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31 AMATEUR TV TRANSMITTER You can build your own 29 FUZZY LOGIC amateur TV station with this sophistcated Just as probability theory is not random, fuzzy logic audio /video is not fuzzy or indistinct as its name might imply. transmitter for Instead, fuzzy logic is based on rigorous mathe- the 900 -MHz code -free mathical discipline that is a cross between Boolean amateur band. logic and multivalued set theory. It is a relatively - William Sheets and new discipline, with Rudolf F Graf its creation gener- PLC TROUBLESHOOTING CASE HISTORIES MINI METROLOGY LAB ally Loth 39 credited to The final Zadeh in the mid Electronics installment of 1960s. Fuzzy logic wow a three -part has gained credi- FUZZY LOGIC series on the Understanding this new,th bility throughout to traditional control team science of

the world, where it BUILD A making TU TRANSMITJEL' accurate is found in prod- Pul A e wan atBgg AlI measurements shows you how ucts ranging from MAKING to build a Kelvin -Varley divider. camcorders and MEASURE 71: ACCURATELY Conrad R. Hoffman washing machines A 111110 yarley alsOn - canCec our to automobiles and EYII IEPaegy lao 69 PHONE -LINE PRIVACY factory- control sys- KEEP IT COOL! III to Mau Me MODULE VII BelY1Ml tems. At long last, 0010W 0001105 This easy -to -build it is beginning to module helps to catch on in the keep your modem U.S. as well. - Byron Miller and fax communications from being interrupted if another phone on the line goes off-hook. - James Melton

As a service to readers, ELECTRONICS NOW publishes available plans or information relating to newsworthy products, techniques and scientific and technological developments. Because of possible variances in the quality and condition of materials and workmanship used by readers, ELECTRONICS NOW disclaims any responsibility for the safe and proper functioning of reader -built projects based upon or from plans or information published in this magazine. Since some of the equipment and circuitry in ELECTRONICS NOW may relate to or be covered by U.S. patents, ELECTRONICS NOW disclaims any liability for the infringement of such patents by the making, using, or selling of any such equipment or circuitry, and suggests that anyone interested in such projects consult a patent attorney.

ELECTRONICS NOW, (ISSN 1067 -9294) May 1996. Published monthly by Gernsback Publications, Inc., 500 Bi- County Boulevard, Farmingdale, NY 11735 -3931. Second -Class Postage paid at Farmingdale, NY and additional mailing offices. Canada Post IPM Agreement No. 334103, authorized at Mississauga, Canada. One -year subscription rate U.S.A. and possessions $19.97, Canada $27.79 (includes G.S.T. Canadian Goods and Services Tax, Registration No. R125166280), all other countries $28.97. All subscription orders payable in U.S.A. funds only, via international postal money order or check drawn on a U.S.A. bank. Single copies $3.50. ©1996 by Gernsback Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to ELECTRONICS NOW, Subscription Dept., Box 55115, Boulder, CO 80321 -5115. A stamped self- address envelope must accompany all submitted manuscripts and/or artwork or photographs if their return is desired should they be rejected. We disclaim any responsibility for the loss or damage of manuscripts and/or artwork or photographs while in our possession or otherwise. 2

www.americanradiohistory.com MAY 1996 TECHNOLOGY Electroda 37 TROUBLESHOOTING PLC paartivR) PROBLEMS Hugo Gernsback (1884 -1967) founder A look at how some interesting troubleshooting problems on the LARRY STECKLER, EHF, CET, factory floor were solved with the Editor -in -chief and publisher aid of a portable oscilloscope. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT D. Martin - Vaughn BRIAN C. FENTON, editor JULIAN S. MARTIN, associate editor TERI SCADUTO, assistant editor SELECT THE RIGHT 41 How To JEFFREY K. HOLTZMAN HEATSINK computer editor Two simple formulas can help to LARRY KLEIN, audio editor DAVID LACHENBRUCH prevent you from making a contributing editor frustrating and costly error in your DON LANCASTER electronic designs. contributing editor MICHAEL A. COVINGTON, N4TMI - Mark A. McGuire contributing editor EVELYN ROSE, editorial assistant ART DEPARTMENT ANDRE DUZANT, art director DEPARTMENTS RUSSELL C. TRUELSON, illustrator PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT RUBY M. YEE, production director KATHRYN R. CAMPBELL VIDEO NEWS production assistant 0 KEN COREN What's new in this fast -changing desktop production industry. Dave Lachenbruch - CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT JACOUELINE P. CHEESEBORO 14 EQUIPMENT REPORTS circulation director Mission Technology's Multiscope THERESA LOMBARDO circulation assistant Virtual Oscilloscope REPRINT DEPARTMENT HARDWARE HACKER MICHELE TORRILLO 43 reprint bookstore Switching power supplies, the hot chassis, and more tricks for Typography by Mates Graphics the PIC microcontroller. Cover design by David Loewy - Don Lancaster Electronics Now is indexed in Applied Science & Technology Index, and Readers 50 COMPUTER CONNECTIONS Guide to Periodical Literature, Academic Backing up is hard to do. Abstracts, and Magazine Article Sum- maries. Holtzman - Jeff Microfilm & Microfiche editions are available. Contact reprint bookstore for details.

Advertising Sales Offices listed on page 136. Electronics Now Executive and A N D M O R E Administrative Offices 1- 516 -293 -3000. Subscriber Customer Service: 1- 800 -288 -0652. Order Entry for New Subscribers: 1- 800 -999 -7139. 4 WHAT'S NEWS 25 NEW LITERATURE

8 Q&A 130 ADVERTISING SALES OFFICES LETTERS 12 Audit Bureau 130 ADVERTISING INDEX of Orr Jlations 21 NEW PRODUCTS Member

www.americanradiohistory.com L, WHAT'S Nr15 A REVIEW OF THE LATEST HAPPENINGS IN ELECTRONICS

pickup head. The cathode Self-pulsating laser -case type have potential applications in radar, pin configuration allows a positive computer memories, and broad- power supply to be used. casting. In power-plant control sys- for DVD tems, SiC devices promise Toshiba Corporation of Japan increased reliability thanks to has introduced a visible laser diode another key advantage(significantly designed specifically for use with New superconductor higher resistance to damage from the DVD (digital video disk tech- ionizing radiation that devices made nology) format. The TOLD9450- under development with materials now in common use. MC is the first commercialized Scientists at the Westinghouse self-pulsating laser diode to operate Electric Corporation's Science & at a wavelength of 650 nanometers. Technology Center in Pittsburgh Its short wavelength makes the have been studying a more rugged 300 -mm wafer device well- suited to meet the high and versatile electronic material for recording density needs of DVD use in semiconductors. The materi- implanted applications. al, silicon carbide (SiC), promises A newly developed serial electronic devices that operate reli- process, known as high current ion ably at much higher temperatures implanter, has successfully been and power levels than devices made used to implant 300 -mm wafers. from the materials used today, such The serial implanter was developed as silicon or gallium arsenide. by Varian Ion Implant Systems and Although the potential advan- Diamond Semiconductor Group tages of silicon -carbide devices has (DSG), both of Gloucester, MA. been known for more than 25 years, Concept and feasibility funding was early interest waned because it was provided by the Advanced difficult to make crystals of the Technology Program of the needed purity and uniformity in National Institute of Standards and useful sizes. The Westinghouse Technology (NTST). TOSHIBA'S SELF -PULSATING LASER program, which recently received a "As the industry advances to DIODE operates at a wavelength of 650nm, meeting the high recording den- $4.5- million government contract, 300 -mm, its goals are to increase sity needs of DVD applications. is devoted to overcoming that prob- productivity, reduce costs, and lem. The study, funded by the U.S. reduce risks," said Bruce Thayer, Using Toshiba's Multi Quantum Advanced Research Projects Varian's marketing manager. "A Well (MQW) structure and a sat- Agency through Wright -Patterson 300 -mm wafer offers 2.5 times the urable absorber layer, the Air Force Base in Ohio, is a three - yield of a 200 -mm substrate." TOLD9450MC provides effective, year effort to develop low- defect, "By processing wafers serially, stable self-pulsation and reduced three -inch diameter crystals and the overall complexity of the system operating current. The design large -area epitaxial layers of semi- is decreased dramatically, and the allows for noise suppression, conductor quality. reliability can be greatly enhanced," achieving a relative intensity noise SiC -based devices would per- added DSG president Manny (RIN) of less than -130 dB/Hz at form better, be more efficient, and Sieradzki. "Serial processing offers room temperature. Through opti- cost less in a variety of uses. For major improvements in process mization of the layer structure, sta- instance, they could serve as sensors flexibility and `wafer inventory' or ble laser operation is delivered over in hot environments such as can and `device factory' management over a wide temperature range. aircraft engines and be used in present high- current ion The small package size (5.6 -mm lightweight, high -power electronic implanters, which implant wafers in diameter) allows system designers systems for applications like elec- batches of 13 or more." to reduce the size of the optical tronic vehicles. The devices also continued on page 49 4

www.americanradiohistory.com Overpowered.

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Making DVD the U.S., he or she couldn't play it release date for DVD players and on a standard British VCR, which discs. incompatible will only play videocassettes in the PAL format. Copyright problems One of the advantages of digital Such artificial roadblocks don't video recording is that it finally exist with the digital DVD system. remain exorcises an old bugaboo- incom- The same disc could be used any- A more serious barrier to the patibility among the world's televi- where in the world(and is made release of DVD movies is the copy- sion systems. Thus any video - even more universal by being able ing problem. Because perfect digi- recorded DVD disc can be playable to accommodate multiple sound- tal-to- digital copies and near-per- on any TV set anywhere in the tracks for various languages. But fect digital -to- analog copies could world, given the proper player that very desirable feature would be made from DVDs, movie com- (which converts the digital video to wipe out the movie producers' abil- panies are balking about releasing analog of the proper national stan- ity to control release of their films their films on DVD before a law is dard). That might be the conven- on home discs. The issue was in place to bar copying of digital tional wisdom-but to the movie brought to light by Louis Feola, discs. Although there is agreement industry, that's a major disadvan- president of MCA Home Video, between manufacturers and pro- tage. So Hollywood and the elec- who said that his company wouldn't ducers about the contents of such a have agreed on a scheme to wipe unless the situation were corrected. be spelled out, and its passage is far out that problem and, in fact, make He was backed privately by several from certain. interchangeability more restrictive other movie companies. While the contents of the agree- than ever. After some hurried conferences, ment had not been released by our With videocassettes, the movie the DVD Forum, which developed press time, it's understood that it industry relies on incompatibility to standards for the system in the first involves a technology called Copy orchestrate release dates, particu- place, agreed to consider a proposal Generation Management System larly between the United States and which would go far beyond the use (CGMS), which would make it Europe. Because an NTSC video- of national TV standards to block impossible to make a digital copy of cassette is unplayable on a conven- "interplayability" of discs. The pro- a digital disc. To block copying of tional PAL VCR, that results in a posal likely to be adopted would DVDs onto analog media, such as national barrier preventing prema- divide the world into five to seven videocassettes, the legislation is ture release of movies in certain different regions, based largely on expected to specify "Colorstripe" countries. the normal sequence of theatrical technology developed by Most U.S. -made movies are movie releases. Each region would Macrovision. Colorstripe would released in this country before their be assigned a code to be installed as make bootleg analog copies of digi- European release. Release on a digital flag on DVD discs. All tal discs virtually unwatchable videocassette follows theatrical players programmed for sale in each because of the presence of disturb- release by varying periods, depend- particular region would reject any ing stripes of color. ing on the success of the movie in disc designed to be sold in a differ- Although the precedent for digi- the theater. Thus a videocassette ent region. tal video anti-copy legislation is the recorded in NTSC could be Thus, for example a movie disc Audio Home Recording Act released here while the same movie designed for sale in the U.S. would (AHRA), there are major differ- is still playing in theaters in be unplayable on players in use in, ences. The ARRA permits one England, for example. In the eyes of say, South America or China. That direct digital copy to be made from the movie industry, that's an advan- flagging process reportedly is quite a digital audio recording (CD or tage. Even if a European were to simple and wouldn't necessarily DAT), but prevents that copy from bring a videocassette home from hold up the expected September continued on page 49

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www.americanradiohistory.com Q&A READERS QUESTIONS, EDITORS ANSWERS

through a spark plug wire. Timing Light As Timing lights that connect directly to a spark plug aren't so Stroboscope easy to fool; they are triggered by 0.27 I have a timing light which operates the high voltage from the ignition PF off a car battery and a connection to coil, which isn't easy to simulate a spark plug wire. Is there some way to safely.

modify the light for use as a strobo- Bear in mind that the maximum TRIGGER XENON COIL RASFRUBE scope? -M. M., Elko, Nev. frequency of a timing light is about 20 Hz. Above that frequency, tim- AA timing light is a special kind of ing lights tend to skip pulses. You stroboscope that flashes whenev- might be able to speed up a timing er a particular park plug fires, light by reducing the value of the 0.27 enabling you to see what position high -voltage capacitor across the the engine is in at that moment. flashtube; the light will then be What you need is a way to trigger it dimmer, but the capacitor will FIG. 2 -BASIC CIRCUITS FOR FLASHING a zenon tube. Noose the circuits that fits the polarity of the trigger 100K t7 7 TURNS OF coil. 330 HOOKUP WIRE NE555 flash, a step -up 4 transformer called a 10K RS V+ trigger coil provides a momentary _ 220 DS pulse several kilovolts 12V of to a wire µF 100 OUT wrapped around the middle of the 6 TH ki tube. This is coupled capacitively 2 CLAMP to the gas inside the tube and makes TR INDUCTIVE 4.7 PICKUP HERE it start to ionize. As soon as the gas 'µF becomes conductive, the capacitor discharges through the flashtube and there is a bright flash of light; FIG. 1 -THIS OSCILLATOR will trigger a timing light for non -automotive use as a stroboscope. then the capacitor has to charge up again for the next flash. without using an automobile charge up more quickly for the next The trigger pulse, in turn, comes engine. flash. from a smaller capacitor which is There are two ways a timing charged up to about 70 volts and light might attach to the wiring of then suddenly discharged through the engine: by direct connection or Xenon Flashtuhe Theory the primary of the trigger coil. As through an inductive pickup. If I'm interested in building a battery - Figure 2 shows, the exact circuit your timing light has an inductive operated flasher circuit using a depends on the polarity of the trig- pickup, you're in luck - you can xenon strobe tube. I understand that ger coil, indicated by dots in the use the circuit in Figure 1 to trigger the xenon tube operates in the kilovolt diagram; if in doubt, simply try it it. The NE555 produces brief puls- range. Any ideas? D. B. S., both ways. es of current in the wire, which is Saylorsburg, Pa. The NE -2 lamp serves as a voltage wound into a loop to increase the regulator and "ready" light. The amount of induction; we used seven AThe actual operating voltage switch can be replaced by an SCR. turns, but one or two turns may suf- across a xenon flashtube is about Now all you need is a battery- fice. To the timing light, these 300 volts, stored in a capacitor as operated 300 -volt power supply. pulses look like the pulses that flow shown in Fig. 2. To make the tube The easiest way to get one is to use 8

