Appendix L
Short Range Endemic Invertebrate
Fauna Survey
Maunsell AECOM Pty Ltd
Cape Preston
Short-range Endemic Invertebrate Fauna Survey
Draft Report
February 2009
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Short-range Endemic Invertebrate Fauna Survey Cape Preston Iron Ore Precinct Maunsell AECOM Pty Ltd
Short-range Endemic Invertebrate Fauna Survey Draft Report Version 2 Project: Cape Preston
16 February 2009
Authors: Jarrad D. Clark, Karen Crews Reviewer: Melanie White
Prepared for Maunsell AECOM Pty Ltd Prepared by: Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd
© 2009 Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd
The information contained in this report is solely for the use of the Client for the purpose in which it has been prepared and Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd accepts no responsibility for use beyond this purpose.
Any person or organisation wishing to quote or reproduce any section of this report may only do so with the written permission of Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd or Maunsell AECOM Pty Ltd.
Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd U1, 50 Fitzgerald St NORTHBRIDGE WA 6003 P: 08 9243 6102 F: 08 6313 0680 E: [email protected]
Project code: 905_2
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Short-range Endemic Invertebrate Fauna Survey Cape Preston Iron Ore Precinct Maunsell AECOM Pty Ltd
Table of Contents
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 4 2 INTRODUCTION ...... 7 2.1 Background ...... 7 2.2 Scope of work and survey objectives ...... 7 2.3 Survey significance ...... 8 2.4 Existing environment ...... 10 2.4.1 Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia (IBRA) Region ...... 10 2.4.2 Land Systems ...... 10 2.4.3 Climate ...... 11 2.4.4 Biological context ...... 11 2.4.5 Land use ...... 11 3 METHODS ...... 12 3.1 Habitat assessment and site selection...... 12 3.2 Target taxa ...... 12 3.3 Sampling methodology ...... 14 3.4 Sample handling ...... 15 3.5 Taxonomy and nomenclature ...... 15 3.6 Survey timing and effort ...... 15 4 RESULTS ...... 16 4.1 Araneomorphae ...... 19 4.1.1 Gallieniellidae ...... 19 4.2 Mygalomorphae ...... 19 4.2.1 Nemesiidae ...... 19 4.2.2 Barychelidae ...... 20 4.3 Pseudoscorpiones ...... 23 4.3.1 Olpiidae ...... 23 4.4 Scorpiones ...... 26 4.4.1 Buthidae ...... 26 4.5 Malacostraca ...... 28 4.5.1 Armadillidae ...... 28 4.6 Mollusca ...... 30 4.7 Limitations ...... 31 5 DISCUSSION ...... 33 5.1 General comments on the survey ...... 33 5.2 Short-range endemic taxa of the Precinct...... 33 5.3 Potential risks to short-range endemic taxa identified in the survey ...... 35 6 SURVEY PERSONNEL ...... 37 7 REFERENCES ...... 38 APPENDIX 1: Cape Preston Site Descriptions ...... 41 APPENDIX 2: Cape Preston SRE Site GPS Coordinates ...... 56 APPENDIX 3: Cape Preston Snail Survey Site GPS Coordinates ...... 58
List of Tables
Table 1-1 Summary of important invertebrate species recorded in the SRE survey of the Cape Preston Iron Ore Precinct...... 5 Table 3-1 Sampling effort for the Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Precinct SRE Survey...... 15 Table 4-1 The invertebrate taxa recorded during the Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Precinct SRE Survey...... 17 Table 4-2 The number of spider species records per habitat type...... 21 Table 4-3 The number of pseudoscorpion records per habitat type...... 24 Table 4-4 The number of Buthidae scorpion records per habitat type...... 26 Table 4-5 The number of isopod species records per habitat type...... 28 Table 4-6 The limitations of the SRE survey of the Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Precinct. ... 31
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Table 5-1 Summary of important invertebrate species recorded in the SRE survey of the Cape Preston Iron Ore Precinct...... 35 Table 6-1 Survey personnel...... 37
List of Figures
Figure 2-1 Location of Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Precinct...... 9 Figure 3-1 Locations of SRE survey sites within the Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Precinct. .. 13 Figure 4-1 Locations of Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae species recorded during the survey of the Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Precinct...... 22 Figure 4-2 Location of pseudoscorpions recorded during the survey of the Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Precinct...... 25 Figure 4-3 Location of Buthidae scorpion species recorded during the survey of the Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Precinct...... 27 Figure 4-4 Location of Buddelundia isopod species recorded during the survey of the Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Precinct...... 29
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1. EXECUTIVE S UMMARY Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd was commissioned by Maunsell AECOM Pty Ltd, on behalf of International Minerals Pty Ltd, to undertake a short-range endemic (SRE) invertebrate fauna survey of the Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Precinct (the study area). This report documents the results of the survey, which was undertaken in August – September 2008. A total of six families known to include SRE taxa were recorded during the survey. These families were represented by nine genera and 19 species. The results exclude data for the land snails, as taxonomic work is incomplete at the time of writing. Five new species of Mygalomorphae trap-door spider were recorded, all of which fit the current definition of an SRE species based on known distribution alone. However, the majority either showed no habitat specialisation, being recorded from multiple habitat types. The exception, Synothele new species ‘pseudidiomata’, was recorded from a single site; the cracking clay habitat (Horseflat Land System) to the west of Balmoral homestead. According to current proposals this area will be the location of a waste dump in 15 – 20 years. This species is also known from Warramboo Outstation (21°39’49”S, 115° 49’10”E, ca. 52km southwest of the cracking clay habitat. This limited evidence of a broader distribution extending relatively far beyond the boundaries of this project, indicates that the classification as an SRE is tentative until additional habitat and distribution data is available. Pseudoscorpions were the most diverse class recorded, with up to six species being recorded. None of these individuals has been formally described. Of the four true scorpion species recorded, all belonged to the family Buthidae and genus Lychas. No members of the endemic Australian family Urodacidae were recorded. None of the four Lychas species are known to be SRE species and indeed the results in terms of habitat preference, bare this assumption out. A new species of araneomorph spider (Gallieniellidae: Meedo) was also recorded. Other members of this genus display short-range endemism due to habitat and prey specialisation, and as such, Meedo is also tentatively classified as an SRE. At present this species is known only from rocky outcrops and rocky slopes from two sites within the Newman Land System. Lastly, three species of terrestrial Isopoda (slater) were recorded. The distribution and habitat preference of two of the species suggest that short-range endemism is unlikely. In the third case, short-range endemism does appear likely, within the bounds of the current knowledge. The invertebrate taxa identified in this survey were considered from a risk management perspective (Table 1-1). The risk assessment was based on the results of the survey, specifically, current knowledge of biological, distributional and habitat preferences. Higher risk ratings were allocated to species that are likely to be new SRE species, or where knowledge of taxa or their distribution is currently limited. This risk management approach is designed to: • assist the proponents in understanding and managing potential risks to the prospective developments; • prioritise and focus future investigations if further investigation such as impact assessment is required; and • facilitate the development of targeted SRE species management strategies or plans.
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Table 1-1 Summary of important invertebrate species recorded in the SRE survey of the Cape Preston Iron Ore Precinct. Risk Taxon Rating Reasons for Determination Spiders (Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae) Meedo new species High Recorded from two rocky outcrop sites. Possible rock specialist based on current study and studies of other members of the family Gallieniellidae. Known records on the Newman Land System (iron ore containing land system / geology). Further investigation of this species is recommended to locate additional populations. Efforts should focus on the low ironstone hills that comprise the Newman Land System. Additional such areas are located the south of the study area. Aname ? sp. Low Juvenile status means a definitive identity not achievable. DELTA database produced a number of possibilities. Recorded from uninterrupted coastal dune vegetation. Kwonkan n.sp. 02 Low Recorded at two different habitat types, cracking clays and alluvial plain, including from a reference site to the east of the precinct. Kwonkan n.sp. 03 Low One record only. Synothele n. sp. High One record only. Found on cracking clay habitat west of Old ‘pseudoidopmata’ Balmoral Homestead. Under current proposals, this location is likely to be the site of a future waste dump. Further investigation of this species is warranted to locate additional populations. Efforts should focus on cracking clay and alluvial plain areas (Horseflat Land System) immediately east of the range and at Mardie Station, which has been purchased as an offset. Synothele n. sp. Low One record only but found well outside of the Precinct in Range ‘pseudaurecocrypta’ reference site south of Northwestern Highway. Pseudoscorpions Beierolpium 8/2 Med Genus suspected of containing SRE species, but taxonomy poorly resolved. The single record was from coastal dune vegetation that extends uninterrupted for at least 15 km to the south. Beierolpium 8/3 Med Genus suspected of containing SRE species, but taxonomy poorly resolved. A single record from rock outcrop reference site outside of the Precinct mining leases. It is given a Medium risk rating because of the single record and because it was recorded from the Newman Land System Beierolpium 8/4 Low Genus suspected of containing SRE species, but taxonomy poorly resolved. The species was recorded at three sites, two habitat types and two Land Systems. Considered a habitat generalist. Beierolpium Med Genus suspected of containing SRE species, but taxonomy poorly resolved. A single record from Newman Land System (iron ore containing system). Identity not resolved. Euryolpium Low Two records from sites over 30km apart in different habitat types. Very similar to other specimens of Euryolpium collected elsewhere in the Pilbara region. Indolpium Low Widespread across W.A. The results of this study suggest the species has no specialised habitat requirements, being found from multiple habitat types. Scorpions Lychas ‘bituberculatus Low Fairly widespread throughout the Pilbara and Kimberley regions group’ of W.A. and into the N.T. It is considered unlikely that the group
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Risk Taxon Rating Reasons for Determination contains SRE species. Results here agree, with no habitat specialization recorded. Lychas ‘harveyi group’ Low This groups is widespread across the Pilbara and considered unlikely to contain SRE species Lychas multipunctatus Low Widespread across the Pilbara (including the Hamersley Range and Barrow Island) and Kimberley regions of W.A. Lychas ‘nubby’ Low A member of the annulatus-complex, members of which are widespread through central and northern W.A. The SRE status of members unclear, but results here suggest no habitat specialization Isopods Buddelundia sp.1 High Restricted to three rocky outcrop and rocky slope habitats. Including two on the Cape. Likely rock specialist. No other known records. Further investigation of this species is recommended to confirm habitat preference, with a focus on the low hills of the Cape and the south side of Mangrove Creek (both comprised of the Rocklea Land System). Buddelundia sp.2 Low Previously recorded from ca. 20 km south of Paraburdoo and 75 km east of Newman. Thus the known distribution extends for over 700km south of Cape Preston. Buddelundia sp.3 Low Habitat generalist being recorded on rocky outcrops, alluvial plains and creek lines throughout the precinct.
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2. INTR ODUCTION In August 2008, Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd (Phoenix) was commissioned by Maunsell AECOM Pty Ltd (Maunsell), on behalf of International Minerals Pty Ltd, to undertake a short-range endemic (SRE) invertebrate fauna survey in the Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Precinct (the study area). This report documents the results of the survey, which was undertaken in August – September 2008.
