral papillary conjunctivitis as the first feature. From: Department of Ophthalmology, St George's Hospital, London, UK. Correspondence to: H. Tabandeh, MRCP, FRCS (Glasg), FRCOphth, Department of Ophthalmology, St George's Hospital, Blackshaw Road, Fig. 1. Acanthosis nigricans involving the lid margins caus­ London SW17 OQT, UK. ing mild ectropion and tearing. There is no loss of eyebrows. Eye (1993) 7,648--651 CONJUNCTIVAL INVOLVEMENT IN ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS 649 Fig. 2. Papillae in the upper tarsal conjunctiva. Fig. 4. Acanthosis nigricans of the skin, particularly affecting the neck, nipples and the abdominal wall. ician with unexplained weight loss, change of bowel habit, and loss of axillary and pubic hair. He had a pigmented, steroid and artificial tear drops. The ocular symptoms hyperkeratotic rash affecting his axillae, abdomen, groin improved over the ensuing 4 months with partial resol­ and thighs (Fig. 4) associated with dystrophic nail ution of conjunctival hypertrophy. The predominant fea­ changes (Fig. 5). A provisional diagnosis of acanthosis ture at this time was now chronicarthralgia. The patient's nigricans was made. general condition remained stable for a further 2 years A diamond-shaped medial conjunctivoplasty was per­ until he presented to the general practitioner with an epi­ formed in order to correct the ectropion. The excised con­ sode of haemoptysis. Bronchoscopy showed a tumour junctiva was examined microscopically. Histological situated between the left upper and lower lobe bronchi. examination showed marked acanthosis and papillomato­ Histological examination confirmed a squamous cell car­ sis characteristic of acanthosis nigricans (Fig. 6). Biopsy cinoma of the bronchus. of the skin lesions also confirmed the diagnosis of skin In summary, a 74-year-old male smoker presented to acanthosis nigricans. Investigation for a possible under­ the eye department with papillary conjunctivitis as the first lying malignancy followed. Results of routine haemat­ manifestation of acanthosis nigricans. An underlying ological tests, blood glucose measurement, thyroid squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus was discovered function test, chest radiograph, abdominal ultrasound, 3 years after the initial presentation. upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy, and barium DISCUSSION studies were normal. The biochemical profile revealed evidence of mild hyperparathyroidism with raised cal­ Papillary conjunctivitis classically occurs in conditions cium and lowered phosphate levels. Ectopic parathyroid with an underlying hypersensitivity mechanism. It is often hormone secretion secondary to bronchial carcinoma was associated with hay fever, perennial allergic conjuncti­ suspected. A CT scan of the thorax showed the possible vitis, vernal disease, chronic irritation (as seen in ker­ presence of a small opacity in the anterior segment of the atoconjunctivitis sicca), contact lens wear, ocular right upper lobe. However, bronchoscopic examination prosthesis, cornealand conjunctival sutures, topical medi­ did not confirm the CT findings. cations, and infections such as molluscum contagiosum Two months later, the patient presented with increased and chlamydial eye disease. Systemic diseases such as soreness of the eyes. He was treated with topical corti co- Fig. 5. Dystrophic nail changes associated with acanthosis Fig. 3. Gross conjunctival hypertrophy in the lower fo rnix. nigricans. 650 H. TABANDEH ET AL. ving the tarsal conjunctiva, and loss of eyelashes and eyebrows. The first extensive description of eye involvement was published in 1904 by Birch-Hirschfeld.12 He described pin-head papillae at the punctum and the inner and outer lid margins of both eyes causing distortion of the lids. Fine papillary hypertrophy was also seen on the tarsal con­ junctiva and was thought to be due to a chronic inflamma­ tory response secondary to the lid margin changes. The bulbar conjunctiva was normal. Excision of the lid margin lesions resulted in an initial reduction of the tarsal papil­ lary reaction which recurred aftera few months. Toyama!! reported another case with papillary changes at the lid margin associated with trichiasis. The tarsal conjunctiva Fig. 6. Histology of conjunctiva showing acanthosis and showed fine papillary hypertrophy just behind the pos­ papillomatosis. terior lid margin. The bulbar conjunctiva was slightly amyloidosis or sarcoidosis can cause a similar clinical pic­ hyperaemic and showed a band-like pigmentation at the ture.s In some of these cases the condition may take the area of lid-globe contact. Weiss,7 in a review of ocular form of conjunctivitis with giant papillae.9,10 Papillary involvement in acanthosis nigricans, described the lesions conjunctivitis may also be associated with acanthosis as trachoma-like flat papillae which arose independently nigricans.!!-!3 within the tarsal conjunctiva and the lid margin. In a case Various forms of acanthosis nigricans have been report, Corrado!S described hyperkeratotic papillae in the described.!4 A hereditary type, which is transmitted as an tarsal conjunctiva and the lid margins. The bulbar con­ autosomal dominant trait, presents during childhood and junctiva remained unaffected. is usually benign and not associated with systemic Lamba and Lal!9 have reported ocular changes, particu­ disease. In another variety, also known as pseudoacantho­ larly in the skin of the eyelids, in a 6-year-old boy with the sis nigricans, the condition occurs in adults and is associ­ benign form of acanthosis nigricans. In their case, eyelid ated with endocrine disease, particularly skin of both eyes was involved and in one eye non­ hyperinsulinaemia, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, pigmented hypertrophic changes were present in the bul­ obesity and rarely pituitary tumours.!S,!6 The type of acan­ bar conjunctiva. The corneashowed infiltration, vascular­ thosis nigricans which affects older patients is strongly isation and central perforation, possibly secondary to the associated with malignancy of internal organs, in par­ eyelid changes. Histological examination of the conjunc­ ticular adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract. tiva demonstrated marked epithelial hypertrophy with Approximately 85% of adult patients with non-hormone­ hyperkeratosis and melanin-containing cells in the basal related acanthosis nigricans have an abdominal tumour; layer. gastric carcinoma accounts for 60% of these malignan­ Newman and Carsten20
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