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www.americanradiohistory.com a junked photographic flash unit, state relays will also work fine. E A R N Y O U R which will also contain the xenon tube If the water you want to detect is and trigger coil. For complete very pure (such as distilled water leak- B.S. DEGREE instructions on converting a camera ing from a tank), it may not conduct IN flash into a stroboscope, see our sister electricity; in that case, increase the 1- publication, Popular Electronics, megohm resistor to 2.2 megohms. On COMPUTERS November 1995, pp. 77 -78 (available the other hand, if the circuit trips too OR from our reprint bookstore). And easily and gives false alarms, decrease remember, strobe circuits are dangerous; the resistor to 220k. ELECTRONICS the capacitor in a camera flash can deliver a painful or even lethal shock. Always be sure to discharge every Tubes For FETs high -voltage capacitor through a 1- 1 have several pieces of useful tube -type kilohm resistor before touching any of RF and audio equipment that I would the components. like to convert to use FETs in place of the tubes. I could start from scratch, but would feel better if I could benefit from Rain Alarm others' experience. Do you know of any I need a circuit that will operate a relay publications on tube -to -FET conversions, A 0 or solid state switch when a sensor or could you give me some basic guide- By at Home detects water or rain. - D. B., Aggasiz, lines? Thanks. - B. G., Bellefontaine, Studying B. C., Canada. Ohio. Grantham College of Engineering, now in our 45th year, is highly experi- AFig. 3 shows a circuit that will do AThere is enough electrical similari- enced in "distance education " - teaching the job. It relies on the ability of ty between vacuum tubes and N- by correspondence- through printed water to conduct electricity. The sen- channel junction field -effect transis- materials, computer materials, fax, sor consists of two pieces of metal just tors QFETs) that you can sometimes modem, and phone. close enough a drop of No commuting to class. Study at together that substitute one for the other. The your own pace, while continuing on your water will bridge them. An especially catch is that most FETs can't handle present job. Learn from easy -to- good sensor can be made out of two the high voltages; there is tremendous understand but complete and thorough pieces of a metal comb, arranged as unit -to -unit variation among FETs of lesson materials, with additional help shown in the diagram, but much sim- the same type, so you may have to from our instructors. pler sensors will often do the job. To select particular units; and the overall Grantham offers three separate distance - be sure of catching the first drop of conductance of an FET is higher, so education programs, leading to the follow- rain, you might ing accredited degrees; feed the sensor you'll have to add some resistance in (1) The B.S.E.T. with Major Emphasis in through a funnel; make sure it's open series with the FET Electronics. to the air so that the water will dry up The classic article on tube -to -FET (2) The B.S.E.T. with Major Emphasis in conversion, by Howard Sartori, Computers. appeared in QST, April 1977, pp. 45- (3) The B.S.C.S. - the Bachelor of Sci- 50, with follow -ups in September ence in Computer Science. 1977, pp. 38 -39, and December 1978, An important part of being pre- pared to move up is holding the right p. 39. (We can't supply copies of this, college degree, and the absolutely neces- but your public library can probably sary part is knowing your field. obtain them.) Sartori used a special Grantham can help you both ways -to 300 -volt JFET, the 2N6449, which is, learn more and to earn your degree in FIG. 3 -THIS RAIN DETECTOR unfortunately, apparently no longer the process. circuit closes the relay when water bridges the available. Write or phone for our free catalog. gap between the metal electrodes. The best way to convert tube Toll free, 1- 800 -955 -2527, or see rn equipment is °' mailing address below. to use FETs nowadays to when the rain ends. reduce the supply voltage to about 20 Accredited by Electrically, the circuit uses a 555 volts, then put an FET in place of the the Accrediting Commission of the timer IC as a level detector. The 555 tube and adjust the values of other o Distance Education and supplies hysteresis is, Training Council - that its turn -on components as required. You can use voltage is higher than its turn-off volt- Sartori's circuits as a starting point, GRANTHAM age - and this keeps the relay from but considerable experimentation will "chattering" when a -detectable w College of Engineering barely be necessary. Fortunately, when the water is Grantham College Road amount of present. You can conversion is done, the circuits will be Slidell, LA 70460 use any low- voltage relay whose coil more stable and will consume less 10 draws no more than 200 mA; solid- power.

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www.americanradiohistory.com LETTF_ SEND YOUR COMMENTS TO THE EDITORS OF ELECTRONICS Now MAGAZINE

in SOUPED -UP ALTERNATOR their October, 1995 issue. After States. It's a safe bet that if a noisy U.S. making references to a similar mys- pump were the culprit, the investiga- R. Christman, whose letter tery noise, the writer stated, "I tors in the area would have found it. appeared in "Q &A" in the January found the cause of the sound by Thanks for alerting me to the vari- issue of Electronics Now, might be accident when I was holidaying in ous school band programs as a potential interested to know that the ampici- France. A sewerage pump went out source of ear damage. Regular partici- ty of at least some automotive alter- of order for a few days, and the low - pants in such events would be well nators can be increased. frequency tone disappeared (there advised to invest in ear protectors such I use a full -size Ford to tow a was no other pump for several miles as the EPA -rated E-A -R Hi -Fi travel trailer. When I bought the around.) It sounds to me as if that Earplugs. They are designed not for car a number of years ago, I soon very perceptive person has precisely maximum attenuation, but rather for discovered that the alternator was identified the source, and it certain- an approximately 12 -dB reduction not up to the task. I obtained an ly "is real and entirely natural." across the audio band while preserving exchange stator for the alternator By the way, thanks for all the a natural sound quality. Write to from a friend in the automotive material on noisy school dances. I Cabot Safety Corporation, 5407 West electric business. That stator had would like to suggest another sonic 79th Street, P. O. Box 78130, been rewound by a remanufacturer problem area in schools: their band Indianapolis, IN 46268 -8130; phone to allow the alternator to put out programs. My daughter has been 317 -872 -0330; or fax 317-872- 100 amps. I'm not sure what the participating in the marching band 5993.-Larry Klein stock alternator was, although it program, both as a musician and as was probably rated at 60 amps. The a color guard performer. She has original rectifier /regulator assem- reported ringing in her ears for a SORRY, MAC bly was reused. After I rebuilt the time after several performances. alternator (using new bearings and That problem is potentially more "Buy a Macintosh!" was the title brushes as well as the beefed -up sta- severe than noisy dances, because of a letter that appeared in the tor), I had it tested and found that it the events (and practice sessions) March 1996 issue of Electronics could actually put out up to 120 are a great deal more frequent. Now. Well, all I have to say is, amps. That alternator has been MIKE HARDWICK "Sorry, Mac." going for many years now, and the Salem, OR From what I've observed over diodes and regulator have survived. the last several years, the Macintosh The edited note from R. I am sure that machinery of one computer is going the way of the Christman did not indicate what kind or another is responsible for many Sony Betamax recorder. Regardless type of car he is dealing with, but it mysterious noises all over the world, but of how many users attempt to pro- might be worth his while to check it seem illogical to me to generalize tect the machine, no matter how with a local automotive electric from a French sewerage pump to a phe- much better its processor than the business. nomenon in the Southwestern United competition's, people are going to PETER KNIP go for the system with the best soft- Gilliam, Manitoba, Canada ware and hardware support(IBM Write To: Letters, and its clones). Electronics Now Magazine, My information has been ELUSIVE HUM 500 Bi- County Blvd., gleaned from break rooms and Farmingdale, NY 11735 retail stores. From the common Larry Klein's "Audio Update" folk, people who want to buy a column discussing the "elusive Due to the volume of mail we computer and not have to scour the receive, not all hum" in Taos, New Mexico letters can be stores for hardware or software answered personally. All letters (Electronics Now, 1995) December are subject to editing for clarity compatible with their "type" of reminded me of a letter published and length. machine. Just ask any Tandy 1000 in Electronics World (Wireless World) owner and you'll see what I mean. 12

www.americanradiohistory.com Find the Right Electronic I'm not going to defend one archi- design verification and rule checking, Component Fast tecture against another(I've never SMD support, linking to 99 sheets, and owned a Mac (although I have owned a much more. TI -99 and a Color Computer II. I've In addition, the Autotrax netlist decided that it's much better to buy a function is compatible with many pop- Ford Model T than a Daimler Benz ular formats. Although Autotrax is a automobile when you live in the DOS -based program, it is very stable United States. One might be better running under Windows. I was able to than the other, but try buying acces- switch between it and my electronic - sories (or service) for one or the other simulation software without any prob- and you'd see what I mean. lems. In fact, Autotrax quickly (and D.A.T..A/PIA/L/TM D.A.T.A. The word from the break rooms is easily) converted my designs to a pro- Parametric Access Library that Apple is looking for a buyer for the totype -ready layout in just a few min- This PC -based CD -ROM company. Apparently, the school sys- utes. When compared to other reference offers fast, easy tems in America (major financial backers programs on the review chart, I found access to over 1.6 million current and discontinued ICs for Apple) are switching to IBM com- Autotrax ranked first. It received a and discrete semiconductors. "Yes" in except the abil- puters. It seems that they are waking up every category Custom configured to your to the fact that training kids on Macs ity to neck down between pads. specifications, D.A.T.A. /P /A/U and sending them into an IBM world is Protel previously offered the system provides up to 25 parametric a losing proposition. Also, parents are for as much as $1590. At $395, it is a lot values and references over 1,100 getting tired of having to buy both types of power for a little price. If offered component manufacturers. of computer, one for them and one for separately, the schematic -capture and (Prices start at $360/Category) the kids. And the kids are losing. PCB programs would cost less than If you are a Mac supporter, good for $200 each, putting them in the range of D.A.T.A. you. I stand behind your decision and your reviews. After trying the demo wish you luck in your endeavors. If you and comparing the competition, I've D.A.T.A. Business Publishing tel: 800 -447 -4666 Ext. EPG -B are undecided about what to purchase decided to order DOS Pack. The demo 303 -799 -0381 Ext. EPG -B for your initial system and are comput- can be found on the Protel BBS at 408- fax: 303 -799-4082 [email protected] er illiterate (as we all were, at one time), 243 -0125 or on the Internet at look around your town. Ask your http: //www.protel.com. friends what they use. And, in the end, GEORGE JULIAN remember that the final decision is Boise, ID ATTENTION! yours and that you will have to live with that decision for a while. LE RANDY JONES BAN THE 741 IC! E Ñia Colville, WA I am a long -time subscriber to Electronics Now and rely on it for the 1 latest electronics news and techniques. EARN YOUR \ LOW -COST PCB -SOFTWARE I have seen several articles using the ) ADDITION 741 op -amp. That chip is an embar- B.S.E.E. I enjoyed the recent reviews of low - rassment to the audio world and should DEGREE cost schematic capture /simulation and be replaced. It has a low slew rate and a PCB software packages (Electronics high noise figure. Its only redeeming THROUGH HOME STUDY Our Highly Effective Advanced- Placement Now, February 1996). However, since features are its price and availability. Program for experienced Electronic the reviewer covered each area sepa- Younger readers and others new to Technicians grants credit for previous Schooling and Professional Experience, and rately, he overlooked a great package audio electronics need to be informed can greatly reduce the time required to complete the program and reach graduation. No offered at a super price. Protel of other ICs that can be used to provide residence schooling required for qualified Technology bundled their DOS -based superior performance, such as the Electronic Technicians. Through our Special Program you can pull all of the loose ends of schematic- capture and PCB programs AD744 and 5543. Those chips are your electronics background together and in a packaged called DOS Pack Design among the best performing audio ICs earn your B.S.E.E. Degree. Upgrade your status and pay to the engineering level. System, which sells for $395. when combined with high -grade Advance rapidly? Many finish in 12 months or low -noise resistors, and reg- less) Students and graduates in all 50 states It features Autotrax, an enhanced capacitors, and throughout the world? Established Over version of Easytrax (reviewed in the ulated power supplies. 50 Years? Write or call for free Descriptive Literature. (601)371 -1351 January issue of Electronics Now). The In the future, please instruct your DOS Pack schematic /PCB system authors not to use a sub -standard chip awful 741. COOK'S INSTITUTE includes 3000 components, a PCB like the OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING footprint library, a component editor, WARREN BAIN 4251 CYPRESS DRIVE router, Bristow, VA full auto placement, an auto tawE JACKSON, MISSISSIPPI 39212 13

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scope has 16 frequency ranges and Turn your personal computer the recorder has a user-definable into a multipurpose laboratory sampling interval from 0.055 sec- test instrument with ond to eight hours and a buffer for Multiscope. up to 16,000 samples per channel. The Multiscope has a digital bandwidth of 20 MHz and an ana- CIRCLE 15 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD log bandwidth of 1 MHz. Input impedance is 1- megohm, and it has an eight -bit multiplexed input con- Every electronic hobbyist lyzer for only $399. nector and AC or DC coupled trig- dreams of owning a com- The Multiscope Responsive gering. Accuracy is specified as plete set of laboratory-grade elec- Oscilloscope (see Fig. 1) connects within 5% for signals of 200 kHz or tronic test instruments to speed up to a parallel port on an IBM -com- less. Display update speed is direct- circuit test procedures and analyze patible computer. The software ly linked to the speed of the com- faults quickly and accurately. The included with the virtual instru- puter's microprocessor. For principal obstacle, of course, has ment module runs under the example, a personal computer with been the expense. A complete set of Microsoft Windows operating sys- an Intel i486 DX2 50 MHz proces- dedicated instruments could cost tem, and the computer provides sor can update the screen about thousands of dollars, a drain on the both the control and display func- once every half second on most hobbyist's budget, particularly if he tions. time -base ranges. or she has a family, rent to pay, and The responsive oscilloscope case The oscilloscope display has a food to put on the table. This is has two BNC jacks, one for channel built -in digital presentation of DC, where computer based virtual A and the other for channel B, and RMS ,and peak -to -peak AC volts instruments enter the picture. a D -type output connector on its and frequency. Oscilloscope set- Thanks to the availability of fast, front panel. The virtual oscillo- tings can be made automatically or powerful, personal computers at Res.onsive Di 831 Store e low prices and inexpensive virtual Multiscope

ri 'T instrument hardware and software, sn.tK R channel the goal of obtaining many of those GA single tepear t-int1 r=: instrumenbts can be achieved for rA.8 less than $400 -assuming you own rsave Ay.Bx f a late model IBM or compatible T imebase A coupl B coup! is computer. It true, however, that r 50 ms r DC oc 6 n some compromises must be made !` 20 ms AC AC because virtual instruments do not 10 ins r- 5 m ._ A Gain 6 Gain quite match the performance of 2 ms î5y r 5 v cal their stand- alone, dedicated coun- 1 ms 5,12v r2y terparts. r 0.5 ms C-02ms r 1 v C 1 y A new virtual instrument from '- 0.1 mg î0.5v r 0.5 v .+eu .vlc. e.. 50 us Mission Technology, Inc. (PO Box r r 0.2v C 0.2 v C 20 us Horizontal Position T tigger î0.1v C 0.1 n 3016, Teaneck, NJ 07666, 1 -800- /0 us r- r so wy r 50 mv 880- 7688) turns a personal comput- 5us UMW USE MARKER BARE ONLY AFTER SINGLE. READING FOR FREQUENCY It VALID ONLY W 2 us r 20 my r 20 tav er into a digital storage r 10.2 us EXACTLY ONE CYCLE IS BETWEEN THE TIME rlus 10 my C 10 my MARKERS. oscilloscope, a real -time strip -chart 9S Litz r 0.5 us î 5 my r5my recorder, a dual digital voltmeter, a r back Beg. digital frequency counter, a wave- FIG. 1-THE VIRTUAL STORAGE OSCILLOSCOPE display as it will appear on your form analyzer and a spectrum ana- computer's monitor. 14