2.1 B ACKGROUND The Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Precinct (the Precinct) is located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, on the north-west coast near the mouth of the Fortescue River (Figure 2-1). The Precinct contains three major magnetite deposits collectively referred to as the Balmoral deposit. There are currently three corporate entities actively developing parts of the Precinct which is divided into the Northern, Central and Southern Blocks. Mineralogy Pty Ltd holds the overall rights to the entire Precinct and plans to refer and develop the Northern Block and Stage 2 of the Southern Block. The Central Block, which is being developed by CITIC Pacific Mining Management Pty Ltd, has been approved for development and is currently proposed for expansion. International Minerals is developing Stage 1 of the Southern Block and submitted its Public Environmental Review documentation to the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) in December 2008.
The Precinct is situated within the Pilbara biogeographic region (bioregion), which is classed as a “Group 2” area by the EPA. Within this group, any disturbance to an area greater than 50 hectares requires a “Level 2” biological survey.
2.2 S COPE OF WORK AND SURVEY OBJECTIVES The aim of the survey was to provide baseline information on the presence and/or likelihood of presence of SRE species occurring in the study area (the Precinct). The scope of the works was to: • Undertake a desktop habitat assessment and database searches for SRE species; • Conduct an SRE survey of the study area • Conduct an SRE survey of International Minerals tenements located to the south of the Precinct, where the Cape Preston Range is dissected by the Fortescue River, for the purpose of providing a regional perspective; and • Provide a technical report outlining the survey method, results and a discussion of any SRE species identified as occurring or potentially occurring in the study area.
As the study area encompasses the overall Precinct with multiple mining projects in differing stages of development, the scope of works does not include an impact assessment. Rather, the information contained in this report is intended to serve as a baseline report for the relevant parties to use in assessing the likely impacts of their respective projects on SRE habitats and SRE taxa.
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2.3 S URVEY S IGNIFICANCE SRE fauna are defined as arthropods that display restricted geographic distributions that may be disjunct and highly localised (nominally defined as < 10km2 in Harvey, 2002). The most appropriate analogy is that of an island, where the movement of fauna is restricted by the surrounding marine waters, thus isolating the fauna from other terrestrial island populations. This analogy has some relevance to the study area which is dominated by an extensive range, orientated in an east-west direction and displaying many mesic, southern facing slopes. The slopes are dissected by minor and major gullies, and a limited number of large gorges, creating isolated habitats with the potential to drive short-range endemism. There are a number of existing or potential threatening processes that may impact SRE habitats within the study area: • Land clearing • Grazing
o much of the study area is significantly impacted from stock grazing • Weeds o infestations of Buffel Grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) and Bidens (Bidens pilosa) occur along most drainage courses and a significant infestation of Mesquite (Prosopis sp.) occurs across the area • Changed fire regimes o an altered fire regime may act to promote the premature ‘drying’ of mesic refuge habitats for SREs • Changed hydrology, such as altered flow regimes affecting riparian vegetation.
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Figure 2-1 Location of Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Precinct.
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2.4 E XIS TING E NVIRONMENT 2.4.1 Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia (IBRA) Region The Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Precinct falls within the Pilbara biogeographic region as defined by the IBRA (Thackway and Cresswell, 1995). The Pilbara bioregion has four main geological components (subregions): the Hamersley Range, a mountainous area of Proterozoic sedimentary ranges and plateaux; the Fortescue Plains, consisting of alluvial plains and river frontages; the Chichester range comprising Archaean granite and basalt plains; and Roebourne consisting of Quaternary alluvial plains (Australian Natural Resources Atlas, 2008). The study area is situated within the Roebourne subregion.
The Roebourne subregion is characterised by: • Quaternary alluvial and older colluvial coastal and sub-coastal plains with a grass savanna of mixed bunch and hummock grasses, and dwarf shrub steppe of Acacia translucens or A. pyrifolia and A. inequilatera; • Uplands, dominated by Triodia hummock grasslands; • Ephemeral drainage lines supporting Eucalyptus woodlands; • Samphire, Sporobulus and mangal occurring on marine alluvial flats and river deltas; • Resistant linear ranges of basalts occurring across the coastal plains; and • Islands comprising Quaternary sand accumulations, basalt and/or limestone. Source: Australian Natural Resources Atlas, 2008.
2.4.2 Land Systems The Department of Agriculture and Food WA has mapped the Land Systems of the region from aerial photography, providing the largest scale interpretation of vegetation units for the project area (Van Vreeswyk et al. 2004). Ten Land Systems occur within the project leases of the Precinct: • Boolgeeda - stony lower slopes and plains found below hill systems, supporting hard and soft spinifex grasslands and mulga shrublands. Predominantly deposition surfaces of very gently inclined stony slopes and plains becoming almost level further downslope. • Cheerawarra - sandy coastal plains and saline clay plains supporting soft and hard spinifex grasslands and minor tussock grasslands. Depositional surfaces of gently undulating sandy surfaced coastal plains. • Horseflats - extensive, gilgaied clay plains supporting tussock grasslands and minor grassy snakewood shrublands. Depositional surfaces consisting of gilgaied and non – gilgaied clay plains, stony plains, narrow linear drainage depressions and dissected slopes marginal to the River Land Systems. • Littoral - coastal fringe consisting of areas of mangal on the seaward fringe, samphire shrublands on mudflats, Acacia coriacea shrublands over spinifex or tussock grasses on coastal dunes and Triodia angusta hummock grasslands on broad sandy plains. • Macroy - stony plains and occasional tor fields based on granite supporting hard and soft spinifex grasslands.
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• Newman - rugged jaspilite plateaux and ridges with hard Spinifex grassland; prominent in the Northern, central and western sections of the study area. • Paraburdoo - stony gilgai plains derived from basalt, supporting snakewood shrublands and mulga shrublands with spinifex and tussock grasses. Consists of depositional surfaces such as isolated low basalt hills and stony upper interfluves and plains with small groves. • River - active floodplains and terraces flanking major rivers and creeks, supporting riverine woodlands and tussock and hummock grasslands; associated with the Fortescue River system. Flood plains and river terraces are subject to fairly regular overbank flooding from major channels and watercourses, sandbanks and poorly defined levees and cobble plains. • Rocklea - rugged Basalt hills and plateau remnants with hard Spinifex grasslands; prominent in the northern portion of the survey area. • Yamerina - floodplains and deltaic deposits supporting tussock grasslands with chenopod low shrubs and soft Spinifex grasslands; occurred in the western portions of the study area.
2.4.3 Climate The Pilbara region has a semi-desert to tropical climate with highly variable, mostly summer rainfall occurring as a result of cyclonic activity. The average rainfall over the broader Pilbara area ranges from about 200mm to 350mm, although rainfall may vary widely from the average from year to year (Australian Natural Resources Atlas, 2008).
The Roebourne subregion experiences significant cyclonic activity, with several systems affecting the coast and hinterland annually (Department of Conservation and Land Management, 2003). Average annual rainfall at Balmoral, at the southern end of the Precinct, is 260mm, although this is highly variable.
2.4.4 Biological context A number of biological surveys have previously been conducted within the Precinct (notably Halpern Glick Maunsell et al., 2001; and Maunsell AECOM, 2006). Eighty three vegetation communities have been mapped. Of particular importance are the cracking clays of the Horseflats Land System and the phreatophytic vegetation of the River and Paraburdoo Land Systems. The fauna of the Project Area is generally dominated by birds and reptiles. Several species of mammal are also common, predominantly consisting of smaller species such as native mice.
To date, no short-range endemic invertebrate fauna surveys have been conducted.
2.4.5 Land use Land use in the study area comprises pastoral grazing, mining activities at the Central Block and limited tourism and recreation. The port site is within the Great Sandy Island Nature Reserve and lies west of the proposed Regnard Marine Management Area. The area has been significantly impacted by cattle grazing.
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3. METHODS
3.1 HABITAT ASSESSMENT AND S ITE S E L E CTION A review of aerial photography identified several habitats within the study area that were considered to have some potential to facilitate short-range endemism among the resident invertebrate fauna. Reference sites were also identified during the habitat assessment within tenements to the south of the Precinct, to provide a regional context for the Precinct survey data, and comparative data for future impact assessment, if required. The review identified the following habitats as having the potential to harbour short-range endemic taxa: • rocky outcrops on low stony slopes; • major and minor creeklines; • south-facing slopes on low stony hills; • open cracking clay (albeit highly degraded by introduced plant species and cattle access); and • coastal dunes north of Mangrove Creek (the island) and southwest Balmoral North. The reference sites identified were generally considered to have a greater potential to facilitate short range endemism than the sites within the study area. Final site selection was determined on commencement of the initial field survey, following site verification. A total of 50 sites were surveyed across the Precinct and adjacent reference sites (Figure 3-1).
3.2 T ARGET T AXA The survey targeted all taxonomic groups known to include SRE species in the Pilbara region: • trap-door spiders (Mygalomorphae); • non-marine snails (Mollusca); • millipedes (Diplopoda); • centipedes (Chilopoda); • scorpions; and • pseudoscorpions
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Figure 3-1 Locations of SRE survey sites within the Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Precinct.
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3.3 E NVIRONMENTAL P ROTECTION AUTHORITY GUIDANCE There are currently no formal guidelines on the preferred survey methods for terrestrial SRE invertebrates. The methods employed in this survey were based on Phoenix’s previous experience in undertaking SRE surveys throughout many regions of Western Australia. Where practicable, the survey design, methodology and report-writing aspects scope of work adhere to appropriate principles and guidelines, including: • Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) Position Statement No. 3: Terrestrial Biological Surveys as an Element of Biodiversity Protection (EPA 2002); and • EPA Guidance Statement No. 56: Terrestrial Fauna Surveys for Environmental Impact Assessment in Western Australia (EPA 2004).
3.4 S AMPL ING ME THODOL OGY The field survey consisted of three proven, industry-recognised sampling techniques which target SRE taxa; wet pitfall trapping; active searches (foraging); and the collection of leaf litter samples. Wet pitfall trapping was conducted at 50 sites. Ten traps were dug in at each site in suitable microhabitats. The traps comprised one litre plastic containers with a 70 mm diameter that were partly-filled with a solution of ethylene glycol and formaldehyde (2.5% by volume). All traps were left open for a period of 30 days. The foraging incorporated the systematic inspection of logs, larger plant debris, under the bark of larger trees and the underside of larger rocks (outcrops). Methodical searches were also conducted amongst the leaf litter of shade-bearing tall shrubs and trees. Rocks and rock crevices were also inspected, particularly for pseudoscorpions. A temporally and spatially standardised approach was undertaken, whereby each site was sampled for 60 - 90 minutes within a 50m x 50m area. Mygalomorphae trap door spider burrows identified during the searches were excavated if they were considered to be inhabited. Excavation involved removing soil from around the burrow to expose the burrow chamber and remove the spider. Not all excavated burrows produced spiders. Some burrows revealed huntsman spiders, centipedes and geckos (Diplodactylus conspicillatus) upon excavation, which may have predated upon or displaced the trap door spiders. Leaf litter samples were taken from sites where target taxa were not recorded during the foraging component but where there was potential for occurrence. The collection of leaf litter samples was not standardized (either volumetrically or by weight) due to the high variability of the soil and leaf litter depth throughout the study area. Standardisation of samples was not critical to the survey as the principle objective was to determine the presence of SRE species rather than assessing (for example) relative abundance or species diversity. Searching was therefore conducted in any prospective habitat available. A targeted land snail survey was also conducted, subsequent to the main SRE survey and following a period of rainfall in the area. The aim of the survey was to record land snail species that may not have been recorded in the main SRE survey due to dry conditions. Leaf litter samples were collected from 62 sites. Most of the sites coincided generally with the main SRE sampling sites, which were re-sampled for snails as they were considered the most prospective SRE sites in the study area. The remaining sites targeted in the land snail survey were mostly located at the bases of larger trees where decent leaf litter was present. All leaf litter samples were processed in accordance with the methods employed in the main SRE survey.
