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Prilog Poznavanju Metalurške Djelatnosti

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Prilog Poznavanju Metalurške Djelatnosti martina čelhar — Sveučilište u Zadru, Odjel za arheologiju udk: 903:669(497.5) University of Zadar, Department of Archaeology 903:669(398 Liburnija) Obala kralja Petra Krešimira IV., br. 2, HR-23000 Zadar Izvorni znanstveni članak, Original scientific paper [email protected] Primljeno / Received: 2013-12-06 dario vujević — Sveučilište u Zadru, Odjel za arheologiju University of Zadar, Department of Archaeology Obala kralja Petra Krešimira IV., br. 2, HR-23000 Zadar [email protected] PRILOG POZNAVANJU A CONTRIBUTION METALURŠKE DJELATNOSTI TO UNDERSTANDING LIBURNA METALLURGIC ACTIVITIES OF THE LIBURNIANS Nasuprot bogatstvu autohtonih metalnih oblika, jako malo Despite abundance of autochthonous metal forms we know very znamo o procesu proizvodnje metalnih predmeta kod Liburna. little about the process of production of metal objects in the Metalurška središta, radionice i pribor uglavnom su nepoznati. Liburnians. Metallurgic centres, workshops and tools are un- Kao indicije proizvodnje postoje tek malobrojni primjerci ka- known for the most part. Only scarce examples of moulds stand lupa, čije postojanje ipak otvara raspravu o tehnologiji izrade, as indicators of production. Their existence opens up discussion umijeću i dosezima liburnskih izrađivača. about the technology of production, skills and achievements of the Liburnian producers. ključne riječi: metalurgija, kalupi, Liburni key words: metallurgy, moulds, Liburnians Metalurška proizvodnja jedna je od najkompleksni- Metallurgic activity is one of the most complex jih ljudskih aktivnosti u prapovijesti za koju je bila human activities in prehistory which demanded potrebna velika količina tehničkog znanja i umijeća. advanced technical knowledge and skills. It also Uz to ona uključuje i određenu društvenu strukturu implies certain social structure and stage of devel- te stupanj razvoja, potičući istovremeno njegov ra- opment, inciting at the same time development of zvoj.1 Iskazivanje moći i statusa metalom osebujan society.1 Exhibiting power and status with metal is je kulturološki proces.2 Metal postaje vrijednost u a peculiar culturological process.2 Metal becomes a ekonomskom i ideološkom smislu.3 Uz to kvaliteta value in economic and ideological sense.3 Further- bakra, srebra ili zlata, kao i prestiž posjedovanja i more quality of copper, silver or gold and prestige of pokazivanja predmeta izrađenih od navedenih meta- owning and showing objects made of the mentioned la, često prizivaju simbolizam.4 metals often evoke symbolism.4 Širenje znanja o sirovini pratio je razvoj tehni- Expansion of knowledge about the raw material ka obrade: od hladnog i toplog kovanja do lijeva- was followed by the development of metal processing nja u kalupe kao najkompleksnije tehnike izrade. techniques: from warm and cold forging to casting Lijevanje postaje važno već u kasnijim odsjecima into moulds as the most complex technique of pro- eneolitika, a posebno u brončano doba kada su duction. Casting became important in later segments metalurški majstori uspjeli postići željene slitine u of the Eneolithic, and particularly in the Bronze Age preciznom omjeru i usavršili umijeće kontrole pro- when skilled metal workers managed to achieve al- cesa izrade.5 Slitina utječe na promjene boje što je loys in precise proportions and perfected skills of postalo bitno u estetskom oblikovanju, ali i redu- control of the production process.5 Alloy affects 1 V. I. KLOCHKO, 1994, 135. 1 V. I. KLOCHKO, 1994, 135. 2 M. DIAZ-ANDREU, I. MONTERO, 2000, 126. 2 M. DIAZ-ANDREU, I. MONTERO, 2000, 126. 3 V. KASSIANIDOU, A. B. KNAPP, 2005, 239. 3 V. KASSIANIDOU, A. B. KNAPP, 2005, 239. 4 V. KASSIANIDOU, A. B. KNAPP, 2005, 232. 4 V. KASSIANIDOU, A. B. KNAPP, 2005, 232. 5 G. J. van der HEIDE, 1991, 134. 5 G. J. van der HEIDE, 1991, 134. Martina Čelhar, Dario Vujević: prilog poznavanju metalurške... / a contribution to understanding metallurgic... 114 cira točku taljenja što je pak bitno za tehnološke change of colour which became important in terms aspekte metalurgije.6 of aesthetics but it also reduces melting point which Još od brončanog doba uzorak rasprostiranja is important for technological aspects of metallurgy.6 ostava i nalaza metalurške djelatnosti pokazuje From the Bronze Age onwards pattern of distri- koncentraciju na kontinentalnom dijelu (sjeverna bution of hoards and finds of metallurgic activity in- Hrvatska i Bosna) a slabu zastupljenost na jadran- dicate concentration in the continental part (north- skom dijelu i unutrašnjosti jadranske obale. Uzo- ern Croatia and Bosnia) and poor distribution in the rak je u globalu realan, ali je pitanje je li ovakav Adriatic part and hinterland of the Adriatic coast. kontrast između unutrašnjosti i primorja uvjetovan The pattern generally corresponds to reality, but the i drugim čimbenicima. Logikom stvari, nema ra- question is whether this contrast between the inte- zloga da tehnologija metalurgije, iako kompleksna, rior and coastal area was caused with other factors jednom kada je bila savladana, ne bude dostupna as well. There is no reason that technology of met- širem društvu.7 allurgy, though complex, should not be available to Premda su neposredni dokazi lokalne metalur- entire society once it has been mastered. 