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www.americanradiohistory.com manually,. There are ten gain ranges from 5 volts per division to 5 millivolts per division. The test results can simply be viewed, or they can be saved Raise your to disk, or printed out. The system provides protection against overvoltages up to 200 volts, transmitted electromagnetic interference from the computer is eliminated standard to because the Multiscope circuitry is housed in a separate enclosure that acts as a shield. Moreover , the case can be located away from the computer. Input impedance is lmegohm. Wavetek. Multiscope has an eight-bit multi- by choose between paying more plexed input connector and it can be for a brand name or getting more AC or DC triggering. An AC to DC adapter, two BNC 1 1 probes functions for your money? Get to with alligator clip leads, and a parallel the best of both worlds with Wavetek. printer cable are included in the pur- Worldwide Service. chase price. Support whenever and wherever you need it. Multiscope in action The Multiscope is plugged into the Tech -preferred Features. personal computer's parallel port with The XL meters have the largest the data cable provided, and it obtains displays, auto -off, data hold, manual its power from the AC to DC adapter and autoranging models in pocket -size supplied. An on/off switch is the only convenience. control on the unit, and an illuminat- ed LED indicates when power is on. Quality. Less than 0.5% warranty The operating software is on one returns assures continuous reliability. 3.5 -inch floppy disk. An oscilloscope Selection. Over 35 different icon appears on the screen when the Wavetek DMMs to meet any software has been successfully measurement need. installed. Double -clicking on the icon will run the software only if the unit is User Safety. Conservative turned on and connected to the com- voltage ratings, fused inputs, warning puter's parallel port. beepers, shrouded test leads, and The software will automatically designs that meet worldwide agency locate the parallel port to which the approvals. unit is connected. On our first attempt to run the software all we got was a Total Value. Eight XL Series message box saying that either our meters from $29.95 to $99.95 to meet port was non -standard or that power any requirement. was not on. Fortunately, this glitch was solved when we found that we You don't need to pay more. forgot to connect the power cord to You can't afford to settle for less... the Multiscope. Once power was applied, we were in business. For the name and location of the The first display that appears is the digital storage oscilloscope. Wavetek dealer near you, call Menus pop up when the controls are clicked. 1- 800 - 854 -2708 The display (see Fig. 1) shows the YWveirk Cerpiwretlai (outside the U.S., call 619 -279 -2200) controls on the left side and the 9045 Balboa Avenue, instrument display on the right. An San Diego, CA 02123 oscilloscope -type display appears eWavetek Corp.. 1995. Wavetek and the above a digital voltage (DC, RMS, Wavetek logo are registered trademarks WAveTe K of the Wavetek Corporation and peak -to -peak) and frequency continued on page 27

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push of a single button, ghost detec- Flash Multimode OTDR tion and elimination, and a small (5 nanosecond) pulse width. DESIGNED FOR USE IN It is available in 850 -nm, 1300 -nm, Each standard model includes LAN fiber-optic cable installation and dual -wavelength models. two rechargeable NiCd batteries and maintenance service, Wavetek's The Flash. Multimode can be with charger, Flash ROM -based Flash Multimode Mini -OTDR used to test all physical media used Validation software, internal mem- (Optical Time Domain Reflecto- in today's complex LAN applica- ory for storing 32 trace results, an meter) offers simple four -button tions, including copper cable and operating manual, and a carrying operation, allowing any technician fiber optics. It provides all the fea- case. The Pro models also include to become proficient with its use tures and functions needed for com- an AC adapter, an extended carry- with little training and in minimal plete fiber -optic cable installation ing case, Wintrace software for time. At 3 -"2 pounds, the Flash and maintenance testing, including storing and viewing test results on a Multimode is the smallest and a unique macro capability for recall- PC, and 512K extended memory lightest instrument of its type today. ing sequences of operations with the for storing 50 additional traces. Prices for the Flash Multimode OTDR start at $9300 for the 850 - nm Standard model. WAVETEK CORPORATION Instruments Division 9045 Balboa Avenue San Diego, CA 92123 Phone: 619- 279 -2200 Fax: 619 -565 -9558

IMstauu Oscilloscopes SEVERAL NERV MODELS have been added to Tektronix' TDS700A series of InstaVu acquisition oscilloscopes and TDS 500B series of digital storage oscilloscopes. Both lines offer users the confidence of an analog scope and the power of a digital scope. Proprietary InstaVu signal- acquisi- tion technology lets users capture up to 400,000 waveforms per second, making the new scopes as fast as the world's fastest analog scopes. InstaVu is designed to quickly pinpoint and capture unpredictable, rapidly changing signals-infrequent glitches, metastable behavior, and time jitter-that might never be detected by conventional analog or digital scopes or specialized trig- CIRCLE 20 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD gering. The technology combines 21

www.americanradiohistory.com high -speed acquisition memory with high -speed display rasterization to Needle -Tip Pen Oiler increase acquisition performance and SYCON CORPORATION'S ensure instantaneous live display of all Lubit -8 Pen Oiler is filled with a signal changes. In design and debug lubricant containing Teflonä that is applications, debug time is reduced ideal for maintaining a wide variety of from hours to seconds. products, ranging from scientific instruments to cameras, guns, and fishing tackle. The lubricant is a blend of natural and synthetic oils with CIRCLE 23 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD microminiature particles of Teflon and Fluonä held in permanent suspension. common emitter, class A linear ampli- It is unaffected by -60 °F to +500 °F fier applications in industrial and temperatures, is very slippery, resists commercial equipment. Other fea- dust, does not coagulate, and leaves no tures include a 11.5 -dB minimum oily residue. power gain, 3rd order intercept of The Pen Oiler features a needle tip +47 -dBm minimum, and a noise fig- that precisely dispenses the lubricant, ure of 6 -dB typical. The MRF859 one drop at a time, making it well suit- power transistor is packaged in a ed for use where sprays and oil cans flange case, and the MRF859S is in a are impractical. About the size of a flangeless package. CIRCLE 21 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD fountain pen, the Lubit -8 can be Pricing for the MRF859 and the clipped to a shirt pocket or carried in MRF859S RF power transistors is The TDS 784A, TDS 744A, and a field service kit. $48.62 in low volumes. TDS 742A each feature color displays, MOTOROLA, INC. -E 114 bandwidths up to 1 GHz, sample rates 5005 East McDowell Road up to 4 GS /s, and acquisition rates up Phoenix, AZ 85008 to 400,000 Wfm/sec. The four-chan- Phone: 602 -244 -6108 nel TDS 540B and the two- channel Fax: 602 -244 -4597 TDS 520B each feature 500 -MHz bandwidth, up to 2 GS /s sample rate, monochrome displays, and up to Solder -on Adapters 100,000 Wfm/sec acquisition rate. DESIGNED FOR USE IN THE All models also offer extendible record design and testing of new circuitry, length to capture and store complex, where target ICs are sometimes long -duration waveforms; sophisticat- unavailable, ITT Pomona's solder-on ed triggering capabilities, including adapters offer an economical, risk - setup/hold, slew rate, and time -out; free, reliable test interface. As generic and Channel Deskew, which increases interfaces, the solder -on adapters time- measurement accuracy by com- work on standard EIAJ (metric) and pensating for external timing errors. A JEDEC surface -mount technology simple graphical user interface with layouts for any chips CIRCLE 22 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD with the same more than 200 intuitive icons and on- lead pattern. line help makes the instruments easy The Lubit -8 Pen oiler is available to use. in cartons of 36 units for a list price of The TDS 540B and TDS 520B $93.24. cost $14,950 and $9500, respectively. SYON CORPORATION The TDS 784A costs $34,495. The 280 Eliot Street TDS 744A and the TDS 724A cost Ashland, MA 01721 $17,950 and $12,200, respectively. Phone: 508- 881 -8852 CIRCLE 24 TEKTRONIX MEASUREMENT Fax: 508- 881 -4703 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD BUSINESS DIVISION The adapters provide the crucial R O. Box 1530 interface between circuit boards and Pittsfield, MA 01202 RF Power Transistors test instruments so that engineers can Phone: 1- 800-426 -2200 MOTOROLA'S MRF859 AND design and test circuitry. Each base (when prompted, press 3 and ask for pro- MRF859S RF power resistors operate comes with a breakout board for con- gram 493) in the 800 -960 -MHz range with an nection to logic analyzers and other E -mail: output power of 6.5 watts. The rugged test instruments, with access via 22 http : //www.tek.com/Measurement devices can be used in large -signal, 0.025 -inch square pins. Providing

www.americanradiohistory.com secure connections, the solder -on mittent electrical components, cool- complete system including a CO2 adapters are an alternative to ing and testing boards for continuity cylinder and cart is available for $650. "reusable" adapters. or stress fractures, disassembling or VA -TRAN SYSTEMS The solder-on adapters range in mating tight- fitting metal parts, or for 677 Anita Street lead count from 80 to 240 pins, and freezing adhesives for easy removal. Chula Vista, CA 91911 are priced from 5260 to SI 190. Phone: 1- 800 -379 -4231 ITT POMONA ELECTRONICS Fax: 619 -423 -4604 1500 East Ninth Street Pomona, CA 91766 -3835 Phone: 1-800-241-2060 Subminiature Relays For Fax: 909 -629 -3317 Telecommunications THE R70 SERIES OF SUB - miniature relays from NTE Component Enviromentally Safe Electronics are specially designed for Cooler use in telecommunications, comput- THE FEDERAL CLEAN AIR CIRCLE 25 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD er /peripheral equipment, and inter- Act, which bans the intentional and face applications. The high - non-essential release of CFCs, makes The COMP -CO2LD system, performance, 1 -amp relays feature the old method of cooling compo- which uses common, recycled carbon high sensitivity, compact design, fully nents with canned CFC refrigerants dioxide, allows components to reach sealed construction, and low power obsolete. Containing no CFCs or temperatures as low as - 109 °F. The consumption. They are intended for HCFCs, Va -Tran Systems' COMP - spray pattern is easily adjustable, use in OEM design and as replace- CO2LD component cooler compo- allowing the right amount of CO2 to ment parts in telecommunications and nent cooler provides a convenient, reach the test area. One small cylinder computer equipment. safe, environmentally sound, and cost - of CO2 lasts for hours. The R70 series is available in coil effective way to perform localized The COMP -CO2LD with a six - voltages of 3, 5, 6, 12, and 24 volts component and circuit testing. It is foot hose terminating in a standard DC, and come standard with SPDT intended for locating thermal inter- CO2 cylinder adapter costs $350. contacts. relays weigh only 0.08

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www.americanradiohistory.com Robotics Project Board THE HANDY BOARD, FROM the Media Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is a microcontroller board intended for experimental and educational robotics projects. It is the latest in a series of boards released under MIT's free licensing policy, in which the PC board artwork, schematics, and even the driver soft-

ware may be freely licensed for per- CIRCLE 27 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD CIRCLE 26 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD sonal, educational, and commercial applications. systems are distributed by Gleason ounces and operate at temperatures The compact, handheld board fea- Research ([email protected]; 617 -641- ranging from -30 °C to +70 °C. They tures the Motorola 68HC11 CPU 2551); CW Technology (cwtech@ feature dielectric strength of 1000 with 32K of battery- backed RAM, a infinet.com; 800 -547 -7479); and VAC between coil and contacts and 162- character LCD screen, four DC Digital Micro Systems (dutta.4@ 400 VAC between contacts of the motor outputs, 16 powered sensor osu.edu; 614- 299 -2566). Blank print- same polarity. Resistance is 100 inputs, infrared I/O, and a built -in ed circuit boards are sold by Douglas megohms maximum. nickel -cadmium rechargeable battery. Electronics (info @douglas.com; 510- The R70 series, in 1000 -piece The Handy Board runs Interactive C, 483- 8770). quantities, costs less than $2 each. a multitasking cross-platform devel- THE MEDIA LABORATORY NTE ELECTRONICS, INC. opment system for computers running Massachusetts Institute of Technology 44 Farrand Street the MS -DOS, Macintosh, and Unix Room El 5-320 Bloomfield, NJ 07003 operating systems. 20 Ames Street Phone: 1- 800 - 683 -6837 Assembled, complete Handy Board Cambridge, MA 02139 -4307 (including Canada) systems cost less than $250; kits cost http: //el. www. media. mit. edu/groups /el/ Fax: 1- 800 - 683 -3338 less than $200. Kits and assembled projects /handy -board

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CIRCLE 130 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD One match can burn 3,000,000 trees. Invest a stamp...Save a bundle For the price of a stamp, you can get the latest edition of the federal government's free Consumer Information Catalog. It lists more than 200 free or low-cost publications on federal benefits, jobs, health, housing, education, cars, and more. So stamp out ignorance with our free Catalog. Send your name to: and address 1 14AIn.tinrn. 7.1 Magarn Consumer Information Center, Department SB, Pueblo, Colorado 81009 t- ÏA..rdmrnmn,p (_..,,n.d 24

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more people to participate in every- The Road Ahead The Internet Yellow Pages thing ranging from their children's Edition by Bill Gates with Nathan Myhrvoid education to the political process. Third Viking Gates describes some of the by Harley Hahn 375 Hudson Street products that he expects will soon Osborne McGraw -Hill New York, NY 10014 become available and that promise 2600 Tenth Street Phone: 212 -366 -2000 to change the way we learn, work, Berkeley, CA 94710 $29.95 shop, and socialize. He then covers Phone: 1- 800 -227 -0900 Where the specific areas in which he believes $29.95 budding the implications of the Information Now you can "information Highway will be most strongly felt. let your fin- superhighway" In education, Gates predicts, on- gers do the THI. will eventually line textbooks, multimedia docu- walking down R®1 lead us is a n y - ments, and easy authoring tools will the informa- ' s teachers to customize a cur- tion highway, A EAD b o d y allow í guess -but if riculum for students who learn at thanks to this anyone is qual- different speeds and allow students comprehen- ified to do to explore information interactively. CIRCLE 39 ON FREE sive directory. INFORMATION CARD CIRCLE 40 ON FREE such guessing, In politics, on -line forums could be Arranged in INFORMATION CARD it is Microsoft used to mobilize people into a the familiar style of a phone book, co- founder, chairman, and CEO, coherent political movement, and its listings are grouped in alphabet- Bill Gates. This book presents e -mail could provide voters with ical order by category. Each listing Gates' optimistic vision of how more direct access to elected offi- contains a brief description, written today's emerging technologies will cials. Gates envisions a business in a witty, engaging style. change the way we work, play, and world filled with smaller, more effi- The book has been updated to live in the future. cient companies, and an electronic cover the best and most popular "We are all beginning another global marketplace in which the sites on the Internet. The vast array great journey," Gates writes. "We are middlemen are cut out of most of Internet sites has been pared watching something historic happen, transactions. Telecommuting will down to include only those that are and it will affect the world seismical- ease the stress on urban infrastruc- useful and fun, and that guide users ly, rocking us the same way as the tures and could even cause socioe- to other related information. The discovery of the scientific method, conomic transformations as work- new edition includes art, games, the invention of printing, and the ers are no longer physically tied to jobs, humor, movies, pets, religion, arrival of the Industrial Age did." the workplace. Using his own sexuality, and more. Those who Gates presents a brief overview under -construction home as a pro- need a little nudge toward rebellion of the development of the totype, Gates describes the house of can check out "Harley Hahn's List Information Age before turning his the future as one that can anticipate of 25 Things to Do When You attention to the Information and meet its occupants' needs auto- Should Be Working." And off -beat Highway-the global network of matically. souls should enjoy the listings personal computers and other The book includes an interac- found under the heading "Bizarre ": information appliances that he tive, multimedia CD -ROM that Contortionism, Gross and believes will be available in homes contains the complete text, hun- Disgusting, Ouija, Psychic CB, and and businesses within the next ten dreds of multimedia hyperlinks, a Roommates from Hell, and several years. He foresees that the world- special video interview with Gates dealing with vampires are just a wide "information market" or (which can also be played on an sampling. "exchange" will provide unprece- audio CD player), video simulations The guide provides more than dented access to information, ser- of future technology, and a World mere listings of categories and vices, and products, empowering Wide Web browser. Internet addresses. It offers infor- 25