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Site descriptions, vegetation and sampling activity were recorded at each site (Appendix 1). The coordinates of each site were recorded by a hand held GPS device (Appendices 2 and 3).
3.5 S AMPL E HANDLING All specimens collected were transported to Perth for sorting and identification. The specimens from the 10 wet pitfall traps at each site were combined in a single, labelled container, with the trapping fluid being replaced by 100% ethanol. Specimens collected by foraging techniques were placed in a glass vial preserved in 100% ethanol and labelled accordingly. All leaf litter samples were sieved (18mm, 8mm and 5mm stack) and sorted in Perth under a stereo dissecting microscope. Tullgren funnel extraction was then used on the coarse sieved leaf litter component.
3.6 T AXONOMY AND NOME NC L ATUR E Specimens of Mygalomorphae spiders, scorpions and centipedes were identified by Phoenix scientists to at least level of Genus. Species level identification of Mygalomorphae spiders largely requires an extensive voucher collection, so final species level determinations were made by Dr Robert Raven (Queensland Museum). Pseudoscorpions, scorpions, millipedes and mollusc specimens were identified by taxonomists at the Western Australian Museum. All groups were submitted for identification in early November 2008. Any identifications which are outstanding at the time of writing this report will be communicated by letter as an addendum.
3.7 S URVEY T IMING AND E FFORT The wet pitfall trap installation was conducted from 25th of August to the 1st of September 2008. The traps were left open for a period of 30 days and then collected between the 26th and 30th of September 2008. A total sample size of 15,000 trap nights was attained (Table 3-1). Foraging was undertaken at each site for 60 - 90 minutes (30 - 45 mins x 2 people; 75 mins average). This equated to 62.5 hours of hand searching, and a total search area of 12.5 hectares. Black-lighting for Scorpions was not undertaken due to safety restrictions applied by International Minerals Pty Ltd. The targeted land snail survey was conducted from 12th to the 15th of October 2008. The survey was conducted following a period of rainfall over the extent of the Cape Preston area on the 9th and 10th of October (9mm recorded at Mardie Station).
Table 3-1 Sampling effort for the Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Precinct SRE Survey. No. trapsa / Area No. nightsc / Total sample Techniques No. sites (m2)b Time (mins)d size (n) Wet pitfall 50 10 30 15,000 trap trapping nights Foraging 50 50m x 50m 75 mins 3,750 mins (average) 2 125,000m
Leaf litter 10 n/a n/a 10 samples Snail survey – 62 n/a n/a 62 leaf litter samples a, c – Wet pitfall trapping. b, d – Foraging.
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4. R ESULTS The results presented here exclude the land snails collected in the survey as taxonomic resolution of these is pending at the time of writing. A total of six families known to include SRE taxa were recorded during the survey. These families were represented by nine genera and 19 species (Table 4-1). Five new species of mygalomorph trap-door spider were recorded, all of which fit the current definition of an SRE species, based solely on known distribution. A new species of araneomorph spider (Gallieniellidae: Meedo) was also recorded. Araneomorph spiders are considered to be modern spiders, having developed a more advanced respiratory system among other adaptations. Spiders from this super group are rarely targeted in SRE surveys, primarily because the majority use ‘ballooning’ to aid in juvenile distribution, with many species capable of dispersing hundreds of kilometres in appropriate conditions. However, only a limited number of mygalomorph spiders have this ability, which may justify reconsideration of their inclusion in surveys. However, some members of the family Gallieniellidae display a distinct restriction in distribution and on this basis could be included within the current definition of a short-range endemic species. Pseudoscorpions were the most diverse class recorded, with up to six species being identified. None of the species have been formally described. Four true scorpion species were recorded, all belonging to the family Buthidae and genus Lychas. No members of the endemic Australian family Urodacidae were recorded. None of the four Lychas species are known to be SRE species, and the results of this survey support this assumption. Three species of terrestrial isopods (slaters) were recorded. Short-range endemism in isopods is most strongly displayed aquatic and subterranean species but is also present in some terrestrial species, particularly in the southwest Karri forests of Western Australia (S. Judd pers.comm.). The relatively-broad distribution observed in the three recorded isopod species suggests that they are unlikely to be SREs. The discussion section provides comment on the relevance of these results to the Precinct.
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Table 4-1 The invertebrate taxa recorded during the Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Precinct SRE Survey.
Mining Lease Sites a b Family Genus Species F2 Is.1 Is.2 Is.3 CC 4 5 6 7 18 19 20 21 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 43 44 47 48 49 50 Arachnida - Pseudoscorpiones Olpiidae Beierolpium 8/2'* 8/3'* 8/4'* 1 Beierolpium - 1 Euryolpium 1 1 Indolpium 1 3 3 1 1 2 2 5 3 3 1 1 Arachnida - Scorpiones bituberculatus Buthidae Lychas 1 1 1 1 group' harveyi group' multipunctatus 1 nubby' 1 1 Arachnida - Araneomorphae Gallieniellidae Meedo sp. nov. 1 1 Arachnida - Mygalomorphae Nemesiidae Aname sp. nov. Kwonkan n. sp.‘p02’ 1 n. sp.‘p03’ 2 n.sp.‘pseud- Barychelidae Synothele 1 idiomata’ n.sp.‘pseud-
aurecocrypta’ Malacostraca - Isopoda Armadillidae Buddelundia sp. 1 1 10 1000 5 5 1 8 2 Buddelundia sp. 2 10 1000 10 1000 1000 1 1 1 1 1 Buddelundia sp. 3 1 1 a - F2 is Vertebrate Fauna Survey Site 2. b – CC is Cracking Clay habitat
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Table 4-1 (cont.)
Mining Lease Sites Reference Sites Total Site % Family Genus Species 54 55 56 65 66 67 68 69 51 52 53 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 70 71 72 73 74 75 Presence Presence Arachnida - Pseudoscorpiones Olpiidae Beierolpium 8/2'* 1 1 2.17% 8/3'* 2 1 2.17% 8/4'* 1 1 3 6.52% Beierolpium - 1 2.17% Euryolpium 2 4.35% Indolpium 1 2 20 1 2 4 1 1 4 1 1 23 50.00% Arachnida - Scorpiones bituberculatus Buthidae Lychas 1 5 10.87% group' harveyi group' 1 1 1 3 6.52% multipunctatus 1 1 3 6.52% nubby' 1 1 1 5 10.87% Arachnida - Araneomorphae Gallieniellidae Meedo sp. nov.* 2 4.35% Arachnida - Mygalomorphae Nemesiidae Aname sp. nov.* 3 1 2.17% Kwonkan n. sp.‘p02’ 1 2 4.35% n. sp.‘p03’ n.sp.‘pseud- Barychelidae Synothele idiomata’ n.sp.‘pseud- 1 1 2.17% aurecocrypta’ Malacostraca - Isopoda Armadillidae Buddelundia sp. 1 1 9 19.57% Buddelundia sp. 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 19 41.30% Buddelundia sp. 3 2 2 1 5 10.87%
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4.1 AR ANEOMORPHAE The Gnaphosoidea super group of spiders are among the most abundant and important predators in both forest and drier habitats throughout Australia (plus New Caledonia and New Zealand). Five families are known to occur in Australasia (the Lamponidae, Gallieniellidae, Trochanteriidae, Prodidomidae, and Gnaphosidae). They are considered to be almost completely endemic to Australasia and some species are known to have very restricted ranges (AMNH 1997).
4.1.1 Gallieniellidae
Meedo new species Gallieniellidae are a small family of small ground spiders (related to the White-tailed spiders, Lamponidae) that were only first recognised in Australia by Platnick (2002); no further revisions have been conducted since then. Their taxonomic treatment was too late to be included in Harvey's (2002) list of groups known to include SREs. The main body of evidence suggests that some species of this family may be SREs is their known distribution, for taxa where a reasonable quantity of data exists. In the family (Platnick 2002) some surveys have been conducted in Western Australia and a number of species displayed the requisite limited range (less than 100 km x 100 km area) for admission as an SRE. The family includes a number of Australian genera, one of which is the genus Meedo reported here. In the current survey, Meedo new species was recorded from just two sites, both rocky outcrops on a hilltop (site 06) and south-facing slope (site 44; Table 4-2). Both sites are located within the Newman Land System, which is the focus of the mining activity in the Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Precinct as it contains high grade iron ore (Figure 4-1). Based on the survey results, the species is considered an SRE species. The geographically closest species to the one collected in this survey is Meedo houstoni Main, 1987. It was recorded from coastal areas in northwest Western Australia as well as several inland localities a little further south (Platnick 2002). However, a female of Meedo houstoni was reported from Mundabullagana Station (20°31’S, 118°04’E), located north of Karratha, and a male was reported from Barrow Island.
4.2 MYGALOMORPHAE 4.2.1 Nemesiidae Nemesiidae are burrowing trapdoor spiders, commonly called Wishbone spiders. The family reaches its highest diversity in Australia with different genera occurring in different habitats. Species of genera found in rainforests in eastern Australia tend to have highly localised distributions being restricted to one or two adjacent mountain tops. Species belonging to genera that dominate in drier forest to desert (e.g. Aname) have generally wider distributions, but depending on the biogeographical events that have occurred, they may still have disjunct distributions.
Aname? new species According to the Descriptive Language for Taxonomy (DELTA) database, the genus Aname and its relatives (e.g. Kwonkan) have diversified strongly in Western Australia and show higher degrees of endemism than those genera in eastern Australia. Taxonomic revisions of Australian Nemesiidae have been predominantly of Queensland species where 47 new species have been described in the previous three decades (Raven 1981, 1982a, b, c,
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1983, 1984a, b, 1985a, c; Raven 1994). In Western Australia, although the studies have been numerous (Main 1972, 1975, 1977, 1982a, b, 1983, 1985a, b, 1986, 1991, 1994, 2004, 2008), few have dealt with species outside the south–west land division. The result is that many species from large parts of Western Australia remain undescribed. In this survey, specimens were recorded from a single location in coastal dunes (site 52; Figure 4-1). The specimens recorded were juveniles and consequently, definitive identification of this species cannot be made. Robert Raven has concluded that this may be one of several known species or a new species. The conservation status of the species is therefore unclear, however it is considered highly likely that the species’ distribution extends southwest along the coast within the Littoral Land System.
Kwonkan new species ‘p02’ The genus Kwonkan is generally considered to be a southwestern species; however it is increasingly being recorded from the sub-tropical Pilbara region. Kwonkan new species ‘p02’ was recorded from two sites: one within the cracking clays to the west of Balmoral Homestead; and the other from low hills located at the eastern end of the study area in the Macroy Land System (Figure 4-1). Both sites are located on the periphery of the Precinct. This species currently fulfils the criteria of an SRE species (known distribution less than 10, 000 km2).