7 ške djelatnosti oskudni, o njezinom kontinuiranom Although direct evidence of local metallurgic razvoju i liburnskoj proizvodnji svjedoči sačuvani activity is scarce, its continuous development and materijalni korpus metalnih predmeta. Prepoznat- Liburnian production are confirmed by preserved ljiv vlastiti stvaralački izraz primjetan je već od metal objects. Recognizable unique creative expres- "protoliburnskog" horizonta i jasno se očituje u ne- sion is noticeable from the "proto-Liburnian" hori- kim kategorijama materijalne ostavštine, posebno u zon and it is clearly reflected in some categories of nakitnim predmetima odnosno dijelovima nošnje. material heritage, particularly in jewelry objects and Izrazito se u tom pogledu izdvajaju fibule, nešto ma- parts of attire. Fibulae and pins to a certain degree nje igle, koje su najopsežnije publicirane, obrađene i are particulary important in that sense. They were kartirane pa time pružaju najjasniju sliku rasprosti- published, analyzed and mapped providing in that ranja pojedinih tipova i varijanti. Pojedini predmeti way the clearest image of distribution of certain types rašireni na širokom prostoru našli su svoj originalni and variants. Certain objects distributed in a wide re- izraz u lokalnim inačicama (npr. lučne fibule s dva gion found their original expression in local variants zadebljanja na luku, fibule tipa Osor, spiralnonao- (e.g. bow fibulae with two knobs on the bow, fibulae čalaste fibule, itd. sve do mlađih oblika poput fi- of the Osor type, spiral-spectacle fibulae,... to later bula tipa Baška, pločastih fibula itd.) koje upućuju forms such as fibulae of the Baška type, plate fibu- na djelovanje barem nekoliko metalurških centara lae, etc.) Certain objects widespread in a wide region odnosno radionica. found their original expression in local variants (e.g. Dosadašnje spoznaje o lokalnoj proizvodnji po- bow fibulae with two knobs on the bow, fibulae of jedinih predmeta temelje se uglavnom na tipološ- the Osor type, spiral-spectacle fibulae,... to late forms kim distinkcijama te kvalitativnoj i kvantitativnoj such as fibulae of the Baška type, plate fibulae etc.) zastupljenosti na pojedinom prostoru. Na liburn- which indicate activity of at least several metallurgic skom tlu zasad nije posvjedočen niti jedan kalup centers i.e. workshops. za proizvodnju izrazitih mjesnih obilježja nošnje i Previous insights about the local production of opreme ovdašnjih željeznodobnih zajednica.8 Očit certain objects are based primarily on typological je dakle nesrazmjer između količine lokalnih tipova/ distinctions and qualitative and quantitative repre- varijanti metalnih predmeta u odnosu na neposred- sentation in a certain region. In the Liburnian region ne dokaze metalurške produkcije. Pa ipak, u tom se there has not been a single mold for production of pitanju liburnsko područje ne izdvaja u odnosu na distinctly local attire charcateristics and equipment susjedna područja, ali i na širi europski kontekst. of the local Iron Age communities.8 Disproportion 6 V. FELL, 1990, 30. 6 V. FELL, 1990, 30. 7 M. H. G. KUIJPERS, 2012, 2. 7 M. H. G. KUIJPERS, 2012, 2. 8 S druge strane kalup za lijevanje olovnih aplika s upisanim križem, 8 On the other hand mould for casting lead appliqués with inscribed oblika koji se sagledava kao posebno obilježje liburnske nošnje, cross, a form which is interpreted as a particular characteristic of pronađen je na području Istre, u Nezakciju, što ujedno sugerira the Liburnian attire, was found in the Istrian region, in Nesac- širu zonu produkcije ovih predmeta: K. MIHOVILIĆ, 2001, 112, tium which suggests wide zone of production of these objects. K. sl. 106, 236, T.97:17. MIHOVILIĆ, 2001, 112, fig. 106, 236, T.97:17. archaeologia adriatica vii (2013), 113-132 115 Limitiranost sirovinom morala je ograničavati between the amount of local types/variants of metal domet liburnskih metalurških majstora. Istočno- objects in relation with direct evidence of the metal- jadransko područje karakterizira nedostatak me- lurgic production is evident. However the Liburnian talnih ruda. No, nedostatak sirovine možda uspo- region corresponds to neighbouring region and wider rava razvoj društva, ali potiče trgovinu. U mnogim European context regarding this question. područjima,
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