www.americanradiohistory.com mation about each topic listed, hints ful, 240 -page book presents the latest tips that allow you to learn without about what to expect when accessing additions to the Jensen Tool Kit (JTK) spending time and money on online sites, and humorous "advertisements" line and introduces seven models of trial and error. The book not only tells highlighting interesting resources that the economical new Vantage line. you how to download files, but also might otherwise be overlooked. The catalog also features products how to determine what's in the file, from many leading tool and test - what it's good for, and how you can equipment manufacturers, including use it. state -of -the -art items from Fluke, 1996 Electronics Parts & The disk includes WinZip, a B +K Precision, Extech, Biddle, Windows 95 compression /uncom- Accessories Catalog Wavetek, Tektronix, Navtel, Datatran, pression interface that can work with Parts Express and others. Also included are wire, all the most common archive formats. 340 East First Street cable and connectors, inch/metric It also provides quick file viewers and Dayton, OH 45402 -1257 tools, PC diagnostics, fiber -optic instructions for accessing files in a Phone: 1-800-338-0531 products, power monitors and meters, variety of formats, including pictures free soldering and SMT rework stations, and graphics in GIF, JPEG, BMP, and This 228 -page cases, and shipping containers. TGA; MPEG movies; and sounds and catalog is filled music in WAV, VOC, AU, and others. with electronic parts and acces- The Downloader's Companion sories geared Your Mobile Companion toward the con- for Windows 95 sumer- electron- by Scott Meyers, Catherine Pinch dr Chris by Roger Burch, WF4N ics industry and Sells The American Radio Relay League the technical Prentice Hall 225 Main Street CIRCLE 38 ON FREE hobbyist. It 1 Lake Street Newington, CT 06111 INFORMATION CARD includes a broad Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Phone: 203 -666-1541 array of CATV and VCR repair parts, Phone: 1-800-383-2419 Fax: 203 - 665-7531 semiconductors, tools and technician Fax: 201-236-7141 $12 aids, test equipment, computer acces- E-mail: [email protected]. Whether you're just getting into sories, chemicals, adhesives, telephone $21.95 mobile operating products, specialized connectors, and Thousands of or are looking for instructional books and videotapes. Its games, programs, new ways to full line of professional sound equip- sounds, pictures, enjoy mobile ment includes wire and audio acces- and even multi- hamming, this sories such as raw loudspeaker drivers media movies are book is for you. for home, car, and home -theater yours for the tak- The book pro- applications. ing from corn - vides practical, puter networks hands-on advice such as the on setting up and 1996 Master Catalog CIRCLE 35 ON FREE Internet, INFORMATION CARD mobile station Jensen Tools, Inc. CompuServe, and getting it on 7815 South 46th Street and America the air. shows what what CIRCLE 38 ON FREE It to do and Phoenix, AZ 85044 INFORMATION CARD Online-if you not to do, and is full of tips and ideas Phone: 1- 800-426 -1194 know how to to optimize mobile operating. Fax: 602 -438 -1690 download them. Downloading is the The book contains all the informa- free art of moving files from other comput- tion you need to make informed deci- Offering a com- ers to yours and translating those files sions. It helps you pick the best of the bination of test into a usable format. Downloadable bands; sort through all the different and diagnostic files are usually in a form that your models of equipment available to instruments with computer cannot immediately under- choose the right gear for your needs; quality tools and stand. The files are compressed, successfully complete even the tricki- accessories, this archived, encoded, or perhaps even all est installations; and choose the best catalog repre- three. Pictures might be in GIF, antenna and decide between top, rear, sents a compre- JPEG, or some other format. and on- the -glass mounting. Once hensive, one -stop This book -and -disk package you're up and running, the book CIRCLE 37 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD source of hard - explains all of those terms and for- explains where and how to operate to to -find tools and mats, and provides all the software you get the most out of your mobile sta- specialty tool kits for radio amateurs need to effortlessly download pro- tion, and provides proven solutions to 26 and electronics hobbyists. The color- grams to your PC. It offers insider's automotive interference problems. CM

www.americanradiohistory.com or B to be externally initiated or EQUIPMENT REPORTS A chart button on the oscilloscope nels A display sets Multiscope in its recorder controlled. continued from page 20 mode. Start and stop buttons turn the Various accessories are also avail- recorder on and off. Pressing a pair of able from Mission Technologies. A readout. Slide controls for positioning up /down buttons adjusts chart software package that contains the the A- and B- channel waveforms are recorder gain, and the sample interval source code (fully commented to located around the periphery of the explain its operation) is available for display. an additional $100, bringing the total The autoranging feature works cost to $499. An external triggering only when periodic signals with con- software package and relay (to be stant amplitude are being measured. installed by the user or at the factory) In all other measurements the time is an additional $38. An eight -bit ISA base and gain ranges must be set man- parallel port card for computers whose ually. The autoranging mode takes a ports are not compatible with the few seconds to find the correct set- Multiscope is available for $12. tings and display the waveform. A Multiscope is not a true substitute sample of the waveform can be for the stand -alone instruments it FIG. 2 -THE VIRTUAL RECORDER dis mode, emulates, but then it costs a lot less. obtained in a single or repeat play as it will appear on your computer's and then the gain and time base set- monitor. Rather than buy a bench full of dedi- tings should be adjusted to set the cated instruments, Multiscope offers instrument on the proper range. can be keyed in by the user. measurement capability that is more The time base can be adjusted from The DB -25 connector on the front than adequate for most hobbyist and 0.5 microseconds per division to 50 panel provides different signals for use experimenter applications. It fills that milliseconds per division in 16 ranges, with other equipment . Output chan- gap between a multimeter and a bench and gain can be adjusted from 5 volts nels C and D are provided on the con- full of dedicated test instruments. If per division to 5 millivolts per division nector. Pin 25 goes to an inactive you want to see how your personal in 10 ranges. A secondary menu makes external trigger option. An option that computer can double as a collection of it possible for Multiscope to react to a calls for additional software and hard- quality test instruments, buy the range of different input conditions. ware permits Sample data set on chan- Multiscope.

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www.americanradiohistory.com g MMMOlpggg. .1Iggli MO. gal MAIM. INNI., MIN

FUZZY LOGIC IS NOT AT ALL AS ITS name might imply. Rather than being indistinct, it is a rigorous mathematical discipline that is based on fuzzy -set theory, which is a cross between multi - valued set theory and Boolean logic. Lotfi Zadeh of the Univer- sity of California, Berkeley, is A new chat eager is threatening to credited with its creation in 1965. However, portions of his dethrone traditional control techniques theory trace their origins to multi -valued set theory of the as the method of choice. This article 1920's. Zadeh observed that as a sys- describes the challenging techniques of tern become more complex, the need to describe it with preci- fuzzy logic. sion becomes less important. He also observed that precision in complex systems is often un- BYRON MILLER necessary. Zadeh's premise is that it is possible to describe a system's behavior and control laws linguistically. Precision is expensive, especially when used for solving. problems. Getting close is often ! good enough. Fuzzy logic ex -' ploits this "good- enough" men- tality through imprecision. It uses imprecision the same way that humans do to solve problems. For example it is certainly possible to heat a room to within a hundredth of a degree. Al- ternatively, a fuzzy logic controller might heat the same room to within one degree. This is a situation where the extra precision is exorbitant. Fuzzy logic enables designers to simulate human thinking by quantifying concepts such < hot, cold, far, near, soon, and long. Fuzzy logic relies on the notion that measurements are more useful when they are expressed in linguistic terms, rather than described to the six- th decimal point. In other Traditional control theory system is composed of a ther- words, fuzzy logic reduces com- Fuzzy set theory has applica- mostat, sensors, and a heating plex problems into manageable tions in many different disci- unit. All of the individual ele- sets called fuzzy sets. plines. One, in particular, is ments are connected together to Consider, for example, de- fuzzy -logic control theory. perform one function. scribing a person's height in Fuzzy -logic control theory is an A control system is a physical fuzzy sets. Few would argue that alternative to traditional control system that either commands a person who is seven feet tall is theory. or regulates itself or another "tall," and a person who is three In traditional control theory, a system. There are many exam- feet tall is "short." But what controller controls a system. A ples of control systems. For in- about someone who is five foot system is a collection of things stance, an electric switch con- five? Fuzzy logic would give that that are connected in some way. trols the flow of electricity. A per- person some degree of mem- This collection of connected ele- son driving a car controls the bership in the tall set, and a ments performs a single func- speed and direction of that car. somewhat higher degree of tion. Consider a heating sys- A heating system makes use of membership in the short set. tern, for example. The heating the thermostat to regulate a

www.americanradiohistory.com car accelerates. The car con- FEEDBACK tinues its acceleration until the person sees that the speed- INPUT CONTROL OUTPUT INPUT CONTROL OUTPUT ometer reads 55 MPH, and he SYSTEM SYSTEM eases off the gas pedal. a The most commonly used CRISP FUZZY FUZZIED CRISP control systems INPUT RESULTS today are based INPUT FUZZY OUTPUT FUZZIFIER r. DEFUZZIFIER on the proportional- integral-de- RULES rivative (PID) method. James C Watt is often credited for the creation of classical control the- FIG. 1-CONTROL SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAMS. A general control system (a), closed - loop system (b), and a typical rule -based fuzzy -logic controller (c). ory on which the PID method is based. The PID method controls a system by reading the input sensors and applying a t.0 - mathematical equation to the inputs to produce the output. Typically the output from this type of system is used to control some kind 0.75 of actuators to regulate the flow of something. One example is an actuator which is used to control the flow of steam from a turbine. The mathematical 0.50 equations that the PID is based on are usually complex, and are time consuming to define, build, and test. 0.25 - Fuzzy -logic control theory In general, a fuzzy -logic control system has three compo- 0.0 - nents. The first is the fuzzifica- tion section. This section is 5 6 7 responsible for taking real in- HEIGHT-FEET put data (also referred to as crisp data), and converting it to FIG. 2 -THE SET "TALL" represented graphically. data that has meaning to the fuzzy system. Next, the fuzzified room's temperature. system. The output is made a data is applied to thefuzzy -rule Figure 1 -a shows a typical function of both the in put and base section. Fuzzy control sys- control system. It has one or the output byfeedback. In most tems are typically the feedback more inputs and one or more systems, the feedback compo- type. Consequently, the feed- outputs. The box marked "con- nent forms an extra input to the back in a fuzzy control system trol system" is where the pro- system. occurs within the rule -base sec- cessing occurs. The type of A calculator is an example of tion. The result of the rule -base processing that occurs within an open -loop system. Input is in section is fuzzified output data. the control system is classified the form of number and opera- This fuzzified output data is as either open -loop or closed tion -code (opcode) keypresses. converted back to real or crisp loop. The calculator takes the input, data through the defuzzifica- An open -loop control system operates on the input based on tion section. A typical fuzzy con- is one in which the control ac- the opcode, and produces an trol system is shown in Figure 1- tion is independent of the out- output based on the result of c. When a control system is im- put. In other words, the control the operation. plemented it is often referred to system's output is directly re- A car being driven is an exam- as a controller. lated to its input. For example, ple of a closed loop system. The A fuzzy controller is made up an open -loop control system person adjusts the speed of the of fuzzy variables, rules, sets, takes its inputs, does some car by pressing the gas pedal. and translation mechanisms computation on those inputs, The feedback in this system is that transform input data into and produces an output. the person, who regulates the fuzzy data, and vice versa. Fuzzy A closed -loop system differs flow of gas to the engine based variables are similar to regular from the open -loop system in on the speedometer. Thus if the variables, except that they are that its output is dependent on person wants to increase speed used to describe things that are both the input and the output. to 55 miles per hour (MPH) he multi -valued. For instance the 30 Figure 1 -b shows a closed -loop presses the gas pedal, and the Continued on page 56

www.americanradiohistory.com . t.r ! 03 1 2-topF 1 -1- ° = 58pF 8pF MPS3868 3L6 TP3 TP4 r' R10 ( TP5 o 22K C8 C16 470Q 100pF

R4 10042 RANSMITIER

R12 R23 100K 2N3_ `+

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,á< D2 MF C23 MV2112 SUBCAit 0.0022µF OSC MYLAR C22 68pF %^

L14 C24 /0--0 TP2 2-18pF ï 4.5MHz 1K 1 7.7 7-77

R15 3.3K NOMINAL) A miniature video transmitter with sound carrier for the 99piltiz amateur radio band

William Sheets, K2MQJ & Rudolf F. Graf, KA2CWL

YOU CAN BUILD A MINIATURE AMA - for the Thchnician license.) The ates a video -modulated RF sig- teur radio TV transmitter and transmitter is for experimental nal including a standard 4.5- put it to work in a variety of ap- non -commercial use only and MHz sound subcarrier in the plications from radio-controlled its application is subject to ra- 902 to 928 -MHz band. The sig- videography to two -way com- dio amateur rules and regula- nal from the Mini 900 can be munications -and just about tions in the U.S. and other received on any standard TV re- any other video application that countries. ceiver fitted with a suitable RF might strike the fancy of experi- Operation of the Mini 900 downconverter capable of tun- menters and amateur radio op- ATV transmitter on commercial ing the 902 -928 MHz Amateur erators. Now, small CCD cam- TV frequencies is illegal in the band. The transmitter's small eras help to keep the cost low. U.S. and for other nations. The size (1.75 x 2.75 inches) is Don't confuse the Mini 900 device has not been submitted comparable to many small PC ATV transmitter with video -link for FCC type acceptance and is board cameras and is small devices operating in the 900 - not legal for commercial use. enough for radio -controlled ap- Mhz band. The Mini 900 is very The Mini 900 must be oper- plications in which a video link small (1.75 x 2.75 x 0.75 ated so that the entire RF signal is needed. inch), develops 500 milliwatts lies within the 902 -928 -MHz The Mini 900 can operate of RF output, is crystal con- band when operated in the U.S. from a 10 to 14 -volt DC power trolled, and has produced clean This means picture carrier fre- supply, with minor adjustments pictures at distances over 5 quencies of 906.5 and 923.5 in the transmitter's video drive. miles, using simple antennas at MHz inclusive. A good choice for Lead acid, NiCd, or alkaline both ends of the transmission most radio amateurs is 910.25 power packs may be used. RF path. Note that the 902 -928 MHz. U.S. operators should power output will be 0.2 to 0.7 MHz band is available to ham check their local areas first. watts over the power -supply radio operators holding a valid Other common carrier frequen- voltage range. Nevertheless, the Technician Class license or cy alternates are 922.25 and author used a 13.2 -volt DC higher. A license is required to 923.25 MHz. power supply and it is refer- operate this project in the U.S. The Mini 900 accepts an enced throughout this article. (No Morse code test is required NTSC video signal and gener- Operation over 900 -940 MHz 31

www.americanradiohistory.com 114MHz 228MHz 455MHz 910MHz L1 L8 01 04 L2 L3 02 L4 Q3 Is J L7 L9 i L10 a10 XTAL OSC 8 FREQUENCY FREQUENCY FREQUENCY RF POWER FREQUENCY DOUBLER DOUBLER DOUBLER 8 AMPLIFIER DOUBLER DRIVER I i p XTAL 13.2V DC

157MHz VIDEO 4 1 INPUT R18 Q5, Q6 Q7 VIDEO VIDEO GAIN VIDEO VIDEO f AMP MODULATOR

R14 LINEARITY D1 PROTECTOR DIODE AUDIO H + DC INPUT 13.2V DC POWER - SOURCE R29 08 09, D2 AUDIO G' AUDIO SUBCARRIER GAIN 1 AMP OSC SOUND JUMPER OR OPTIONAL SWITCH D3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR 6.2V DC