Kwonkan new species ‘p03’ Two adult male specimens of Kwonkan new species ‘p03’ were recorded from dry pitfall traps during a vertebrate fauna survey undertaken in September 2008. This site was located within the Horseflat Land System, a large system which extends over 10 km north of the record, on the eastern side of the iron ore bodies that encompass the Newman system (Figure 4-1). This species currently qualifies as an SRE species. The data suggests that it is likely to be represented both locally and regionally in this Land System.
4.2.2 Barychelidae Barychelid spiders, commonly called Brush-footed trapdoor spiders, are small to moderately large in size. Of all mygalomorph spiders, few are as cryptic as the Barychelidae. Their burrows often lack the firm thick door of the Ctenizidae or the extensive webs of Dipluridae. Females live for several years once mature. Unpublished work on other mygalomorphs indicates that maturity in barychelids takes 5-7 years. Once mature, males go wandering in search of females and so then are most easily taken by pitfall traps. Females remain in the burrow, mate once each year and moult after the eggs are inseminated. Barychelid burrows tend not to be deep (less than 60 cm) and, in some cases, the species survive very well in the highly disturbed inner suburban gardens of Brisbane for example (see Raven 1994; Seqocrypta jakaka, p. 481). Barychelids are similar to the Whistling Spiders or tarantulas (family Theraphosidae) and are considered their sister group (Raven 1985b; Raven 1994) but differ in being much smaller and in having relatively smaller spinnerets with a domed, rather than finger-like, apical segment and a fringe of hairs across the front of the book-lungs (Raven 1994). Australia supports the greatest diversity of this group. All Australian species are endemic and it is believed none have been accidentally or deliberately translocated or introduced (R. Raven pers.comm. 07/0209). Four barychelid genera occur in the north-western corner of Western Australia: Aurecocypta; Idiommata; Moruga; and Synothele. Aurecocrypta has dominated surveys from the Pilbara region but occurring with it are often new species of Synothele. In this survey, both barychelid species that were recorded belong to the genus Synothele.
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Synothele new species ‘pseudidiomata’ Synothele new species ‘pseudidiomata was recorded from a single site; the cracking clay habitat (Horseflat Land System) to the west of Balmoral homestead (Figure 4-1). As with Kwonkan new species ‘p02’ (also found at this site) the species currently qualifies as an SRE species. This species is also known from Warramboo Outstation (21°39’49”S, 115° 49’10”E, ca. 52km SW of the cracking clay habitat. Its distribution therefore extends relatively far beyond the boundaries of the study area.
Synothele new species ‘pseudaurecocrypta’ A single male Synothele new species ‘pseudaurecocrypta’ specimen was recorded from Site 74, situated within the Newman Land System and to the south of the Cape Preston projects area on additional Mineralogy tenements on the eastern side of the Northwestern Coastal Highway (Figure 4-1). The species qualifies as an SRE species based on current knowledge.
Table 4-2 The number of spider species records per habitat type.
Granite and Cracking Total Minor Sandstone Major Clay and Number Family / Hilltop / Minor Drainage Outcrop Drainage Coastal Alluvial of Genus Species Outcrop Slope Line (Minor) Line Dune Mangrove Plains Habitats Gallieniellidae Meedo sp. nov.* 1 1 2
Nemesiidae Aname sp. nov.* 1 1 Kwonkan n. sp.‘p02’ 1 1 2 n. sp.‘p03’ 1 1
Barychelidae n.sp.‘pseud- Synothele 1 1 idiomata’
n.sp.‘pseud- 1 1 aurecocrypta’
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Figure 4-1 Locations of Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae species recorded during the survey of the Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Precinct.
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4.3 P SEUDOSCORPIONES The Western Australian pseudoscorpion fauna is fairly diverse with representatives of 17 different families. They are found in a variety of biotopes, but can be most commonly collected from the bark of trees, from the underside of rocks, or from leaf litter habitats. The pseudoscorpion fauna from this survey was found to consist of species in three genera of Olpiidae.
4.3.1 Olpiidae
Beierolpium sp. ‘8/2’, ‘8/3’, ‘8/4’ At least three different species of Beierolpium were collected (Table 4-3; Figure 4-2). The systematic status of members of this genus in the Pilbara has not been fully assessed. It is not possible to firmly establish the identity of these species, or determine whether any are short-range endemics, until a complete systematic revision of the Western Australian members of Beierolpium is undertaken in the Pilbara and other bioregions. Beierolpium 8/2 was recorded near the coast from within the Littoral Land System, from just a single site (Figure 4-2). The record resides within a mining lease, however there were no dispersal barriers locally and the habitat itself was not considered locally rare or restricted. The Littoral Land System extends at least 15 km to the southwest and northeast of the record and, given the homogeneity of the vegetation along the coast in the area, it is expected that the species distribution would extend at least that distance in either direction. Beierolpium 8/3 was recorded at a single site (Figure 4-2), located outside any of the mining leases. Beierolpium 8/4 was recorded from three sites within the greater Cape Preston projects area (Figure 4-2). One site was located near Citic Pacific’s existing operations, and two sites were located several kilometres to the east within the Rocklea Land System; a rocky outcrop, and a creekline at the foot of the same low hill system. This distribution data suggests that the species is a habitat generalist and is locally widespread. Beierolpium sp. (un-coded) was not able to be assigned to the other species of Beierolpium recorded. The individual was recorded from a minor rocky slope / breakaway within the Newman Land System. This land system contains the iron ore which is proposed for development at various stages in the future. The site in question is located within Citic Pacific’s existing approved operations. Given the uncertainty of this specimen, it is not possible to comment on its degree of endemism and the single record also makes determinations about habitat preference difficult.
Indolpium sp. Dozens of specimens of this pseudoscorpion species were collected at a number of sites, in various habitats throughout the study area (Table 4-3; Figure 4-2). The specimens comprise a single species. Extremely similar specimens have been collected from other regions of Western Australia suggesting that this is a single, widespread species and not an SRE species.
Euryolpium sp. Species of Euryolpium are commonly found under bark and under rocks throughout northern Australia. They can be locally abundant, and at least one species is quite widespread across northern Australia. The species recorded in the survey was collected from two sites over 30 km apart. It appears to be very similar to other specimens of Euryolpium collected elsewhere in the Pilbara region.
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Based on the current levels of knowledge concerning this genus, it is impossible to state definitively whether this species is a short-range endemic species. However, the distribution of these specimens in the study area (one individual from coastal dune vegetation at Cape Preston itself and the other from a minor rocky slope 30km to the south) suggests that the species does not display specific habitat requirements and thus is likely to be well-represented in coastal and rocky areas in the vicinity of the study area.
Table 4-3 The number of pseudoscorpion records per habitat type.
Granite and Cracking Total Minor Sandstone Major Clay and Number of Family / Hilltop / Minor Draina Outcrop Drainage Coastal Alluvial Habitats Genus Species Outcrop Slope ge Line (Minor) Line Dune Mangrove Plains Present Olpiidae Beierolpium 8/2'* 1 1 8/3'* 1 1 8/4'* 2 1 2 Beierolpium - 1 1 Euryolpium 1 1 2 Indolpium 8 6 6 1 2 1 6
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Figure 4-2 Location of pseudoscorpions recorded during the survey of the Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Precinct.
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4.4 S CORPIONES Only one family and representative genus were recorded (Bithidae: Lychas) from Cape Preston SRE survey sites. No members of the endemic Australian family Urodacidae were recorded. Species of Lychas are abundant and increasingly diverse (due to recent taxonomic work) across all of mainland Australia (Koch 1977), as well as adjacent parts of south-eastern Asia. All species are generally quite small with slender pedipalps and mottled colouration. The number of species’ records in relation to habitat type for each species is detailed in Table 4-4. The recorded distribution of each species is displayed in Figure 4-3.
4.4.1 Buthidae Lychas ‘bituberculatus group’ Specimens of the Lychas bituberculatus-group were found at six sites within the survey area. The group is fairly widespread throughout the Pilbara and Kimberley regions of Western Australia, as well as in the Northern Territory. Recent morphological examinations of material of this group suggested that it consists of more than one species; however the taxonomy is poorly resolved (E. Volschenk pers. comm.). It is considered unlikely that any member of this group represents a short- range endemic species. This assumption is supported by data in Table 4-4, showing that the species can be found from at least four habitat types in the study area. Buthidae Lychas ‘harveyi group’ Specimens of this group were found at three sites within three different habitat types across the study area. The group is widespread throughout the Pilbara bioregion, therefore it is considered unlikely that it contains any short-range endemic species. Buthidae Lychas multipunctatus Lychas multipunctatus was recorded from two habitat types within the study area (minor rocky slopes and a major drainage line). This species is widespread throughout the Pilbara and Kimberley bioregions of Western Australia. Within the Pilbara, it also occurs in the Hamersley Ranges and Barrow Island. It is not a short-range endemic species. Buthidae Lychas ‘nubby’ Two specimens of this species were found in the study area (Appendix 1). This species forms part of the L. annulatus-complex, members of which are widespread through central and northern Western Australia. It is currently unknown if the species represents a short-range endemic taxon (E.S. Volschenk, pers. comm.). However the data from this study suggests that it is probably not an SRE species, because it is represented in a variety of habitat types including cracking clays, alluvial plains and minor rocky slope habitats. Table 4-4 The number of Buthidae scorpion records per habitat type.
Granite and Cracking Total Minor Sandstone Major Clay and Number of Family / Hilltop / Minor Drainage Outcrop Drainage Coastal Alluvial Habitats Genus Species Outcrop Slope Line (Minor) Line Dune Mangrove Plains Present Buthidae bituberculatus Lychas 2 1 1 2 4 group' harveyi group' 1 1 1 3 multipunctatus' 2 1 2 nubby' 2 2 2
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Figure 4-3 Location of Buthidae scorpion species recorded during the survey of the Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Precinct.
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4.5 MALACOSTR ACA
4.5.1 Armadillidae Three species of Isopod were recorded, all belonging to the family Armadillidae and the genus Buddelundia. The presence of each species in relation to habitat type is presented in Table 4-5. The location of records for each species is shown in Figure 4-4.
Buddelundia sp. 1 Buddelundia species one is poorly known, with no previous records on which to draw upon. This species was recorded from what is essentially one habitat type; rocky outcrops and minor rocky slopes. The species is thus clearly confined to the pores under larger rocks where it can find refuge from the extreme Pilbara conditions. Thus within the current knowledge this species must be considered an SRE species.
Buddelundia sp. 2 Buddelundia species two has been previously recorded by Phoenix c.a. 20km south of Paraburdoo and c.a. 75km east of Newman. The species distribution therefore precludes it from being considered an SRE species.
Buddelundia sp. 3 As with Buddelundia sp. 1, Buddelundia species three is poorly known; there are no previous records of this species. However, this species was recorded from three distinctly different habitat types in the survey (hilltops/slopes, coastal dunes and cracking clays/alluvial plains) and therefore it cannot be considered a specialist species.
Table 4-5 The number of isopod species records per habitat type.
