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Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais Instituto De Ciências Biológicas Pós-Graduação Em Zoologia UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ZOOLOGIA FILOGENIA, TAXONOMIA E MACROEVOLUÇÃO DE ESTRUTURAS COPULATÓRIAS DOS GÊNEROS DE GNAPHOSIDAE (ARANEAE: GNAPHOSOIDEA) GUILHERME HENRIQUE FERNANDES DE AZEVEDO BELO HORIZONTE – MINAS GERAIS 2016 GUILHERME HENRIQUE FERNANDES DE AZEVEDO FILOGENIA, TAXONOMIA E MACROEVOLUÇÃO DE ESTRUTURAS COPULATÓRIAS DOS GÊNEROS DE GNAPHOSIDAE (ARANEAE: GNAPHOSOIDEA) Tese apresentada à Pós-Graduação em Zoologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do titulo de doutor em Zoologia. Orientador: Adalberto J. Santos Coorientador: Charles E. Griswold BELO HORIZONTE – MINAS GERAIS 2016 Sumário AGRADECIMENTOS ................................................................................................................ VI INTRODUÇÃO GERAL .............................................................................................................. 1 CAPÍTULO I ................................................................................................................................. 4 CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE WORLDWIDE SPIDERS OF THE FAMILY GNAPHOSIDAE (ARANAE, DIONYCHA) ............................................................................... 5 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. 6 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 7 MATERIAL AND METHODS ........................................................................................................ 9 Taxon sampling ..................................................................................................................... 9 Character sampling and specimen preparation .................................................................. 11 Phylogenetic analysis .......................................................................................................... 12 RESULTS .................................................................................................................................. 13 Matrix and Character Statistics .......................................................................................... 13 Phylogeny ............................................................................................................................ 14 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................. 14 Gnaphosoidea ..................................................................................................................... 14 The CTC clade ..................................................................................................................... 15 Gallieniellidae ..................................................................................................................... 16 Ammoxenidae and Cithaeronidae ....................................................................................... 17 Trochanteriidae and Flattened Gnaphosoids ...................................................................... 17 Gnaphosidae ....................................................................................................................... 19 The Micariines and the Anzacia Group .......................................................................... 20 Prodidomines .................................................................................................................. 21 The Gnaphosines ............................................................................................................. 22 The Zelotines ................................................................................................................... 23 The Herpyllines ............................................................................................................... 24 Leptodrassus and Relatives ............................................................................................. 24 The “Echemines” and “Drassodines” ............................................................................ 25 The Anagraphidines ........................................................................................................ 25 CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................... 26 TAXONOMY ............................................................................................................................. 28 Family Gnaphosidae Pocock, 1898..................................................................................... 28 Subfamily Gnaphosinae Pocock, 1898 .......................................................................... 28 Subfamily Zelotinae Platnick, 1990 ............................................................................... 29 Subfamily Herpyllinae Platnick, 1990 ........................................................................... 30 Subfamily Leptodrassinae New Subfamily ..................................................................... 30 Doubtful subfamilies ....................................................................................................... 31 “Echeminae” ............................................................................................................... 31 “Drassodinae” ............................................................................................................. 32 Anagraphidinae ........................................................................................................... 32 Micariinae ................................................................................................................... 32 Genera with no subfamiliar placement ............................................................................ 32 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 32 TABLES .................................................................................................................................... 41 FIGURES ................................................................................................................................... 42 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................ 75 Appendix 1. .......................................................................................................................... 75 Appendix 2. Material. .......................................................................................................... 98 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL FOR CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE WORLDWIDE FAMILY GNAPHOSIDAE ....................................................................................................................... 107 CAPÍTULO II ........................................................................................................................... 113 WHAT DO FEMALES WANT: COMPLICATED OR SIMPLIFIED SEX? THE EVOLUTION OF GENITALIA IN GROUND SPIDERS (ARANEAE, DIONYCHA, GNAPHOSIDAE) ... 114 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. 115 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 116 MATERIAL AND METHODS .................................................................................................... 118 Dataset .............................................................................................................................. 118 Complexity ......................................................................................................................... 118 Trends in complexity ......................................................................................................... 119 Testing genital evolution hypothesis ................................................................................. 120 RESULTS ................................................................................................................................ 121 Ancestral state reconstruction and character evolution ................................................... 121 Complexity evolution ......................................................................................................... 121 Testing genital evolution hypothesis ................................................................................. 122 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................... 122 Genitalia structure homology ............................................................................................ 122 Complexity ......................................................................................................................... 124 Sexual selection ................................................................................................................. 125 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 127 TABLES .................................................................................................................................
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