FIG. 1 -BLOCK DIAGRAM for the Mini 900 ATV transmitter illustrating signal generation and flow. It is a good idea to refer to this diagram while following the details in the schematic diagram in Fig. 2.

is possible with the Mini 900 for power amplifier is amplitude - frequencies other than those in export (non -US) use. The Mini modulated by a video amplifier the 225 -240 MHz range. Also, 900 can easily be retuned for a that boosts the video input sig- the filter matches the input of 5.5 MHz sound subcarrier used nal to a required level. An audio the next stage, frequency dou- by the PAL system. The video amplifier stage boosts the audio bler Q3. 1ì-ansistor Q3 doubles input requirement is standard input which in turn frequency this signal to half the final out- 1 -volt peak -to -peak, negative modulates a 4.5 MHz VCO (volt- put frequency, 450 to 470 MHz. sync signal. The video amplifier age- controlled oscillator) to gen- At this point, about 30 milliwat- and modulator are DC coupled, erate a sound subcarrier. The ts of RF power is present. but a capacitor can be installed FM subcarrier is combined with A filter, consisting of C12, L6, in series with the input if AC the video in the modulator. If no C15, C13, C14, and L7, forms a coupling is desired. Audio in- audio is needed this feature can matching network to couple the puts from 5 millivolts to 1 volt be disabled by disconnecting a RF energy from Q3 to Q4, and can be accommodated. jumper. also filters out unwanted sig- This project can be built from 'IYansistor Q1 is a crystal -con- nals. '1l-ansistor Q4 doubles this scratch, in two to four evenings, trolled oscillator using a 56-59 signal to the final output fre- depending on the builder's ex- MHz crystal, XTAL1, in a com- quency, 900 -940 MHz, supply- perience. Due to the unit's small mon -base transistor circuit (see ing about 50 to 80 milliwatts of size and many small parts, and Fig. 2). At the series -resonant RF driving power. A double - the high frequencies present, frequency of the crystal, the tuned coupling network, con- this project is not recom- base of Q1 is nearly grounded. sisting of C18, C19, L9, L10, mended for beginners. Coils L1 and C2 are tuned C20, C31, and C32, matches the slightly above resonance, caus- output of Q4 to the base of Q10. How it works ing oscillation at the crystal fre- This network has tuned strip - The Mini 900 consists of a quency. The signal generated is line coupled inductors (see Fig. crystal oscillator operating rich in harmonic frequencies. 2) that are actually copper strips around 57.5 MHz, a series of fre- A filter, consisting of L2, C3, etched on the PC board. quency multiplier stages to C4, L3, C6 and C7, couples the RF power amplifier Q10 sup- multiply the crystal oscillator second harmonic of the crystal's plies an RF output of between frequency by a factor of sixteen, 112 -118 MHz signal to frequen- 0.2 and 0.7 watt depending on and an RF power amplifier. Re- cy- doubler stage Q2. This stage supply voltage. A coupling net- fer to Fig. 1 for the functional further doubles the signal fre- work, consisting of L11, C33, block diagram of the Mini 900 quency to 225 -240 MHz. A filter, L12, C34, C35, L13, and C36, circuit and Fig. 2 for a detailed consisting of C9, L4, C10, L5, matches a 50 -ohm antenna load 32 schematic diagram. The RF- C11, and C37, suppresses all Continued on page 61

www.americanradiohistory.com When industrial control systems go wrong, grab a portable scope, and start troubleshooting!

VAUGHN D. MARTIN Troubleshooting

PLC Problems

total of the number of items. When the new line was set into operation, it was expected ALL KINDS OF INDUSTRIAL PRO - references the TekMeter ex- to process 100 cans per minute, cesses are controlled dec- clusively, it is only one of a grow- or 48,000 cans per eight -hour tronically these days. The most ing number of portable instru- shift (100 cans per minute common control device that an ments in a competitive market. times 60 minutes per hour industrial technician is likely to Fluke, for example, offers sim- times 8 hours per shift = encounter is the programmable ilar instruments that also target 48,000 cans.) However, at the logic controller (PLC). Trou- industrial technicians and en- end of the shift, the system had bleshooting PLC's can be tricky. gineers. counted 50,000 cans, accord- However, when part of a man- Most PLCs in industrial ap- ing to the PLC logging function. ufacturing operation is shut plications incorporate a variety Nevertheless, there were exactly down, the technician is under of self-test features that verify 2000, 24 -can cases, verifying tremendous pressure to isolate correct sensor operation. How- the original 48,000 -can com- the problem, fix it, and get the ever, they are not foolproof. putation. Obviously, either the system up and running again. Many electrical malfunctions PLC counting program had Last month's article, 'All About can be solved only by using an been incorrectly programmed PLC's ", explained how PLCs oscilloscope together with your or the sensor input was receiv- work and how they are used. eyes. Take, for example, this ing pulses for cans that weren't This article examines some real - case history where an optical there. world examples of PLC prob- sensor was used to count items The first step in troubleshoot- lems and how they are solved. passing over a conveyor belt. ing was to check the counting A portable oscilloscope is the program by connecting a pulse most important instrument to l'bo many counts generator to the PLC input as in have when troubleshooting in- Figure 1 is a diagram of the Fig. 2, and setting it to generate dustrial systems on the factory packaging operation in which exactly 10 pulses. An os- floor. New technology has re- cans were counted as they trav- cilloscope was then connected duced both the size and weight elled along a conveyer belt. As across the pulse generator to of the required test gear. For ex- each can passed through the verify proper operation. It ample, the 1 ktronix lbkMeter optical detector, it produced a showed 10 pulses, and the PLC is a dual- channel, auto -ranging pulse that was fed into a PLC's logging program showed 10 portable scope plus a true rms digital input port. The sensor counts. That indicated that the multimeter in a compact light- output delivered one pulse for PLC program was probably not weight package with an LCD each can that passed by, provid- at fault, and pointed instead to screen. Although this article ing an accurate cumulative the sensor or its cabling. 33

www.americanradiohistory.com examine if anything happened in the process only once each carton -filling cycle. We noticed that a small linear motor was energized after each carton was filled to push the carton off the conveyor belt and onto a sealing roller line. Naturally, our investigation then turned to this new suspect. We reconnected the PLC to the process line and the optical sensor, and connected our scope's channel 1 (CHI) input to the optical sensor output. Then we connected the scope's channel 2 TO (CH2) input to the linear push PLC motor's control line (ahead of the AC relay 5V or triac controller) as shown in Fig. 3. Then we 0V started the line and set the FIG. 1- TYPICAL OPTICAL SENSOR SET UP TO COUNT items as they travel along a scope's trigger for the positive production line. edge on CH2; the resulting

10 INPUT 0 0 0 0 0

PLC

-o OPTOSENSOR

PULSE INPUT GENERATOR

LINEAR MOTOR 101 IN 0 0 0 0 0

OUT

COM CHI CH2 AC FIG. 2 -THIS INSTRUMENT HOOKUP is - - used to detect the extra, erroneous AC counts. IN JULFLFLIL CONTROLLER Examining the evidence 1 L v I Since more cans were count- I ed than were packed, it seemed 00000 AC POWER that some stray pulses had 4D slipped into the optical sensor cable that fed the PLC input. FIG. 3- TROUBLESHOOTING THE PLC CONTROLLER. Connections between the PLC Some 2000 stray pulses, to be and the process are shown. We can also see how the scope was used to monitor the exact (50,000 - 48,000). That system. number proved to be a clue in itself because a little deduction 2000) and the result is 24. That waveform is shown in Fig. 4. showed that it wasn't a random didn't seem to mean anything at What we discovered is that a number. Divide the number of first, but it was the exact stray pulse was being inserted expected cans by the excess number of cans that are in each into the optical sensor line each 34 pulse error count (48,000 carton. So now we decided to time the linear push motor was

www.americanradiohistory.com Just like these Graduate with an Associate Fully Trained Electronics Degree from CIE! Professionals CIE is the best educational career skills. Each lesson is value you can receive if you designed to take you step - want to learn about by -step and principle -by- '1934 electronics, and earn a good principle. And while all of electronics. And every CIE income with that knowledge. CIE's lessons are designed Course earns credit towards CIE's reputation as the world for independent study, CIE's the completion of your leader in home study instructors are personally Thanks to CIE I have tripled my previous Associate in Applied Science electronics is based solely available to assist you with salary, and I am now in a challenging and Degree. So you can work only the sky is on the success of our just a toll free call. The result rewarding new field where toward your degree in stages the limit." graduates. And we've is practical training... the kind or as fast as you wish. In fact, Daniel Wade Reynolds earned our reputation with of experience you can put to Industrial Electrician CIE is the only school that an unconditional commit- work in today's marketplace. Ore -Ida Foods actually rewards you for fast ment to provide our students study, which can save you with the very best electronics LEARN BY DOING...WITH money. training. STATE -OF- THE -ART Just ask any of the EQUIPMENT AND 150,000 -plus graduates of TRAINING. the Cleveland Institute of CIE pioneered the Electronics who are working first Electronics - in high -paying positions with Laboratory "CIE was recommended to me by my boss. aerospace, computer, It was appealing since I could study at my own pace at home and during business medical, automotive and travel." communications firms C.14 Dan Parks throughout the world. Marketing Manager/Consumer Products They'll tell you success Q r Analog Devices, Inc. didn't come easy...but it did come...thanks to their CIE training. And today, a career in electronics offers more rewards than ever before.

Course I loved the flexibility CIE offered. It was the CIE'S COMMITTED TO only way I could continue both school and BEING THE BEST...IN ONE and the first my demanding job." AREA...ELECTRONICS. Microprocessor Britt A. Hanks Course. Today, no Director of Engineering CIE isn't another be- Petroleum Helicopters, Inc. everything-to-everyone other home study school. CIE teaches only school can match CIE's one subject and we believe state -of- the -art equipment we're the best at what we and training. And all your do. Also, CIE is accredited laboratory equipment, books I want to get started. by the National Home Study and lessons are included in YES! my catalog And with more than your tuition. It's all yours to Send me CIE course Council. including details about the use while you study and for 1,000 graduates each year, Associate Degree Program. (For "I liked the way the school was set up with on- the -job after you we're the largest home study your convenience, CIE will have a laboratory assignments to enforce school specializing exclu- graduate. representative contact you - there conceptual learning. The thing which impressed me the most about CIE's sively in electronics. CIE has is no obligation.) curriculum is the way they show application been training career -minded PERSONALIZED Please Print Clearly for all the theory that is presented." students for nearly sixty TRAINING....TO MATCH Daniel N. Parkman YOUR BACKGROUND. Name Missile Electro-Mechanical Technician years and we're the best at U.S. Air Force our subject... While some of our students Address ELECTRONICS... have a working knowledge of electronics others are just IT'S THE ONLY SUBJECT City WE TEACH! starting out. That's why CIE has developed twelve career State Zip Age CIE PROVIDES A courses and an A.A.S. [14 LEARNING METHOD SO Degree program to choose Phone No GOOD IT'S PATENTED. from. So, even if you're not Check box for G.I. Bill Benefits. 'Completing the course gave me the ability CIE's AUTO -PRO- sure which electronics career Veteran to efficiently troubleshoot modern GRAMMED® lessons are a is best for you, CIE can get Active Duty AE86 microprocessor based audio and video learning method for you started with core lessons systems and enjoy a sense of job security ' proven Cleveland Institute of Electronics, Inc. Tony Reynolds building valuable electronics applicable to all areas in 1776 East 17th Street Service Manager/Technician Cleveland, OH 44114 Threshold Audio & Video for CIE's FREE Course Catalog and A School of Thousands. Send LA Class of One. Since 1934. See How We Can Help Your Career Too! J 37

www.americanradiohistory.com activated. Not only did the ning, we attempted to eliminate mediately suspected some heightened pulse look different the extraneous pulse. As we exchange in the cycle of the an- from the can -count pulses, it amined the physical layout of nealing furnace. We looked back had a different timing delay the plant floor, we found that at the annealing logs for the than that of the 100 can- per-sec- the optical sensor cable passed past few weeks and found that ond pulses. But the PLC logged by and directly over the housing the annealing cycle had been the pulse just as though there of the linear motor. Immediately shortened from the original 18 were a 25th can in each box. we suspected that magnetic hours to 16 hours. The log re- coupling between the motor vealed that the two -hour change Diagnose the problem and the sensor output line lead- took place during the night Using the same scope connec- ing to the PLC was causing the when no workers were in the tions, with the line still run- extra pulse. As we watched the plant, and no one noticed the scope display we tried rerouting change. When the crew arrived the sensor cable. As we did so the next morning they incor- we noted that the decaying rectly assumed that the coils pulse on the sensor line disap- had been properly tempered peard, eliminating the problem. overnight. Then we had a fully operational -and correctly function- Checking out timers ing- packing line. This time there were two FIG. 4-WAVEFORMS ON THE SCOPE puzzles to solve. First we had to SCREEN quickly identified the problem Taking the heat off find out why the process failed. as an extra spurious pulse. Another case history where Then we had to reset the PLC to an oscilloscope saved the day provide the correct timing cycle. was in solving a problem in an Most of the cycle was controlled annealing furnace. It had been by timers. The only exception producing perfect coil springs was the cooling phase, in which for two months, but it suddenly the coils remained in the oven began producing weak springs until they cooled to less than that failed and were being re- 400 degrees Fahrenheit. turned by customers as defec- Obviously, we checked the tive. Quality control verified the timers first, and found that they problem, FIG. 5- WAVEFORM OF THE COOL - and they agreed: The were all operating correctly. DOWN thermal output as it appeared on springs were weak and lacking That pointed to a possible cool - the scope display. proper tensile strength. We im- down cycle problem. As we ex- amined the PLC operating logs from the past two -week's cool - down cycles, we found that cool - downs were running only about one to two hours, or two hours shorter than what would be normal. Aha! That is where the problem was hiding! CONNECTOR Since we knew that the cool - COMPOSED OF SAME METALS AS down time was controlled by the THERMOCOUPLE, FOR MINIMUM CONNECTION ERROR. V thermocouple reading, we con- THERMOCOUPLE 1 UNGROUNDED nected a portable scope to the WELL JUNCTION PLC thermocouple input and LOWER GRADIENT BEST PROTECTION watched as the furnace PROTECTS WIRE ELECTRICALLY ISOLATED switch- CHANGE THERMOCOUPLE ed from its soak to its cool -down WITHOUT INTERRUPTING phase. PROCESS We connected the scope's CHI to the thermocouple output, selected the autorange mode, and set the sweep to its slowest * speed-1 minute per division on the TekMeter. This made ten minutes of cool -down visible at I I any time. After about six min- GROUNDED EXPOSED THERMOCOUPLE1 JUNCTION JUNCTION WASHERS utes of cool -down we saw the WIRES PROTECTED WIRES UNPROTECTED COUPLE BUILT INTO WASHER scope trace in Fig. 5. The spikes FASTER RESPONSE FASTEST RESPONSE CONVENIENT MOUNTING on the line were abnormal, so we watched closely and noticed FIG. 6- TYPICAL THERMOCOUPLE CONFIGURATIONS that we will encounter in in- that they occurred about once 38 dustrial applications. Continued on page 73

www.americanradiohistory.com MINI ETROLO Build a Kelvin - Varley voltage divider 3 LAB to complete mini \ CONRAD R. HOFFMAN metrology lab.