Granite and Cracking Total Minor Sandstone Major Clay and Number of Family / Hilltop / Minor Drainage Outcrop Drainage Coastal Alluvial Habitats Genus Species Outcrop Slope Line (Minor) Line Dune Mangrove Plains Present Armadillidae Buddelundia sp. 1 2 1 2 Buddelundia sp. 2 5 7 5 1 4 Buddelundia sp. 3 1 1 1 2 4
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Figure 4-4 Location of Buddelundia isopod species recorded during the survey of the Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Precinct.
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4.6 MOLLUSCA MOLLUSC RESULTS TO BE PROVIDED AS AN ADDENDUM TO THIS REPORT.
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4.7 L IMIT ATIONS
Limitations of the survey are outlined in Table 4-6.
Table 4-6 The limitations of the SRE survey of the Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Precinct.
Relevant to this survey? Limitations Yes / no Comments Competency / experience of the No Jarrad Clark has extensive experience in SRE consultant carrying out the survey. surveys throughout the Pilbara, Midwest, Southwest, Kimberley and Goldfields regions of W.A. Scope (what faunal groups were No The survey targeted all groups known to include sampled and were some sampling SREs. Extensive foraging effort supplemented the methods not able to be employed trapping program, to ensure that groups such as because of constraints such as weather Pseudoscorpions were represented in the survey. conditions, e.g. pitfall trapping in waterlogged soils or inability to use pitfall traps.) Proportion of fauna identified, recorded Yes Due to the paucity of knowledge concerning SREs and/or collected. and invertebrates in general, it is almost impossible to know for sure that all species have been
recorded. Species area curves may be used to determine the likelihood that species are adequately represented, but only if multiple survey data is generated. Sources of information e.g. previously Yes As above, there is little historic data concerning available information (whether historic or invertebrates in the region. The Pilbara Biological recent) as distinct from new data. Survey conducted by the DEC had sites almost within the project area. However the design of this
programme was to target broad scale habitats and not the isolated habitats targeted by SRE surveys. Timing/weather/season/cycle. Yes The survey commenced in late August and concluded in late September. It was beginning to get hot at this time and commencing a few weeks earlier would have been preferable. However, rainfall was experienced during the foraging. The relatively large sample size was designed to off-set the timing issue. The proportion of the task achieved and No The program was implemented as planned. A total further work which might be needed. of 50 pitfall sites were established and foraging was undertaken at all these sites. A targeted land snail
survey was also conducted in October 2008. Three species were recorded that are considered SREs and may require additional investigation, depending on the extent and scale of the developments proposed for the study area. Disturbances (e.g. fire, flood, accidental No Mining operations have commenced on CPs lease, human intervention etc.) which affected however given the sedentary nature of SRE taxa, results of survey. these operations are unlikely to affect capture rates.
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Relevant to this survey? Limitations Yes / no Comments
Intensity (in retrospect, was the intensity No The sample size was considerably large given the adequate?) perceived (low) chance of recording SRE species. This sample size was selected in order to off-set the survey being conducted at a sub-optimal time of year. Completeness (was relevant area fully No The majority of habitats with the greatest potential surveyed?) for facilitating short-range endemism were sampled across the various project areas. Remoteness and/or access problems. No Only one area of interest was inaccessible due to heritage constraints. Availability of contextual (e.g. No The Pilbara coast is fairly well known from a floristic biogeographic) information on the region. and vertebrate faunal context. However, as stated above, invertebrate biology, taxonomy and distribution is poorly known in this region.
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5. DISCUSSION
5.1 G ENER AL COMMENTS ON THE SURVEY Overall it is considered that the likelihood of recording SRE invertebrate taxa within the Cape Preston Iron Ore Precinct is generally low as there are few landscape and biogeographical features present that would drive short-range endemism. In particular, the area contains few disjunct habitats and is relatively low-lying. The maximum height above sea level is 59 metres, averaging approximately 30 metres across sections of the Newman Land System. This rise of just 10 – 20 metres above the surrounding alluvial plains is considered insufficient to produce a vegetation change from east to west that would indicate the potential for SRE species. Further, the floristic condition of the area is generally poor, due to its long history of cattle grazing, which has led to infestation of Mesquite and the presence of Buffel Grass and Bidens along the major and minor drainage systems. The north-south orientation of the range also limits the number of south-facing slopes, which favour micro-climate formation and hence act as a refuge for historically isolated fauna species. The majority of creek lines tend east-west as they drain off the north-south trending ridge line. The ironstone outcrops, which are divided by the minor creek systems (except for the relatively large DeBoulay Creek) are the only existing isolated habitats within the study area. There is little shade, leaf litter accumulation or soil to harbour species, such as millipedes and mygalomorph spiders. As expected, specimens of these groups were only recorded during foraging activities in cracking clay and alluvial plain habitats. Despite collecting only a few formally described species, most of the species recorded during the survey do not appear to be short-range endemics either because they are habitat generalists or were collected from multiple locations across significant distances (including reference sites). Of all the species identified to date in the survey, there are three species that, at present, appear to be SRE taxa, as discussed in section 5.2.
5.2 S HORT-RANGE E NDE MIC T AXA OF THE P RECINCT A total of six families known to include SRE taxa were recorded in the SRE survey of the Precinct. This excludes the land snails, for which taxonomic resolution is pending at the time of writing. These six families were represented by nine genera and 19 species. Only the scorpions included extant species (formally described). Five new species of Mygalomorphae trap-door spider were recorded, all of which fit the current definition of an SRE species based on their known distribution alone, which at present is only from the study area. However, the data indicated that four of these either occur outside areas under development/proposed for development, or they show no habitat specialisation, as they were recorded from multiple habitat types. The only exception was Synothele new species ‘pseudoidiomata’, being the only mygalomorph species with a single record and thus habitat type. This species was found in a cracking clay habitat off the Cape Preston Range, to the west of Old Balmoral Homestead. A waste dump is currently planned for this location, but it is not expected to be in place for 15-20 years. This habitat type is largely associated with the Horseflats Land System. An area of cracking clays at Mardie Station (to the east of Cape Preston) was recently purchased by one of the proponents as an offset for their project. This site and others on the east side of the range are recommended as prospective locations to identify additional populations of this species. The regional data provides limited evidence that the species has a broader distribution than has been identified in this survey.
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The new species of araneomorph spider, Meedo (Gallieniellidae) recorded was restricted to two sites within the Newman Land System, and is likely to be an SRE species. The biology of members of the genus Meedo, such as M. houstoni, is poorly known, but other, better-known members of the family Gallieniellidae such as Galianoella leucostigma (Mello-Leita˜o 1941) exhibit SRE traits such as specialised habitat and prey requirements. G. leucostigma is found in Argentina where it is known to live under stones or logs, in arid or semi-arid habitats. The species creates small silk cells up to 2 cm long by 1 cm wide with two entrances, sometimes covered with debris and prey remains. This genus is also largely a myrmecomorph, having a strong ant-like appearance. In captivity, the specimens were observed to feed only on ants (Goloboff 2000). Araneomorph spiders are considered to be modern spiders, having developed a more advanced respiratory system and the ability to ‘balloon’, among other adaptations, which aids in juvenile distribution (Raven et al. 2002). To date this trait has largely excluded the araneomorph groups from the list of SRE taxa. In contrast, only a very limited number of mygalomorph spiders have been observed to ‘balloon’ and in all cases their ability is very limited (Baerg 1928; Bristowe 1939; Coyle 1983, 1985; Eberhard 2006; Enock 1885; Main 1957; Muma and Muma 1945). In Western Australia, members of the trap-door genus Cethegus are believed to have limited ballooning capacity (B.Y. Main pers. comm.). As expected, pseudoscorpions were the most diverse class, with up to six species being recorded (none of which are formally described). The individuals from the genus Beierolpium that were identified in the survey are unlikely to be SRE species, as they were determined to be habitat generalists. The same was found to be true of the Euryolpium and Indolpium species. Indolpium were by far the most widespread and generalist species of pseudoscorpion recorded. Of the four true scorpion species recorded, all belonged to the family Buthidae and genus Lychas. No members of the endemic Australian family Urodacidae were recorded. The results of this survey support the current position that none of the four Lychas species are known to be SRE species. Of the three species of terrestrial Isopoda (slater), all are from the genus Buddelundia. Based on distribution and habitat preference data recorded in the survey, it is considered unlikely that any of these are SRE species. This is despite the fact that short-range endemism is strongly noted in aquatic and subterranean species, and to a lesser extent terrestrial species, particularly in the southwest Karri forests of Western Australia (S. Judd pers.comm.). Although taxonomic determination of the land snails collected in the survey is still pending, it is expected that up to seven species will be resolved. Preliminary information suggests that all of these appear to be widespread across the range and local area. The land snail survey was undertaken in October 2008, within two days of the first seasonal rains, and is not considered to have recorded any additional species to those recorded during the foraging effort in the main survey in September 2008. In summary, three likely SRE species were found in the survey of the Cape Preston Iron Ore Mining Precinct, as follows: • Meedo new species, whose distribution is restricted to the Newman Land System. This Land System is comprised of the ironstone that is the focus of exploration activities and mining proposals. • Synothele pseudoidiomata, whose distribution is currently restricted to a cracking clay habitat that is potentially earmarked for the placement of a waste dump in the next 15 – 20 years. There is some evidence however, that this species has a wider distribution and so its classification as an SRE is tentative. • Buddelundia sp.1, which appears to be restricted to the low hills of the Rocklea Land System of Cape Preston itself. The Cape is effectively an island, being removed from the island by
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Mangrove Creek, which flows west to east restricting all but the largest vertebrates from crossing between the mainland and the Cape at current sea levels.
5.3 P OTENTIAL RISKS TO SHORT-RANGE ENDEMIC T AXA IDE NTIFIE D IN THE SURVEY The invertebrate taxa identified in this survey were considered from a risk management perspective (Table 5-1). The risk assessment was based on the results of the survey, specifically, current knowledge of biological, distributional and habitat preferences. Higher risk ratings were allocated to species that are likely to be new SRE species, or where knowledge of taxa or their distribution is currently limited. This risk management approach is designed to: • assist the proponents in understanding and managing potential risks to the prospective developments; • prioritise and focus future investigations if further investigation such as impact assessment is required; and • facilitate the development of targeted SRE species management strategies or plans.
Table 5-1 Summary of important invertebrate species recorded in the SRE survey of the Cape Preston Iron Ore Precinct.