THE FIRST TWO PARTS OF THIS SE- accurate to 1 part per million How does it work? ries showed how to build a (PPM) or even 0.1 PPM. Unfor- The best way to understand voltage standard and a null de- tunately prices for commercial how a Kelvin -Varley divider tector. This final article shows units start at about $4000, and works is to look at just one de- how to build a precision voltage can easily exceed $10,000. The cade, shown in Fig 1. There are divider to complete the mini cost of precision wirewound or 11 resistors in the main divider metrology lab. The voltage di- bulk metal -foil resistors, multi - string, but two of them are in vider is a key component of the deck switches, and substantial parallel with the output divider, measurement lab because it al- hand labor, conspire to keep in this case, a potentiometer. lows both larger and smaller commercial KVDs beyond the The value of the output divider voltages to be compared to the reach of experimenters. is chosen so that the parallel voltage standard. It can also act So can you build a decent combination of it and the other as one side of an ultra -precise KVD without breaking the two resistors is equal to one step resistance bridge, allowing bank? Absolutely! We'll get into of the main divider. Thus, the many different values of resis- the details shortly, but here are circuit is the equivalent of a tance to be compared to a single a few specifications to whet your simple ten -resistor divider. known resistance standard. appetite. Our KVD is a full six - No matter where on the main Of the many types of divider decade device, just like the com- divider the output divider is schemes, the Kelvin -Varley di- mercial ones. It will resolve 1 placed, the circuit that results vider (KVD) is one of the most PPM. Though the design goal is always a ten -resistor divider. useful and desirable because it was an absolute accuracy of 20 Since the output divider is a po- combines both superb ratio ac- PPM or .002 %, the prototype tentiometer, any voltage be- curacy and high resolution. was twice as good -it was better tween the two tap voltages can Found almost exclusively in cal- than 10 PPM at all settings! The be selected. ibration labs, the KVD is used total cost of the project is under The simple output divider for the most critical calibrations $75, but a well- stocked junk (potentiometer) can be replaced and measurements. box can reduce that substan- by another decade constructed Commercial KVDs are often tially. in the same manner as the first. 39

www.americanradiohistory.com sistor values used in each de- value shunts. Thus, the values 1 VOLT cade set an absolute minimum are somewhat different. Re- INPUT value for the following decade. member, you can only shunt a The traditional series is 10K, decade one way -down! 2K, 400, 80, 16, and 3.2 ohms, with no shunts. This KVD is de- Design issues signed to use standard value re- One of the biggest problems sistors, and to have reasonable in designing this project was finding an affordable way to do the switching. Older KVDs used PARTS LIST unique rotary switches which had All fixed resistors are metal film, dual multiple leaf wipers and large brass lugs for con- RN55D, 1 %, or better. See text for selection process. tacts. The high contact pres- R1 -R11- 10,000 ohms, selected sure resulted in very low R12-R22 -2050 ohms, selected resistance. Most modern KVDs R23-R33 -412 ohms, selected use high quality two deck wafer R34 -R44-100 ohms switches. Unfortunately, the old R45-R65 -24.9 ohms switches are no longer avail- R66- 806,000 ohms able, and the modern replace- R67- 825,000 ohms ments are quite expensive. R68 -4220 ohms However, the switch design pre- R69-499 ohms sented here will fit anyone's R70 -100 ohm multiturn trimmer budget- the "switches" cost just R71, R72- 50,000 ohm multiturn over a dollar each! trimmer The decade resistors are R73, R74 -1000 ohm multiturn mounted on six twelve -pin trimmer headers. Switching is done by Connectors moving a plug up and down the J1 -J6 -12 Pin Header, Molex header. A three -hole plug is 26 -48 -1121 used, with only the end holes P1 -P6-3- Position Connector, Mo- connected to the next decade. FIG. 1 -A SINGLE KVD DECADE. Note lex 09 -50-8031 that the circuit is equivalent to a 10-re- The physical layout very much J7,J8 -5 -way Binding Posts, Red resembles sistor divider. J9,J10 -5 -way Binding Posts, the schematic, help- Black ing to reinforce the principles of The decade must, of course, Miscellaneous KVD operation. It is also remi- have a total resistance equal to Terminals, Molex 08 -52 -0072, (Di- niscent of early dividers and twice the resistor value used to gikey WM2302 -ND), case, small bridges that used brass plugs to construct the first decade. Each rubber grommets, epoxy, hot glue make connections between ad- additional decade increases the or cyanoacrylate, hookup wire, 22 jacent resistors. resolution by a factor of ten. In AWG, insulated, multistrand (two The other design issue is the theory you can add as many de- colors required) 9V batteries (3), type of resistors to use. Wire - cades as you want, but the di- resistors for comparison bridge wound or bulk metal -foil re- vider accuracy is always limited (2K, 49.9K), trimmer potentiome- sistors would be ideal, but they by the first decade. ter for comparison bridge (1K, would cost several dollars each, The last decade is a simple multiturn), brass strip (.015" thick, pushing the cost of the KVD out ten -resistor divider, since there or similar) of many people's reach because is no divider in parallel with any Note: For those needing lower of the tolerances and quantities of its elements. The top position temperature coefficient and required. is the "carry" position, so full greater stability, precision bulk The best easily obtainable re- metal output from the KVD will be foil resistors can be or- sistor is the 1% metal -film type. 9- 9- 9- 9 -9 -10. Sometimes, a po- dered in small quantities from: Its temperature coefficient or tentiometer is used for the last Vishay East, #1 Precision tempco is not the best, and its decade, giving continuous reso- Place, Hagerstown, MD 21742; (301) 739 -8722 or Vishay West, stability isn't well charac- lution over the full range of the terized, but those factors can be 3431- I Pomona Blvd., Pomona, divider. CA 91768; (909) 594-6737. High worked around. If the resistors Figure 2 shows the full KVD quality ceramic rotary switch- are selected carefully, and they configuration. Trimmer net- es are available for this project are put to work over a reason- works have been added so that from the author. Please inquire able temperature range, they any decade can be shunted to as to price and availability: can provide quite acceptable the correct total value. That way Conrad Hoffman, 4391 County performance. However, it is im- you have to be concerned only Road #1, Canandaigua, NY portant to check the ratio ac- with resistor matching, not ex- 14424 -9611; E -mail 73260.2255 curacy occasionally. Although I act resistor values. @compuserve.com had some doubts about at- 40 You might notice that the re- Continued on page 74

www.americanradiohistory.com MARK A. McGUIRE HOW TO SELECT THE RIGHT

HEATSINKING IS USUALLY OF LITTLE concern in low -power circuits. Most of the time you can bolt the component's metallic tab to a HEATRINK scrap of metal, or maybe to the chassis, without further concern as to how hot it might get. From project design to assembly, Low -power applications require minimal thermal mass -a few two easy equations assure square centimeters of sheet metal to transfer the small sure -fire cooling! amount of heat generated by a low-power semiconductor to the air. Nevertheless, heatsinking is of crucial concern for power components in circuits designed to take full advantage of their capabilities. The power component and its driving components can be destroyed when heat cannot be drawn away fast enough. 'Avo simple formulae will tell you how hot your semiconductors will get in operation. Using them eliminates guesswork and the accompanying apprehen- sion about guessing wrong and making a mistake. Convection The design objective for cooling semiconductors is to take advantage of natural convection, which is the transfer of heat by a circulating gas or fluid, in this instance, by ambient air at room temperature. The amount of heat that can be transferred by convection is multiplied by the time factor will mount on a heatsink, look proportional to the surface area (percent of time it is conducting up its junction -to -case thermal of metal exposed, the velocity of divided by 100), equals the heat impedance, and case -to -sink the air passing over the surface, equivalent in watts that the de- thermal impedance. These im- and the temperature difference vice generates and that must be pedance values are expressed in between the two. This article is dissipated into the air by the degrees C per watt, and mean limited to the discussion of con- heatsink. For a simple linear that for every watt of heat power vective heat transfer to vertical power- supply semiconductor, the junction dissipates, it will surfaces and natural (as op- this is a straightforward cal- be a specific number of degrees posed to fan -driven) convective culation. For a semiconductor C hotter than the case the air flow. Nevertheless, even with power switching transistor, the same applies from the case to this limitation, it covers most calculation is more involved. the heatsink. If you intend to cooling problems posed by the For an audio amplifier you keep the junction at or below project designs undertaken by might have to estimate dissipa- 100° C, and the junction -to -case most experimenters. tion. In any case, make the cal- thermal impedance is 10° C/ The power semiconductor is culation of the heat to be watt, then 7.5 watts will raise considered a resistive element, dissipated equal to the heat in the junction temperature to as far as the heatsink is con- watts as accurate and con- 100° C, even if the case is kept at cerned. Thus the voltage drop servative (on the high side) as a constant 25° C-which might across the device multiplied by you can. be possible if it were immersed the current through it (or I2R in If you have the data sheet for in running water. the case of a power MOSFET) the semiconductor device you Typical junction -to -case ther- 41

www.americanradiohistory.com C ambient air so that AT = 80 -[1.8 x (1.52 + + 0.12)) -25 AT = 52° C The AT computation reveals that the estimated heatsink might be 52° C hotter than the air under these conditions. How big, then, must this heat - sink be? The answer is calcu- lated as follows: A = WJ x 5630 _ AT5 /4 where A = area of the heatsink vertical surface in square centimeters. If you prefer to work with square inches: A = WJ X 872.6 - AT5/4 In the case of the 2N3055 transistor and using the previous equation for heatsink surface HEATSINKS come in many various sizes and shapes, but the physics of selection is area in square inches, this is unigue and covered in text. Compare this heatsink with the one on the first page of this _ story. A = 1.8 x 872.6 525/4 A = 11.2 square inches mal impedances (ZJC) are 1° C/W conductor device might be Thus a heatsink of at least 11.2 for an International Rectifier inside an enclosure where other square inches of vertical surface IRFZ40 MOSFET, and 1.52° C/W heat -producing devices are con- area located in free air will do for 2N3055. A typical TO -220 tributing to the temperature of the required cooling job for the case -to -sink thermal imped- the ambient air. If you are sure transistor. ance (Zcs) is 1° C/W, and for a that normal room air can gain If you intend to use two or TO -3 case, 0.12° C/W. Estimate free access to the device, you more identical semiconductor the junction -to -case thermal can assume 25° C, but be care- devices on the same heatsink, impedance for your specific ful. Recall that the ambient tem- and they are drawing similar semiconductor device using perature rises in the summer, currents (e.g. parallel devices), these values for guidance if you and 100° F equals 38° C. you can do the calculation as if do not have the device's data Knowing these facts, you can it is for a single device if you sheet. determine AT, or the expected calculate the heat power of the temperature difference between combination, and divide the Design considerations the as -yet- unknown heatsink thermal impedances by the What is the maximum tem- size and the air that will provide number of devices. Dissimilar perature the semiconductor's the cooling. semiconductor devices should junction should reach? Many be mounted on different heat- AT = TM J -[WJ X (ZJc circuit designers usually peg +Zcs)1 sinks. the maximum junction temper- -Tnw Example: Two IRFRZ40 ature at 80° C, because the sem- where ZJC is the junction -to- power MOSFETs are connected iconductor's characteristics will case thermal impedance, Zcs is in parallel in a low- voltage be seriously degraded at higher the case -to -sink thermal imped- switching power supply. The temperatures, and thermal ance, TAA is the ambient air currents are likely to surge to 40 runaway is a danger for bipolar temperature, TM J is the max- amperes through both devices, transistors. Do not take the imum junction temperature, and their duty cycles might ap- manufacturer's data sheet and W is the junction wattage. proach 80 %. The on- resistance claims of maximum watt values Example: You want to operate of the IRFZ40 (the device is con- and junction temperature se- a 2N3055 transistor as a motor ducting) at 80° C is about 0.036 riously. These values are valid control, drawing 3 amperes. ohm, so the parallel pair will ex- only when the device is continu- You will find that the transistor hibit a resistance of 0.018 ohm ously cooled so that the case is drops 1.2 volts at this current to the 40 amperes, giving 0.018 held to a constant 25° C. value, and know the maximum x 40 x 0.8 = 23 watts. Assume duty cycle will be 50 %, or 0.5. a worst case at 38° C as if you Air cooling So, 3 x 1.2 x 0.5 = 1.8 watts. If were in an Arizona desert dur- What is the ambient air tem- you decide on a 80° C maximum ing the summer. 42 perature? Remember, the semi- junction temperature, and 25° Continued on page 48

www.americanradiohistory.com HARDWARE HACKER BY DON LANCASTER

Switching power supplies, the hot chassis, and more PIC tricks SWITCHING -MODE POWER SUPPLIES ARE NOW The reasoning was that the brit- tle plastic case and easily broken USED PRETTY NEAR EVERYWHERE, ESPECIALLY knobs would sort of protect an average user. Well, so long as no one IN PERSONAL COMPUTERS AND PERIPHERALS. INSTEAD OF put their fingers in the back. And service techs were supposed to DOING A DIRECTLY CONVERTING POWER AT 60 HERTZ, know better. Besides, none of the fatalities ever complained. raw DC is first created. ing with possible shock hazards+ - I am utterly amazed that scads of The DC, in turn, powers a high - both to the end user and to anyone people weren't electrocuted by frequency oscillator of some sort. doing service. A power transformer these obvious hazards. Service peo- Isolation, power conversion and is one costly yet effective solution. ple (at least the ones that survived) regulation are typically done at a 20 At one time, low cost AM radios quickly learned to respect a hot kilohertz or higher frequency. avoided the use of a transformer by chassis. Switchmode advantages include going to the hot chassis system of If you were brave, you touched high efficiency, light weight, low Fig. 1. One side of the AC power the chassis through a neon test heat, small size, tight regulation, line was physically connected to the light. If the lamp dimly lit, you then reduced heatsinking, and low costs. chassis of the radio. Plugs in those reversed the plug. If you were Transformers in particular are days were not polarized, so you had smart, you used an isolation trans- much smaller and lighter then their a 50 -50 chance that the chassis former instead. counterparts in linear power sup- would be hot. Touch the chassis and Premium hi -fi's and television plies. So are most filter capacitors. you are toast! sets made use of weighty and expen- Even though severe safety hazards and oddball circuits may be involved, these supplies can end up fairly easy to understand and service. 115 vac in 35Z5 or 35W4 Let's take a closer look at some of the fundamentals.