Risk Taxon Rating Reasons for Determination Spiders (Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae) Meedo new species High Recorded from two rocky outcrop sites. Possible rock specialist based on current study and studies of other members of the family Gallieniellidae. Known records on the Newman Land System (iron ore containing land system / geology). Further investigation of this species is recommended to locate additional populations. Efforts should focus on the low ironstone hills that comprise the Newman Land System. Additional such areas are located the south of the study area. Aname ? sp. Low Juvenile status means a definitive identity not achievable. DELTA database produced a number of possibilities. Recorded from uninterrupted coastal dune vegetation. Kwonkan n.sp. 02 Low Recorded at two different habitat types, cracking clays and alluvial plain, including from a reference site to the east of the precinct. Kwonkan n.sp. 03 Low One record only. Synothele n. sp. High One record only. Found on cracking clay habitat west of Old ‘pseudoidopmata’ Balmoral Homestead. Under current proposals, this location is likely to be the site of a future waste dump. Further investigation of this species is warranted to locate additional populations. Efforts should focus on cracking clay and alluvial plain areas (Horseflat Land System) immediately east of the range and at Mardie Station, which has been purchased as an offset. Synothele n. sp. Low One record only but found well outside of the Precinct in Range ‘pseudaurecocrypta’ reference site south of Northwestern Highway. Pseudoscorpions Beierolpium 8/2 Med Genus suspected of containing SRE species, but taxonomy poorly resolved. The single record was from coastal dune vegetation that extends uninterrupted for at least 15 km to the south. Beierolpium 8/3 Med Genus suspected of containing SRE species, but taxonomy poorly resolved. A single record from rock outcrop reference site outside of the Precinct mining leases. It is given a Medium risk rating
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Risk Taxon Rating Reasons for Determination because of the single record and because it was recorded from the Newman Land System Beierolpium 8/4 Low Genus suspected of containing SRE species, but taxonomy poorly resolved. The species was recorded at three sites, two habitat types and two Land Systems. Considered a habitat generalist. Beierolpium Med Genus suspected of containing SRE species, but taxonomy poorly resolved. A single record from Newman Land System (iron ore containing system). Identity not resolved. Euryolpium Low Two records from sites over 30km apart in different habitat types. Very similar to other specimens of Euryolpium collected elsewhere in the Pilbara region. Indolpium Low Widespread across W.A. The results of this study suggest the species has no specialised habitat requirements, being found from multiple habitat types. Scorpions Lychas ‘bituberculatus Low Fairly widespread throughout the Pilbara and Kimberley regions of group’ W.A. and into the N.T. It is considered unlikely that the group contains SRE species. Results here agree, with no habitat specialization recorded. Lychas ‘harveyi group’ Low This groups is widespread across the Pilbara and considered unlikely to contain SRE species Lychas multipunctatus Low Widespread across the Pilbara (including the Hamersley Range and Barrow Island) and Kimberley regions of W.A. Lychas ‘nubby’ Low A member of the annulatus-complex, members of which are widespread through central and northern W.A. The SRE status of members unclear, but results here suggest no habitat specialization Isopods Buddelundia sp.1 High Restricted to three rocky outcrop and rocky slope habitats. Including two on the Cape. Likely rock specialist. No other known records. Further investigation of this species is recommended to confirm habitat preference, with a focus on the low hills of the Cape and the south side of Mangrove Creek (both comprised of the Rocklea Land System). Buddelundia sp.2 Low Previously recorded from ca. 20 km south of Paraburdoo and 75 km east of Newman. Thus the known distribution extends for over 700km south of Cape Preston. Buddelundia sp.3 Low Habitat generalist being recorded on rocky outcrops, alluvial plains and creek lines throughout the precinct.
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6. SURVEY PERSONNEL A summary of the personnel involved in the survey is provided in Table 6-1.
Table 6-1 Survey personnel.
Person Title Qualifications Mr Jarrad Clark Senior Invertebrate Zoologist, Ba. Sci (Env Mgt) Project Manager Mr Jarrad Donald Biologist Ba. Sci (Env Mgt) Mr Sean Steed Biologist Ba. (Bus. Marketing), Prac. Cert. (Advertising). Owner: Bushland Restoration Services Mr Morgan Oconnell Zoologist Ba. Sci. (Zool.) Mr Julian Corbitt Field Assistant
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7. R EFERENCES AMNH. (1997, November 5, 1997). "PEET Spider Project." Retrieved 08/02/2009, 2009.
Assessment, A. B. R. (2002) Australian Terrestrial Biodiversity Assessment. Volume, DOI:
Baerg, W. J. (1928). Some studies of a trapdoor spider (Araneae : Aviculariidae). Entom. News 39(1): 1-4.
Bristowe, W. S. (1939). The Comity of Spiders . Vol. I. Ray Society, London, 1: 228.
Coyle, F. A. (1983). AERIAL DISPERSAL BY MYGALOMORPH SPIDERLINGS (ARANEAE, MYGALOMORPHAE ). J. Arachnol. 11: 283-286.
Coyle, F. A. (1985). Ballooning behavior of Ummidia spiderlings (Araneae, Ctenizidae). Journal of Arachnology 13(137-138).
Eberhard, W. G. (2006). DISPERSAL BY UMMIDIA SPIDERLINGS (ARANEAE, CTENIZIDAE): ANCIENT ROOTS OF AERIAL WEBS AND ORIENTATION? Journal of Arachnology 34(1): 254-257.
Enock, F. (1885). The life history of Atypus piceus Suly. Trans . Ent. Soc . London: 389-420.
EPA (2002). Position Statement No. 3 Terrestrial Biological Surveys as an element of Biodiversity Protection. Perth, Environmental Protection Authority.
EPA (2004). Guidance for the Assessment of Environmental Factors No. 56: Terrestrial Fauna Surveys for Environmental Impact Assessment in Western Australia. Perth, Environmental Protection Authority: 40.
Goloboff, P. A. (2000). THE FAMILY GALLIENIELLIDAE (ARANEAE, GNAPHOSOIDEA) IN THE AMERICAS. Journal of Arachnology 28(1): 1-6.
Harvey, M. S. (2002). Short-range endemism among the Australian fauna: some examples from non-marine environments. Invert. System., 16: 555 - 570.
Koch, L. E. (1977). The taxonomy, geographic distribution and evolutionary radiation of Australo-Papuan scorpions. Rec. West. Aust. Mus. 5: 83-367.
Main, B. Y. (1957). Occurrence of the trap-door spider Conothele malayana (Doleschall) in Australia (Mygalomorphae : Ctenizidae). West . Australian Nat. 5(7): 209-216.
Main, B. Y. (1972). The mygalomorph spider genus Stanwellia Rainbow & Pulleine (Dipluridae*) and its relationship to Aname Koch and certain other diplurine genera. . J. Proc. R. Soc. West. Aust. 55: 100- 114.
Main, B. Y. (1975). 1975. The citrine spider: a new genus of trapdoor spider (Mygalomorphae: Dipluridae). W. Aust. Nat. 13: 73-78.
Main, B. Y. (1977). Spiders. In The Natural History of the Wongan Hills. . Western Australian Naturalists Club, Perth,: 100–107.
Main, B. Y. (1982a). Further studies on the systematics of Australian Diplurinae (Araneae: Mygalomorphae, Dipluridae): The taxonomic status of Proshermacha Simon and Chenistonia tepperi Hogg. Aust. ent. Mag. 8: 83-88.
Main, B. Y. (1982b). Notes on the revised taxonomic position of the black wishbone spider Dekana diversicolor Hogg (Mygalomorphae: Dipluridae). . J. R. Soc. West. Aust. 65: 25-29.
Main, B. Y. (1983). Further studies on the systematics of Australian Diplurinae (Chelicerata: Mygalomorphae: Dipluridae): Two new genera from south western Australia. Journal of Natural History 17(6): 923-949.
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Main, B. Y. (1985a). Further studies on Australian Diplurinae: A review of the genera of the Teylini (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Dipluridae). Aust. J. Zool. 33: 743-759.
Main, B. Y. (1985b). Further studies on the systematics for Ctenizid trapdoor spiders: a review of the Australian genera (Araneae : Mygalomorphae : Ctenizidae). Australian Journal of Zoology Supplementary Series 33(108): 1-84.
Main, B. Y. (1986). Further studies on the systematics of Australian Diplurinae (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Dipluridae): A new genus from south-western Australia. Rec. West. Aust. Mus. 12: 395-402.
Main, B. Y. (1991). Occurrence of the trapdoor spider genus Moggridgea in Australia with descriptions of two new species (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Migidae). J. Nat. Hist. 25: 383 - 397.
Main, B. Y. (1994). Biosystematics of Australian mygalomorph spiders: Description of a new species of Aname and its aerial tube (Araneae: Nemesiidae). J. R. Soc. West. Aust. 77: 65-69.
Main, B. Y. (2004). Biosystematics of Australian mygalomorph spiders: descriptions of three new species of Teyl from Victoria (Araneae: Nemesiidae). Mem. Mus. Victoria 61(47-55).
Main, B. Y. (2008). A new species of the mygalomorph spider genus Yilgarnia from the Western Australian wheatbelt (Araneae: Nemesiidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 24: 321-325.
Muma, M. H. and K. E. Muma (1945). Biological notes on Atypus bicolor Lucas (Arachnida). Entom. News 56(5): 122-126.
Platnick, N. I. (2002). A Revision of the Australiasian Ground Spiders of the Families Ammoxenidae, Cithaeronidae, Gallieniellidae, and Trochanteriidae (Araneae: Gnaphosoidea). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 271: 1-244.
Raven, R. J. (1981). A review of the Australian genera of the mygalomorph spider subfamily Diplurinae (Dipluridae: Chelicerata). Australian Jour. Zool. 29: 321-363.
Raven, R. J. (1982a). On the mygalomorph spider genus Xamiatus Raven (Diplurinae: Dipluridae) with the description of a new species. Mem. Queensland Mus. 20: 473-478.
Raven, R. J. (1982b). Systematics of the Australian mygalomorph spider genus Ixamatus Simon (Diplurinae: Dipluridae: Chelicerata). Aust. J. Zool. 30(1035 - 1067).
Raven, R. J. (1982c). Systematics of the Australian mygalomorph spider genus Ixamatus Simon (Diplurinae: Dipluridae: Chelicerata). Australian Jour. Zool. 30: 1035-1067.
Raven, R. J. (1983). Systematics of the Australian curtain-web spiders (Ischnothelinae : Dipluridae : Chelicerata). Australian Journal of Zoology Supplementary Series 31(93): 1-102.
Raven, R. J. (1984a). A new diplurid genus from eastern Australia and a related Aname species (Diplurinae: Dipluridae: Araneae). Australian Jour. Zool. suppl. ser. 96: 1-51.
Raven, R. J. (1984b). Systematics of the Australian curtain–web Spiders (Ischnothelinae: Dipluridae: Chelicerata). no. 93, pp. 1–102. Australian Jour. Zool. suppl. ser. 93: 1-102.
Raven, R. J. (1985a). A revision of the Aname pallida species–group in northern Australia (Anaminae: Nemesiidae: Araneae). Australian Jour. Zool. 33: 377-409.
Raven, R. J. (1985b). The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 182: 1 - 180.
Raven, R. J. (1985c). Two new species of Ixamatus Simon from eastern Australia (Nemesiidae, Mygalomorphae, Araneae). J. Arachnol. 13(3): 285-290.
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Raven, R. J. (1994). Mygalomorph spiders of the Barychelidae in Australia and the Western Pacific. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 35(2): 291 - 706.
Raven, R. J., B. C. Baehr and M. S. Harvey (2002). Spiders of Australia: Interactive Identification to Subfamily. ABRS Identification Series. Collingwood, Victoria, CSIRO Publishing.
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8. APPENDIX 1: C APE P RESTON S ITE DE S CR IPTIONS Site Description Site Photos
Site 4 26/8/08
Hilltop (rocky outcrop)
Scattered Ficus sp. concentrated over Acacia sp. and sparse medium shrubs Senna venusta, Cymbopogon sp., Solanum sp. and Triodia wiseana.
Dry crust and crumbly boulders.
Site 5 26/8/08
Minor SW slope (small ridge slope / rocky outcrop).
Acacia sp., Ficus sp. and Ptilotus sp. over Triodia wiseana.
Extremely hard, skeletal soils throughout. Very rocky with red/brown sandy clay loam. Bare earth: 10-25. Leaf litter: 51-75 (under Ficus sp.).
Site 6
28/8/08
Hilltop (rocky outcrop)
Acacia bivenosa over Triodia wiseana.
Very stony/rocky skeletal soils with red brown sandy loam. Bare earth: 75-100. Leaf litter: <10.
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Site 7
28/8/08
Creek (drainage line between two minor slopes).
Scattered Corymbia hamersleyana over Acacia tumida and Acacia ancistrocarpa. Sparse to medium dense shrubs over low herbland and spinifex hummocks.
Red/brown sandy loam. Bare earth: 26- 50. Leaf litter: 26-50.
Site 18 and 19
26/8/08
Creek (minor)
Corymbia hamersleyana over Acacia tumida and Acacia ancistrocarpa.
Red/brown sandy clay loam. Bare earth: 26-50. Leaf litter: 10-25.
Site 20
26/8/08
Quartz / granite / conglomerate rock pile.
Acacia pruinocarpa over low mixed shrubs and Triodia wiseana.
Red/brown sandy clay loam. Bare earth: 51-75. Leaf litter: < 10.
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Site 21
26/8/08
South slope (minor slope, very rocky/pebbly).
Low shrubland of Acacia ancistrocarpa over Triodia wiseana.
Red/brown sandy loam. Bare earth: 10- 25. Leaf litter: 26-50.
Site 25
28/8/08
Minor creek (west trending minor drainage line).
Corymbia hamersleyana over Acacia tumida and Acacia ancistrocarpa.
Red/brown sandy loam. Bare earth: 26-50. Leaf litter: 26-50.
Site 26
28/8/08
Hilltop (rocky outcrop).
Sparse low shrubland of Acacia bivenosa and ?Capparis sp. over Triodia wiseana.
Skeletal rocky soils with red/brown sandy loam. Bare earth: 75-100. Leaf litter: <10.
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Site 27
28/8/08
Minor creek (minor drainage line E/SE facing).
Acacia sp. over Triodia sp. and Ptilotus sp. Open shrubs over banks.
Bare earth: 51-75. Leaf litter: 51-75.
Site 28
28/8/08
Hilltop/outcrop.
Acacia bivenosa, Acacia ancistrocarpa and Senna glutinosa over Triodia wiseana.
Skeletal soils with red/brown sandy loam. Bare earth: 75-100. Leaf litter: 26-50.
Site 29
28/8/08
Creek (minor drainage line, NE flowing at head of line and low hills with minor outcropping).
Acacia ancistrocarpa, Acacia bivenosa, Acacia sp. and Triodia pungens.
Skeletal soils, very stony and rocky - 5cm of soil. Red/brown sandy clay loam. Bare earth: 51-75. Leaf litter: 10- 25 (51-75 under shrubs).
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Site 30
28/8/08
Minor creek (minor drainage line of SW facing minor slope).
Acacia ancistrocarpa and Acacia bivenosa over Triodia wiseana.
Red/brown sandy loam. Bare earth: 51- 75. Leaf litter: 10-25.
Site 31
28/8/08
Rocky breakaway (pitted ironstone).
Cenchrus ciliaris, Ptilotus sp., weedy herbs and Triodia pungens.
Patches of deeper sands. Bare earth: 10-25. Leaf litter: <10.
Site 44
1/9/08
South slope (minor slope / breakaway / outcrop).
Scattered medium shrubland of Acacia ancistrocarpa and Acacia. bivenosa over Cymbopogon ambiguus over Triodia hummock grassland.
Bare earth: 51-75. Leaf litter: 26-50.
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Site 47
30/8/08
Major creek (large drainage line).
Eucalyptus leucophloia over Acacia sp. and Cenchrus ciliaris.
Bare earth: 10 25. Leaf litter: 51-75.
Site 48
30/8/08
Hilltop (minor outcropping).
Acacia sp.
Bare earth: 51-75. Leaf litter: <10.
Site 49
30/8/08
Major creek (major drainage line).
Eucalyptus leucophloia or victrix, over Acacia sp. and Cenchrus ciliaris with some hummock grass.
Bare earth: 26-50. Leaf litter: 26-50.
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Site 50
29/8/08
Hilltop (minor hilltop).
Ficus sp. and Acacia bivenosa over Triodia wiseana.
Bare earth: 75-100. Leaf litter: 75-100.
Site 51
30/8/08
Creekline (open floodline, minor drainage line).
Bare earth: 26-50. Leaf litter: 51-75.
Site 52
30/8/08
Coastal dune with medium slope to 5m.
Large shrubs and trees over Cenchrus ciliaris.
Bare earth: 10 25. Leaf litter: 26-50.
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Site 53
30/8/08
Coastal dune.
Eremophila sp., Acacia sp. (low sp.) and Cenchrus ciliaris.
Grey/brown sand. Bare earth: 26-50. Leaf litter: 26-50.
Site 54
30/8/08
Hilltop (outcrop / minor gully).
Ficus sp. and Acacia bivenosa over Cenchrus ciliaris and Triodia wiseana.
Red/brown clay sand. Bare earth: 51- 75. Leaf litter: 10-25.
Site 55
30/8/08
Dune opening on to rocky breakaway.
Mixed, low, moderately dense shrubs over herbland and Cenchrus ciliaris.
Bare earth: 26-50. Leaf litter: 26-50.
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Site 56
30/8/08
Mangrove over Cenchrus ciliaris on deep beach sand.
Bare earth: 75-100. Leaf litter: 75-100.
Site 57
31/8/08
SW trending slope with outcrop on ridge.
Spinifex hummock grass and introduced grasses.
Bare earth: 51-75. Leaf litter: 10-25.
Site 58
31/8/08
Minor valley (south facing minor gully).
Acacia bivenosa over Triodia sp.
Red/brown sandy clay. Bare earth: 26- 50. Leaf litter: 10-25.
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Site 59
31/8/08
Creek (drainage line out of semi-low hills).
Medium scattered shrubland of Acacia bivenosa, Acacia ancistrocarpa and Acacia pyrifolia over Triodia hummock grass.
Sandy clay. Bare earth: 26-50. Leaf litter: 10-25.
Site 60
31/8/08
Hilltop (south facing rocky cut, some parts permanently shaded).
Open low shrubland of Acacia sp. over Senna glutinosa and Triodia hummock grass.
Skeletal soils throughout. Red/brown sandy clay loam. Bare earth: 26-50. Leaf litter: 10-25.
Site 61
31/8/08
Creek (major drainage line)
Acacia bivenosa and Acacia sp. (tall, open) over Ptilotus sp. and Cenchrus ciliaris. Bare earth: 26-50. Leaf litter: 26-50.
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Site 62
31/8/08
SE slope (steep rocky slope, well sheltered)
Good vegetation cover generally.
Red/brown sandy clay. Bare earth: 26- 50. Leaf litter: 26-50.
Site 63
31/8/08
Rock pile on alluvial plain.
Cenchrus ciliaris and Triodia wiseana.
‘Island like’ rock pile on red sandy clay loam. Deep red/brown soils in places. Bare earth: 51-75. Leaf litter: <10.
Site 65
1/9/08
Creek (outcrop on south facing minor slope).
Low shrubland of Acacia bivenosa and Acacia sp. over Cymbopogon sp. and Triodia wiseana.
Brown sandy clays. Bare earth: 75- 100. Leaf litter: 10-25.
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Site 66
1/9/08
Creek.
Scattered medium shrubland of Acacia bivenosa and Acacia sp. over Cenchrus ciliaris.
Bare earth: 51-75. Leaf litter: 51-75.
Site 67
1/9/08
South facing slope.
Ficus sp. over Senna sp. backing onto drainage line of tall Acacia sp. (tree to 5m) and Acacia sp. (shrub to 3m).
Red/brown sandy soil. Bare earth: <10. Leaf litter: <10
Site 68
26/8/08
Open cracking clay shrubland.
Prosopis sp. (Mesquite), Senna artemisioides or S. glutinosa and Eucalyptus leucophloia over Cenchrus ciliaris.
Deap cracking clays and sandy clays with some pebbles. Bare earth: 76 – 100, Leaf litter: <10.
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Site 69
26/8/08
Cracking clay grassland, deep sandy clay.
Prosopis sp. (Mesquite) over introduced grasses.
Bare earth: 51-75. Leaf litter: 10-25.
Site 70
2/9/08
South facing slope (rocky outcrop in open Spinifex hummock grassland).
Acacia sp., spinifex to 30cm, Prosopis sp. abundant. Cattle present.
Rocky / pebbly red-brown sandy clay loam. Bare earth: 10-25. Leaf Litter: <10.
Site 71
2/9/08
Creek.
Dense Eucalyptus leucophloia (to 7m), Acacia sp. (to 4m) and Prosopis sp. (to 2m). Cattle present.
Red/brown sandy transported soils. Bare earth: <10. Leaf litter: 26-50.
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Site72
2/9/08
Hilltop (1-2m rocky outcrop).
Acacia sp. (to 3m) over Spinifex hummock grassland.
Rocky, red/brown sandy clay. Bare earth: 26-50. Leaf litter: 10-25.
Site 73
2/9/08
Major creek (Fortescue River)
Eucalyptus leucophloia (30 – 40% cover) over Prosopis sp., over low hummock grass of Triodia sp. and Cenchrus ciliaris.
Rocky, red/brown sandy transported soils. Bare earth: <10. Leaf litter: 51- 75.
Site 74
SW facing slope (outcrop on minor ridge).
Acacia ancistrocarpa over mixed shrubs and herbland, with Spinifex hummock grass.
Red/brown skeletal soils. Bare earth: 51-75. Leaf litter: <10.
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Site 75
1/9/08
South facing slope.
Ficus sp. and Acacia bivenosa over Triodia wiseana.
Bare earth: 51-75. Leaf litter: 51-75.