The hot chassis then and now +130 vdc Your power utility provides you rf and audio 50µF stages with a 220 volt center -tapped home service. The center tap is grounded. Two individual 110 volt arms are split out to supply various circuits in your home. Thus, one end of each hot chassis severe shock hazard! 110 volt line is "hot" and one is "grounded ". Should you get between hot and ground, you can Fig. 1 -THE HISTORIC "HOT CHASSIS" PROBLEM. Tube type "AC -DC" am radios receive a fatal shock. had one side of the ac power line connected directly to their metal chassis. Anything that plugs into the Depending on how the line cord was plugged in, you had a 50 -50 chance of receiv- power line needs some way of dealing a bad shock when you touched the chassis.) 43

www.americanradiohistory.com new from DON LANCASTER

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Ask the Guru I or II or III $24.50 Hardware Hacker II or III $24.50 Micro Cookbook I $19.50 PostScript Beginner Stuff $29.50 "floating" hot side common return PostScript Show and Tell $29.50 Intro to PostScript Video $29.50 point "A" PostScript Reference II $31.50 PostScript Tutorial /Cookbook $19.50 PostScript by Example $31.50 Understanding PS Programming $29.50 PostScript: A Visual Approach $22.50 Fig. 2-A TYPICAL SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY. Note that there is an EXTREME PostScript Program Design $24.50 Thinking In PostScript $22.50 shock hazard to the left of the transformer. Be sure to note that connecting a scope ground LaserWriter Reference $19.50 lead to point "A" will instantly blow one or more power diodes! An isolation transformer Type 1 Font Format $15.50 Acrobat Reference $24.50 MUST get used for ALL service. Whole works (all PostScript) $380.00 Synergetics Surplus Catalog FREE Technical Insider Secrets FREE sive power transformers. As circuits cold side to any switch mode supply. went solid state and the total power There are high to very high voltages POSTSCRIPT SECRETS A Book/Disk combination crammed full of free needs dropped, at least some of these on the hot side. A person servicing fonts, insider resources, utilities, publications, workarounds, fontgrabbing, more. For most any went to today's lower power wall - tube radios gets a shock every now and PostScript printer. Mac or PC format. $29.50 mount transformers. The only hazard then as a painful reminder. It was not here is inside your small throwaway nearly as unheard of as in most mod- BOOK -ON- DEMAND PUB KIT Ongoing details on Book -on- demand publishing, unit. ern repairs. a new method of producing books only when and as ordered. Reprints, sources, samples. $39.50 But transformers were still needed There is an extreme shock danger if higher powers or lots of different on the hot side of any switching mode THE CASE AGAINST PATENTS supply voltages were required. These power supply! For most individuals, patents are virtually certain to result In a net loss of sanity, energy, time, and remained big and expensive. Until Moreover, there is usually a diode money. This reprint set reveals to you tested and proven real -world alternatives. $28.50 someone got the brilliant idea to use bridge on the input. So, the negative high frequency transformers instead side of the filter capacitor is always

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RESOURCE BIN I Even better yet, you saved two ways filter capacitor, you will immediately A complete collection of all Don's Nuts & Volts columns to date, including a new Index and his on filter capacitors. First because of blow out at least one of the diodes in master names and numbers list. $24.50 the increase in frequency. And even the bridge regardless ow whether any more so since you were now dealing fuse is present. The diode will usually FREE SAMPLES Well, nearly free anyway. Almost. Do join us on with easily -filtered square waves. blow first because you just put the full GEnie PSRT to sample all of the Guru's goodies. These new high The downloading cost on a typical Guru file Is 21 frequency circuits line voltage directly across it. Also, in cents. Modem access: (800) 638 -8369, then a are known as switching mode power the process, you are likely to vaporize JOINGENIE. Use DMD524 for your keycode. FREE VOICE HELPLINE VISA/ MC supplies. As Fig. 2 shows us, the end your scope probe lead, burn yourself, SYNERGETICS user is fully safety isolated and has and receive a severe shock. i3ox 809 -EN nothing to worry about. So, the old "hot chassis" problem is Thatcher, NZ 85552 now back in spades. And it's much 428 -4073 (520) Not so the service person. worse than before. Because reversing 44 CIRCLE 205 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD For there is now a hot side and a your line cord (A) is not possible and

www.americanradiohistory.com (B) will not work anyway. Any attempt at servicing any line operated switch -mode supply +170 vdc 20 kHz +8 kv 115 vac in transformer +imust +r make use of an isolation transformer! In addition, you T where +imust +r be extremely careful +2kv you place your scope ground lead! system You should first run through a 110 grounds T volt safety isolation transformer. 200 watts is often good enough for most +100 v modern gear. This could optionally be +42 vdc preregulator T followed by a Variac. Variacs are particularly handy to bias +30 v troubleshoot problems where the fuse instantly blows. Even without a fuse T blowing, doing your troubleshooting around 85 volts may reduce the fault N +8.6 v currents. Always place the optional T Variac after the isolation transformer, 3 never before. o 8.6 v If you can't afford a Variac, one m ploy the old timers used was to put a T large light bulb or two in series with their load. Plus a bypass switch. to CRT filament By one of those utterly astounding coincidences that seem to infest this column, I just happen to have a few isolation transformers and one variac Fig. 3 -A PARTIAL SCHEMATIC for the switching supply on a Tektronix 2215A oscillo- left from my recent surplus sale. scope. To resolve a power problem, first use an isolation transformer and monitor the cur- grounds. Next, inject a 0.4 volt Servicing switcmode power suppies rent waveform at point "B ". Then remove the line cord and all peak -to -peak 20 kHz triangle wave at points "C" and "D ". Noting when and how the trian- Repairing a modern switch mode gle wave clips can quickly isolate a defective transformer, diode, circuit load, or filter capac- power supply can be tricky because itor. their non -standard circuitry may not be all that obvious. Second, because of schematic of the switch mode power newer 2215A. the really extreme safety and isolation supply used. I hooked up the required isolation problems. And third, because every- The main linear power transformer transformer, followed by a Variac and thing is connected to everything else outputs on several windings for all of ran it up to 85 volts. The preregulator in obscure ways. the needed scope supply voltages. never got out of its startup mode. It Let's look at a repair example. I'll That second feedback transformer is a would try, but it quickly shut down show you a little -known sneaky trick saturating one that will set the base from excess current. that I personally use. One that might drive feedback. It would wait a few seconds, and make things a lot easier for you. But: I did have a not-quite -right manual then try again. Do not even attempt a repair unless you for the older model 2215. Its append- A scope viewing at the common have a decent scope, total safety isolation, ed change information section was emitter resistor "B" on the converter and accurate service information on hand! "sort of like the circuit in use. A look- showed current ramping up above the A full schematic is ideal. At the bare and-sniff inspection revealed nothing one amp limit and then shutting off. A minimum, you should know the obvious in the way of burned trans- look at points "C" and "D" revealed pinout of all output lines and have formers or discolored parts. that the transistors were not able to data sheets for all integrated circuits The usual 10X resistance check of pull their windings down very far at and power semiconductors involved. the output transistors found that all all. But they did at least seem to try. junctions were still working +-neither And there were some encouraging 20 A Case History open nor shorted. A resistance check kHz "fumes" present. I picked up a Tektronix 2215A on all of the output voltage lines also This said that the main transformer scope at an auction. Plainly marked showed nothing suspicious. was shorted, excessively loaded, or "power supply bad ". Sure enough, Later on, hindsight revealed that improperly driven. And Tektronix's there was no trace and not even a Murphy's Law had indeed struck. In factory list replacement transformer power -on LED. Thankfully, the fuse misreading a key point. Owing to a pricing nearly equals the wholesale was fine and did not blow on power missing (but still marked!) jumper. value of the entire. scope. up. Figure 3 shows a simplified One used on the 2215 but not on the So, here's the sneaky trick I used to 45

www.americanradiohistory.com isolate the real culprit: Very few inte- POWER SUPPLY RESOURCES grated circuits or diodes do much of Analog Devices National Semiconductor anything below 0.3 to 0.6 volts. I next PO Box 9106 2900 Semiconductor Rd injected an 0.4 volt peak -to -peak tri- Norwood MA 02062 Santa Clara CA 95052 (617) 329-4700 angle wave to points C and D, with (800) 272-9959 the power cord disconnected and all Col!craft PCIM grounds removed. 1102 Silver Lake Rd 2472 Eastman Ave #33 -34 With any 42 -volt, one -amp supply, Cary IL 60013 Ventura CA 93003 (800) 322 -COIL (805) 658-0933 you'd expect that the 20 kHz no -load input impedance at this point to be Electronic Component News Phillips Magnetics well above 42 ohms. Instead, it was 1 Chilton Way 1033 Kings Highway Radnor PA 19089 way down in the milliohms. Telling us Saugerties NY 12477 (215) 964 -4345 (914) 246-2811 that the short was real. Gotcha! But a check on the high voltage Electronic Products Power Transmission Design output winding did reveal a smallish 645 Stewart Ave 1100 Superior Ave Garden City NY 11530 Cleveland OH 44114 triangle wave. And, on switching to a (516) 227 -1300 (216) 696 -7648 square wave, transformer -type droop and ringing appeared. So there was at Ferroxcube Sensors least some hope. 2001 W Blue Heron Blvd 174 Concord St Riviera Beach FL 33404 Peterborough NH 03458 Tektronix does provide some (407) 881-3200 (603) 924-9631 jumpers to simplify servicing. Cutting these did not help at all. Galco SGS 26010 Pinehurst Dr 1000 East Bell But we Road already knew that from the Madison Heights MI 48071 Phoenix, AZ, 85022 previous resistance tests! Duh. (800) 521-1615 (602) 867-6100 The next logical step would have been to remove the transformer from International Rectifier Supertex Inc 233 Kansas St 1350 Bordeaux Drive the circuit board and thoroughly test El Segundo CA 90245 Sunnyvale CA 94089 it. That, however, is a slow and painful (310) 322 -3331 (408) 744-0100 process. So, just for luck, I first ran an ohmmeter around the diodes. Sure Linear Technology Surplus Traders 1630 McCarthy Blvd PO Box 276 enough, there was a dead short across Milpitas CA 95035 Alburg VT 05440 the diodes on the 30 volt supply. (408) 432 -1900 (514) 739-9328 The usual candidate for a shorted Magnetics Inc Teccor Electronics is A part the filter capacitor. shorted Box 391 1801 Hurd Drive diode in any properly designed and Butler PA 16003 Irving, TX 75038 inherently current limited supply is (412) 282-8282 (214) 580 -1515 extremely unlikely. Maxim Texas Instruments But a good diode would never let 120 San Gabriel Dr PO Box 809066 this weak test signal even reach the Sunnyvale CA 94086 Dallas TX 75380 capacitor! If the capacitor were bad, a (800) 998-8800 (800) 336-5236 larger input signal (above 0.6 peak Motion Magazine Toko volts) would clip, not reveal a total Box 6430 1250 Feehanville Drive short, which was my reason for using a Orange CA 92613 Mt Prospect IL 60056 triangle wave in the first place. (714) 974-0200 (708) 297-0070 I ignored this obvious fact, and Motorola Unitrode removed the filter capacitor anyway. 5005 E McDowell Rd 580 Pleasant St Sure enough, as you might expect it Phoenix AZ 85008 Watertown MA 02172 tested just fine out of the circuit. At (800) 521 -6274 (617) 926 -0404 least as a quick and dirty "watch it kick" ohms test. SomeTips longer available, and certain key Lifting one end of each diode did Once again, please remember that newer items seem to be outrageously in fact reveal one of them to be a dead any misplaced scope ground lead can overpriced. short. In my experience, that's very instantly ruin a line -operated switch An outstanding alternate Tektronix rare indeed. mode supply! Always use an isolation resource is Stan Griffiths and his fine Note that these are higher speed transformer, and think before you Oscilloscopes -Restoring a Classic power diodes that have special short connect or measure! book. Stan also knows of several low recovery times. But even direct from Getting information and parts cost sources for long -gone to modern Tektronix, their exact part cost only from Tektronix can sometimes be Tektronix parts. These private sources 46 fifty -five cents. tricky. Older parts and manuals are no did not wish to be listed in any nation-

www.americanradiohistory.com al magazine, but they sometimes can be made available to you when you call or write Stan. REGISTER SHIFT RIGHT- I've also got a major collection of This method first clears the carry... genuine Tek manuals available at rea- SRIGHT1 BCF S,C ;clear the carry flag sonable prices. Write or call for info. RAF F,1 ;rotate all bita right Or grab the listing off GEnie PSRT as file SURPCATI.PDF. This method repairs possible damage instead... SRIGHT2 RRF F,1 ;rotate all bite right Power supply resources BCF F,7 ;force bit 7 to zero For this month's resource sidebar, I REGISTER SHIFT LEFT- thought we'd review a few places to go for power supply information. This method first clears the carry... Your finest supplier is probably SLSFT1 BCF S,C ;clear the carry flag Maxim, who provide lots of applica- RLF F,1 ;rotate all bits left tion notes and free samples. Other This method repairs possible damage instead... chip sources include National, bita left Motorola, Analog Devices, Unitrode SLEFT2 RLF F,1 ;rotate all BCF F,0 ;force bit 0 to zero Inc, International Rectifier, Texas Instruments, and Linear Technology. OPTIONS- One useful trade journal is PCIM. Use of RLF F,0 or a RRF F,0 puts shifted result into the accumulator instead. A good power supply web site can be found at http: //motioncontrol.com To shift a value already in the accumulator on low end PIC devices, MOVWF to temporary register storage, then use above methods. Note the accumulator is A complete review for all power already register mapped on 17CXX PIC chips. electronics appears as NUTS46.PDF in my GEnie PSRT library. I've also Note also that the carry flag exits in an unknown state. got a large pile of aerospace quality lab power supplies at very low prices in Fig. 4-THE PIC MICROCOMPUTER lacks simple "shift right" and "shift left" instructions. our freebie surplus flyer. Printed Here is how to provide them in two or three code bytes. copies are available with a phone request or can be obtained online Cheap low current fuses current. This resistance change will in interactive as SURPCAT1.PDE As we've seen a time or two in the turn greatly reduce the available past, Recharger magazine is the best power delivered to the rest of your cir- Another PIC trick source for all laser printer cartridge cuit. Reset is automatic, happening I've been doing a lot more with the reloading info. It appears that some shortly after the overload goes away. PIC microprocessor, especially for epsilon minuses at Xerox have recent- But a posistor clearly will not work new magic sinewave development. ly been including sequentially blow - where any fuse is to be intentionally Uh, it seems that plain old shift -right able fuses in their laser printer car- and permanently blown. and shift-left commands are missing tridges. Their intent is to make Instead, try using a single strand of from the PIC instruction set. Among recharging a tad more challenging. #000 steel wool! These have a near many other uses, these are real handy The fuses are apparently rated at zero cost and typically will open in the for dividing or multiplying by two. 20 milliamperes and 200 volts. The tens of milliamperes. The strands are Several helpline callers have also host blows the first fuse after a few usually solderable if you do not touch requested these commands. Fig. 4 hundred copies, the second when it them. And if you use a better grade of shows some easy workarounds. Just thinks toner is low, and third when it liquid solder flux. use a rotate right or left through the decides your toner is out. This same trick works just fine in a carry, and then repair the possible Several Recharger authors are now student lab to protect milliameters damage with a second zero- forcing looking for a low cost source for low- and microammeters. Hang a pair of code byte. Even with two clocks and current fuses. A fast check into any reverse -parallel silicon diodes across two cycles, this patch still blows the distributor's catalog reveals that low- the meter terminals, and put a single competition away. current fuses are insanely expensive strand of steel wool in series. Let me know if there's any other and ridiculously hard to find. PIC programming tricks you want to Well, in nearly all lower current New tech lit see. A free Incredible Secret Money protection schemes these days, you From Mitsubishi, a superb ASSP Machine II book will go to a dozen of substitute a cheap and automatically Availability Guide. Covering all sorts of the best requests. A magic sinewave resetting posistor instead. Such as interesting chips. Including the tutorial appears as MAGSINT.PDF those made by Raychem. A posistor's M65830 digital echo, M50194 digital on GEnie PSRT. I'll also be happy to resistance sharply increases with the reverb, 66330 fax codec, the 67405 mail you a free copy on request. heating caused by an increasing load surround sound processor, and 66512 47