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9. APPENDIX 2: C APE P RESTON SRE S ITE GPS C OORDINATES Datum: WGS-84 Zone Zone Easting Northing Name Latitude Longitude Number Char. (UTM) (UTM) 1 ISLAND 01 50 K 417440 7695229 -20° 50 28.144"S 116° 12 23.278"E 2 ISLAND 02 50 K 416935 7694964 -20° 50 36.683"S 116° 12 5.76"E 3 ISLAND 03 50 K 417550 7693600 -20° 51 21.146"S 116° 12 26.806"E 4 SITE 04 50 K 408417 7660695 -21° 9 9.821"S 116° 7 4.501"E 5 SITE 05 50 K 408510 7660571 -21° 9 13.871"S 116° 7 7.702"E 6 SITE 06 50 K 408619 7660225 -21° 9 25.142"S 116° 7 11.413"E 7 SITE 07 50 K 408699 7660380 -21° 9 20.117"S 116° 7 14.218"E 8 SITE 18 50 K 409215 7661958 -21° 8 28.885"S 116° 7 32.408"E 9 SITE 19 50 K 409237 7662058 -21° 8 25.638"S 116° 7 33.19"E 10 SITE 20 50 K 409654 7662340 -21° 8 16.541"S 116° 7 47.698"E 11 SITE 21 50 K 409564 7662299 -21° 8 17.858"S 116° 7 44.573"E 12 SITE 25 50 K 409409 7663043 -21° 7 53.63"S 116° 7 39.338"E 13 SITE 26 50 K 409483 7663041 -21° 7 53.71"S 116° 7 41.905"E 14 SITE 27 50 K 409603 7663046 -21° 7 53.569"S 116° 7 46.067"E 15 SITE 28 50 K 409670 7663574 -21° 7 36.408"S 116° 7 48.49"E 16 SITE 29 50 K 409824 7664112 -21° 7 18.937"S 116° 7 53.929"E 17 SITE 30 50 K 409624 7663820 -21° 7 28.398"S 116° 7 46.942"E 18 SITE 31 50 K 409706 7664151 -21° 7 17.648"S 116° 7 49.847"E 19 SITE 43 50 K 411972 7669444 -21° 4 25.896"S 116° 9 9.371"E 20 SITE 44 50 K 412031 7670115 -21° 4 4.08"S 116° 9 11.538"E 21 SITE 47 50 K 412185 7672101 -21° 2 59.514"S 116° 9 17.237"E 22 SITE 48 50 K 412362 7672276 -21° 2 53.851"S 116° 9 23.404"E 23 SITE 49 50 K 412277 7672680 -21° 2 40.697"S 116° 9 20.531"E 24 SITE 50 50 K 412478 7673462 -21° 2 15.299"S 116° 9 27.641"E 25 SITE 51 50 K 412058 7674832 -21° 1 30.666"S 116° 9 13.342"E 26 SITE 52 50 K 410982 7677685 -20° 59 57.689"S 116° 8 36.596"E 27 SITE 53 50 K 410511 7677663 -20° 59 58.322"S 116° 8 20.278"E 28 SITE 54 50 K 410586 7677955 -20° 59 48.836"S 116° 8 22.931"E 29 SITE 55 50 K 412979 7680760 -20° 58 18.019"S 116° 9 46.321"E 30 SITE 56 50 K 412874 7680208 -20° 58 35.954"S 116° 9 42.584"E 31 SITE 57 50 K 416889 7669259 -21° 4 32.74"S 116° 11 59.723"E 32 SITE 58 50 K 419550 7672099 -21° 3 0.796"S 116° 13 32.416"E 33 SITE 59 50 K 418977 7671686 -21° 3 14.137"S 116° 13 12.493"E 34 SITE 60 50 K 419307 7671457 -21° 3 21.636"S 116° 13 23.887"E 35 SITE 61 50 K 418740 7670483 -21° 3 53.226"S 116° 13 4.076"E 36 SITE 62 50 K 421044 7672276 -21° 2 55.273"S 116° 14 24.209"E 37 SITE 63 50 K 421200 7671898 -21° 3 7.589"S 116° 14 29.551"E 38 SITE 64 50 K 421244 7671828 -21° 3 9.875"S 116° 14 31.063"E 39 SITE 65 50 K 412162 7670057 -21° 4 5.992"S 116° 9 16.067"E 40 SITE 66 50 K 412238 7669399 -21° 4 27.404"S 116° 9 18.58"E 41 SITE 67 50 K 410400 7667476 -21° 5 29.627"S 116° 8 14.528"E 42 SITE 68 50 K 408329 7662856 -21° 7 59.52"S 116° 7 1.866"E 43 SITE 69 50 K 408524 7663323 -21° 7 44.368"S 116° 7 8.713"E 44 SITE 70 50 K 402604 7658791 -21° 10 10.661"S 116° 3 42.574"E 45 SITE 71 50 K 402422 7658650 -21° 10 15.211"S 116° 3 36.234"E
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Short-range Endemic Invertebrate Fauna Survey Cape Preston Iron Ore Precinct Maunsell AECOM Pty Ltd
Datum: WGS-84 Zone Zone Easting Northing Name Latitude Longitude Number Char. (UTM) (UTM) 46 SITE 72 50 K 403277 7658507 -21° 10 20.028"S 116° 4 5.851"E 47 SITE 73 50 K 402571 7658260 -21° 10 27.923"S 116° 3 41.321"E 48 SITE 74 50 K 412696 7645102 -21° 17 37.72"S 116° 9 29.981"E 49 SITE 75 50 K 412607 7645681 -21° 17 18.874"S 116° 9 27"E 50 SITE 76 50 K 412580 7647120 -21° 16 32.07"S 116° 9 26.327"E 51 SNAIL1 50 K 410579 7661527 -21° 8 43.145"S 116° 8 19.615"E
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Short-range Endemic Invertebrate Fauna Survey Cape Preston Iron Ore Precinct Maunsell AECOM Pty Ltd
10. APPENDIX 3: C APE P RESTON S NAIL S URVEY S ITE GPS C OORDINATES Datum: WGS-84 Zone Zone Easting Northing Name Latitude Longitude Num. Char. (UTM) (UTM) 1 WP0 50 K 408844 7659758 -21° 9 40.345"S 116° 7 19.157"E 2 WP1 50 K 409397 7660627 -21° 9 12.193"S 116° 7 38.478"E 3 WP2 50 K 411212 7662167 -21° 8 22.423"S 116° 8 41.687"E 4 WP3 50 K 411211 7662168 -21° 8 22.398"S 116° 8 41.658"E 5 WP4 50 K 408844 7660680 -21° 9 10.361"S 116° 7 19.308"E 6 WP5 50 K 408843 7660679 -21° 9 10.411"S 116° 7 19.29"E 7 WP6 50 K 419300 7690920 -20° 52 48.569"S 116° 13 26.947"E 8 WP7 50 K 417459 7695333 -20° 50 24.756"S 116° 12 23.965"E 9 WP8 50 K 417788 7694253 -20° 50 59.939"S 116° 12 35.154"E 10 WP9 50 K 417023 7692578 -20° 51 54.288"S 116° 12 8.417"E 11 WP10 50 K 417030 7692579 -20° 51 54.27"S 116° 12 8.64"E 12 WP11 50 K 418125 7686641 -20° 55 7.583"S 116° 12 45.522"E 13 WP12 50 K 412378 7669586 -21° 4 21.324"S 116° 9 23.479"E 14 WP13 50 K 412448 7669446 -21° 4 25.896"S 116° 9 25.895"E 15 WP14 50 K 421077 7674739 -21° 1 35.137"S 116° 14 25.771"E 16 WP15 50 K 421039 7674678 -21° 1 37.117"S 116° 14 24.461"E 17 WP16 50 K 421031 7672164 -21° 2 58.909"S 116° 14 23.748"E 18 WP17 50 K 420983 7672103 -21° 3 0.857"S 116° 14 22.099"E 19 WP18 50 K 412373 7672208 -21° 2 56.047"S 116° 9 23.803"E 20 WP19 50 K 412374 7672212 -21° 2 55.932"S 116° 9 23.832"E 21 WP20 50 K 412379 7672292 -21° 2 53.304"S 116° 9 24.005"E 22 WP21 50 K 412416 7672243 -21° 2 54.924"S 116° 9 25.29"E 23 WP22 50 K 412205 7672741 -21° 2 38.67"S 116° 9 18.061"E 24 WP23 50 K 412205 7672741 -21° 2 38.681"S 116° 9 18.065"E 25 WP24 50 K 412235 7672630 -21° 2 42.313"S 116° 9 19.091"E 26 WP25 50 K 412484 7673487 -21° 2 14.485"S 116° 9 27.871"E 27 WP26 50 K 418418 7687937 -20° 54 25.463"S 116° 12 55.897"E 28 WP27 50 K 419790 7689268 -20° 53 42.371"S 116° 13 43.597"E 29 WP28 50 K 412098 7674500 -21° 1 41.459"S 116° 9 14.699"E 30 WP29 50 K 412219 7674950 -21° 1 26.839"S 116° 9 18.965"E 31 WP30 50 K 412320 7675247 -21° 1 17.195"S 116° 9 22.525"E 32 WP31 50 K 412284 7675342 -21° 1 14.095"S 116° 9 21.265"E 33 WP32 50 K 411683 7675027 -21° 1 24.247"S 116° 9 0.407"E 34 WP33 50 K 411819 7677270 -21° 0 11.311"S 116° 9 5.537"E 35 WP34 50 K 412919 7679893 -20° 58 46.189"S 116° 9 44.093"E 36 WP35 50 K 412053 7669971 -21° 4 8.76"S 116° 9 12.305"E 37 WP36 50 K 412014 7669971 -21° 4 8.76"S 116° 9 10.955"E 38 WP37 50 K 412083 7669648 -21° 4 19.247"S 116° 9 13.284"E 39 WP74 50 K 409270 7663918 -21° 7 25.147"S 116° 7 34.709"E 40 WP75 50 K 408497 7660558 -21° 9 14.274"S 116° 7 7.259"E 41 WP76 50 K 408415 7660683 -21° 9 10.188"S 116° 7 4.451"E 42 WP77 50 K 408634 7661363 -21° 8 48.102"S 116° 7 12.169"E 43 WP78 50 K 408598 7661411 -21° 8 46.565"S 116° 7 10.945"E
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Short-range Endemic Invertebrate Fauna Survey Cape Preston Iron Ore Precinct Maunsell AECOM Pty Ltd
Datum: WGS-84 Zone Zone Easting Northing Name Latitude Longitude Num. Char. (UTM) (UTM) 44 WP79 50 K 408698 7661347 -21° 8 48.653"S 116° 7 14.394"E 45 WP80 50 K 408921 7661673 -21° 8 38.076"S 116° 7 22.188"E 46 WP81 50 K 408983 7662047 -21° 8 25.926"S 116° 7 24.395"E 47 WP82 50 K 409262 7662130 -21° 8 23.28"S 116° 7 34.079"E 48 WP83 50 K 409261 7662130 -21° 8 23.273"S 116° 7 34.068"E 49 WP84 50 K 409261 7662130 -21° 8 23.273"S 116° 7 34.068"E 50 WP85 50 K 409496 7662545 -21° 8 9.841"S 116° 7 42.269"E 51 WP86 50 K 409710 7663328 -21° 7 44.393"S 116° 7 49.836"E 52 WP87 50 K 409673 7663875 -21° 7 26.605"S 116° 7 48.684"E 53 WP88 50 K 409364 7667480 -21° 5 29.31"S 116° 7 38.658"E 54 WP89 50 K 409116 7664226 -21° 7 15.085"S 116° 7 29.413"E 55 WP90 50 K 409369 7664453 -21° 7 7.741"S 116° 7 38.251"E 56 WP91 50 K 410201 7665616 -21° 6 30.071"S 116° 8 7.307"E 57 WP92 50 K 407658 7660140 -21° 9 27.731"S 116° 6 38.081"E 58 WP93 50 K 407207 7660985 -21° 9 0.162"S 116° 6 22.633"E 59 WP94 50 K 407109 7659783 -21° 9 39.229"S 116° 6 19.001"E 60 WP95 50 K 407369 7660222 -21° 9 24.995"S 116° 6 28.091"E 61 WP96 50 K 407421 7660439 -21° 9 17.957"S 116° 6 29.927"E
11.
12.
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International Minerals Pty. Ltd.
Level 4, 5 Mill Street
Perth WA 6000