www.americanradiohistory.com HEATSINKING NAMES AND NUMBERS continued from page 46 Comlinear Raychem 4800 Wheaton Drive 300 COnstitution Drive Fort Collins CO 80525 Menlo Park CA 94025 (970) 226-0500 (800) 227-7040 AT = 80 - [23 x (0.5 + 0.5)] - 38 Stan Griffiths Recharger AT = 19° C 18955 SW Blanton 4218 W Charleston Blvd Aloha OR 97007 Las Vegas NV 89102 The size of the heatsink is then: (503) 649 -0837 (702) 438-5557 -1954 A= 23x872.6 ITS World Synergetics A = 506 square inches 859 Willamett Street Box 809 Eugene OR 97401 Thatcher AZ 85552 The required 506 square (541)343 -1200 (520) 428-4073 inches might seem excessive, but a typical large heatsink Eastman Kodak Tektronix that 343 State x x PO Box 500 measures 5 4 25/8 inches Rochester NY 14650 Beaverton OR 97077 which has 250 square inches of (716) 724-4385 (800) 835-9433 surface area would require another one to adequately dissi- LZR Electronics Telecom Gear pate the heat. Of course, those 8051 Cessna Avenue 15400 Knoll Trail Ste 500 big heatsinks can be expensive, Gaithersburg MD 20879 Dallas TX 75248 and if they cost more than the (301) 921 -4600 (800) 866-3241 device itself, you might want to The Mart Temic redesign the circuit with more 899 Presidential Ste 110 2201 Laurelwood Road semiconductor devices in paral- Richardson TX 75081 Santa Clara CA 95056 lel. This will lower the resis- (800) 864-1155 (408) 970-5700 tance and the heat that must be dissipated. Mitsubishi Tessco 1050 E Arques Ave 34 Loveton Circle Sunnyvale CA 94086 Sparks MD 21152 Experimenter's notes (408) 730-5900 (800) 472 -7373 Your finger is a rather unreliable temperature measuring de- Parallax Vetra Systems vice. A small thermistor, cali- 3805 Atherton Rd #102 275J Marcus Blvd Rocklin CA 95765 Happauge NY 11787 brated on the kitchen stove in a (916) 624-8333 pot of distilled water with a con- (516) 434-3185 fectioner's thermometer, is a much better approach if you must know how hot things will laser beam controller. Mart. One source for phone premise be for your project's semicon- From Comlinear, a data book on wiring and parts that I've found is ductors. high performance analog amplifier LZR Electronics. Be sure to coat the contacting chips. From Tessco, a new full line cat- I do get a lot of calls from readers surfaces of the semiconductor alog of wireless communications wanting remote PC keyboards, RS232 and heatsink with thermally- equipment and supplies. adaptors and extenders. Dozens of conductive grease before A very useful IRDA Compatible products to handle these tasks are mounting the device on the Data Transmission Design Guide is now offered by Vetra Systems. A PIC is the heatsink. Without adequate offered by Temic. Included are the obvious choice to build your own heat transfer through the contacting surfaces, the semicon- IRDA infrared commnications specifi- instead. Start with the Basic Stamp ductor will be destroyed re- cations. from Parallax. gardless of the size of the Ricoh has application notes and A reminder that I've just reprinted heatsink. The thermally -con- data sheets available on the new my Active Filter Cookbook for the sev- ductive grease might be sup- 5A128 low -cost speech- recognition enteenth time. Refer to my nearby plied with the semiconductor or circuits. A free new Glossary of Image Synergetics ad in this issue for full the mounting hardware kit or it Sensor Terms tutorial is offered by purchasing details. can be obtained separately. Kodak. I've also acquired quite a unique If you have trouble with the 5/4 There's a brand new trade journal collection of classic microprocessor exponent of AT equation, find on intelligent transportation systems trainers. Everything from genuine the logarithm of this number in a logarithmic table, multiply it called, of all things, ITS World. This K M -1's to gold plated HP 5036Á's to by 1.25, and find the antilog of one features everything you might ask superb little book -shaped Z80 Micro the result. If this doesn't help, a about from smart highways to GPS to Professors. The latter with printers, scientific or engineering cal- CD ROM maps. no less. They all are both usable and culator can provide the num- The best two telecommunication highly collectible. You can write or 48 bers. Sl shoppers are Telecom Gear and The call for bargain pricing. 03

www.americanradiohistory.com WHAT'S NEWS present the most convincing evidence VIDEO NEWS yet for d -wave electron pairing. While continued from page 4 continued from page 6 the IBM research does not pinpoint a particular mechanism as creating Source of high -temperature superconductivity, software to be placed in a special fund it does limit the choices significantly. to reimburse copyright owners. high -temperature At the heart of the experiments are Neither the one-copy nor the royalty four tiny rings (0.002 inches, about provision is expected to be incorporat- superconductivity found? the diameter of a fine human hair) of a ed in the DVD legislation. Whether IBM scientists have found evidence high -temperature superconducting the slow progress of anti-copy legisla- suggesting that a fundamentally new material in which the elements thalli- tion will hold up the release of movies type of electron behavior is responsi- um and barium are interspersed on DVD still remains to be seen. ble for the so- called "high- tempera- between sheets of copper oxide ture" superconductivity first (T12BA2CuO6 +8, or T12201). The sci- discovered a decade ago in a certain entists created the rings atop a sub- class of ceramic materials. The finding strate material made of three wedges, "Living- room" PC/TV is considered an important step each with a different crystalline orien- Gateway 2000, the direct -sale per- toward understanding the details of tation. The rings were placed so that sonal- computer manufacturer, thinks why superconductivity (the flow of two of them spanned two crystalline that it's time for the family computer electricity without energy- robbing orientations, one touched none, and to come out of the den and into the resistance (requires much less cooling only one crossed all three crystal living room, swallowing up the family in some materials than in others. boundaries. Because the atomic spac- TV and stereo as it moves. Gateway It is hoped that understanding the ings of T12201 are nearly equal to has developed the "Destination" sys- mechanism that creates high- temper- those of the substrate, the crystalline tem to let the entire family gather ature superconductivity will eventual- orientation of any part of the super- around the computer in the living ly lead to the creation of new materials conducting ring exactly matches that room for a game of Mortal Kombat, a with predictable superconducting of the wedge beneath it, and a transi- CD -ROM visit to a museum, a trip on properties. The ultimate (though per- tion region was forced above each the Internet -or, perhaps, just haps impossible (goal, is to find super- wedge boundary. "Sesame Street" on PBS. conductors that don't require any When a scanning SQUID micro- The Destination system has a 31- cooling. Such materials would revolu- scope was passed over the rings and inch Mitsubishi data -grade monitor, a tionize the distribution and use of recorded the observed magnetic fields, computer with a 120 -MHz Pentium electricity by eliminating the substan- the scientists detected a spontaneous processor, and other goodies including tial heat and energy loss caused by magnetic field emanating only from 6xCD -ROM, a fax modem, and the electrical resistance. the ring that crossed all three crystal works. In addition, it has a TV card and It is believed that all superconduc- boundaries. That ring had a total circuits to double the apparent resolu- tivity results from the ability of elec- magnetic field (or flux) exactly half the tion of TV programs by non -interlaced trons to overcome their mutual fundamental unit that occurs in rings line interpolation. It can be purchased repulsion and pair up in ways that of conventional superconductors. with our without its own stereo sound allow them to pass unimpeded The presence of that "half-flux system, including speakers. Finally, it through the host material. Conven- quantum effect" was a sure indication features a wireless keyboard, an RF tional "low- temperature" supercon- of unusual (most likely d -wave (pair- wireless remote control, and a wireless ductivity is caused by a form of ing. That is because d -wave supercon- "FieldMouse," along with an on- screen "s -wave pairing," in which charge - ductors with the specific crystalline program -guide grid system. All that for induced vibrations in the material orientations chosen in the experiment "under $4000." In the future, Gateway hold the pairs together. exhibit a "phase inversion" in the plans to integrate the system with a However, not all physicists believe superconducting current that runs Digital Satellite System (DSS) receiver that s -wave pairing should be the around the ring covering three orien- and DVD player. starting point for explanations of tation changes. Theory predicts that The use of PCs is "becoming more high -temperature superconductivity. to compensate, such a phase inversion and more group- oriented," according Some postulate that "d- wave" electron produces an extra current and an asso- to Gateway's research. "We found pairing, in which the electrons' mag- ciated magnetic field equivalent to a that PCs are inherently flawed from a netic spins are critical, might be the half-flux quantum. The rings with no usability standpoint when more than basis for the phenomena. change of orientation, or with two one person tries to use it. The screens Scientists at IBM's T.J. Watson changes, have no such inversion, and are too small, the cables on the inputs Research Center in Yorktown therefore show no spontaneous mag- are difficult to pass between users, and Heights, New York, and their collabo- netization. Such phase inversions are the furniture that generally surrounds York now impossible in superconductors a desk in a den doesn't lend itself to rators at State University of New 49 campuses in Buffalo and Stony Brook having standard s -wave pairing. hours of comfort while in use.

www.americanradiohistory.com COMPUTER C O N N E C T I O N S

BY JEFF HOLTZMAN

Backing up is hard to do

SOME COMPANIES ARE TAKING THE WINDOWS 95 PHI- redundant backups and still have plenty of room for occasional sys- LOSOPHY TOO FAR. THERE SEEMS TO BE A MOVEMENT tem snapshots as the need arises. The bottom line is that for the first AFOOT TO "DUMB DOWN" THE CAPABILITIES OF SOFT- time in years, I've got a backup system that really makes me feel WARE PACKAGES SPECIFICALLY BUILT FOR WINDOWS 95. secure.

I've seen several examples of this higher performance system in the HW +, SW- recently, but the most troublesome first place. As much as I like the hardware, is a tape backup program I bought On the other hand, $200 buys however, the software leaves some- to run another recent purchase, a enough DAT tapes to implement a thing to be desired. Actually, the SCSI -based Digital Audio Tape decent tape -rotation scheme, so drive itself came with no software. (DAT) unit (model C1533A) made that you can keep off-site archival When I managed the network at a by HP. copies in case of catastrophe. The former employer, I used a DOS - I'm very happy with the hard- tellers at my local bank all know me based version of a program called ware. It is unbelievably fast com- now because they see me so often as NovaBack. I never had any trouble pared with the Colorado QIC -80 I drop off the latest backup in my with it, and at about $100, the cost system I'd been using for several safe -deposit box. was right. So I ordered a copy of years. The HP can store up to 8 GB In addition, the DAT drive is so NovaBack to accompany the drive. of data, has built -in hardware com- much faster, and the capacity so (The backup program that comes pression, and from the SCSI point of much higher, that I can perform with Windows 95 supports QIC but view, was completely plug and play. DAT drives are more expensive LISTING 1- DAILY.BAT than QIC drives, but they're about @echo off ten times faster, and the media cost rem backup all local drives, no logging is much lower. For example, in sin- rem 4dos required gle -unit quantities, a name -brand 90 -meter DAT tape costs about $10 rem Append to tape rem Modified and stores about 2GB. A name - files only rem Subdir logging brand 120 -meter tape costs about rem Don't update archive bit $20 and stores about 8 GB. (The 120M tapes use a higher recording set xxDate =% dow, % date density, if the DAT drive supports set xxStartTime = %_time it.) set xxLog= C: \nb95 \BACKUP.LOG By contrast, a 250 -MB DC -2120 set xxTargets =C: D: E: F: (QIC) tape costs about $12. Enough tapes to hold 2 GB cost cdd C: \nb95 nearly $100; 8 GB would cost about start /w bkp ) %xxLog {VDHY- *SMG1EI =( "HP $400. And swapping out all those [4] ")T " %xxDate " } %xxTargets ( "EXCLUDES.BUP ") echo Daily Backup % xxDate: tapes would not be fun. In fact, tape Start= %xxStartTime, Done = %_Time, Result = %? » %xxLog swapping to accomplish a single exit backup was what drove me to a 50

www.americanradiohistory.com not SCSI tape drives.) sion of the program that ran on a dif- approach, one that would allow me to NovaBack came with a diskette and ferent platform. Nonetheless, it had tweak settings as various needs arose. a little card with four screen shots that enough detail that I was able to I ran a few tests and pretty much documented portions of the user accomplish my goal. got things working the way I wanted interface and provided no useful infor- All I wanted to do was automatical- using the Microsoft scheduler and the mation. My prior experience with ly perform different types of backups OS /2 version of the NovaBack com- NovaBack led me to believe that there with different sets of parameters mand -line parameters, with a couple was a richness not covered by the card, (daily, weekly, monthly, ...). I knew the of exceptions. The backup program is so I ordered a manual for an addition- DOS version supported an extensive supposed to return a DOS ERRORLEVEL al $20. The order card described the set of command -line parameters for code to specify the result of a backup, manual as "the Ultimate Backup & specifying what to back up, what to but the routine always returns a zero. Restore Operators Manual," but it skip, how to perform logging, and so And the logging function doesn't didn't quite live up to that description. on. I assumed that the Windows 95 exactly work as advertised. Rather, it arrived with a more -detailed version would support at least a simi- explanation of obvious features of the lar set of parameters. And I didn't 4DOS and logging user interface. want to use the Windows 95 user Part of what I wanted this new I called the company and a very interface to the backup program. The backup system to do was provide a grumpy tech -support guy promised to graphical front -end to NovaBack is quick go /no -go indication so that I fax me what I needed. Two days later, not what I would call a study in usabil- could check the status of last night's no fax. By now I was starting to get ity or convenience. backup each morning on arriving at angry. Called again. Another promise Also, NovaBack comes with a the office. To accomplish that, I built a made, another promise broken. Called scheduler, but it's weak compared to 4DOS batch file. In case you're not again, finally reached someone who the one that comes with Microsoft's familiar with 4DOS, it is a CoM- seemed both pleasant and competent, Plus pack for Windows 95, which I MAND.COM replacement that allows and within an hour the fax arrived. was already using for other purposes. you to run programs and batch files, Now there was an example of clear, Configuring an automatic backup and to perform general system main- expository technical writing! Actually, under NovaBack thus entailed modi- tenance chores. it was a warmed -over version of the fying parameters in two separate 4DOS has a much richer command "technical" documentation for a ver- applications. I wanted a more uniform language, both at the command line

NOW Find the Right Part for Your VCR!

The 119 -page Fifth Edition of the VCR Only $38.00 for pages Cross Reference contains both model and part number cross references. Over $69.95 diskette 1300 new parts and 360 new models have been added. Claggk Inc. 7 VCR CROSS REFERENCE OFFER VCR's are made in a few factories from P.O. Box 4099 which hundreds of different brand names Farmingdale, New York 11735 and model numbers identify cosmetically - Name changed identical and near -identical man- Business ufactured units. Interchangeable parts are very common. An exact replacement part Address may be available only a few minutes away City from you even though the original brand - State Zip name supplier is out of stock. Also, you may Phone be able to cannibalize scrap units at no cost. Enclosed $38.00 for the ISCET VCR Cross Reference, Fifth Edition. with Enclosed $69.95 for the diskette containing the ISCET VCR Cross Reference, Ver. 6.0. ISCET VCR CROSS REFERENCE Please specify: 5V. Diskettes (2) 3'/ Diskette (1) NEW! The Fifth Edition is contained on a crosses of future models. The Fifth Edition Include $3.00 for shipping each Cross diskette for'IBM PC AT /XT compatibles, can be printed on pages completely from Reference (Pages or Diskette) DOS 2.1 higher. The disk software allows the diskette. or The total amount of my order is $ technicians to search by manufacturer for model numbers and description of part num- The ISCET VCR Cross Reference, Fifth Check enclosed -do not send cash. bers. A parts editing sequence gives an on- Edition, is on 8%2 x 11 -in., pre -punched Visa MasterCard Exp. Date_/_ /_ of all substitutes for parts en- pages and sell for $38.00. The 3%2 inch screen view Signature tered. With the diskette, the technician can diskette sells for $69.95 and you can view update files by adding model and parts listings from a monitor or printed page. New York State residents must add 51 L applicable local sales tax to total. CB03 www.americanradiohistory.com RESOURCES stop time, and the ERRORLEVEL. Right version of the book, a utility for now the latter is always zero, but changing screen resolution without 4DOS JP Software maybe NovaStor will ° get its act rebooting, sample installation scripts, P.O. Box 1470 together one of these days. I can still a registry backup tool, a command - East Arlington, MA 02174 get a good indication of health by line based shortcut maintenance utili- (617) 646-3975. observing start and stop times. Any ty, and more. Secrets comes with a CD Microsoft Windows 95 large divergence from one day to the full of shareware programs, of which a Resource Kit ($49.95) Microsoft Press next warrants further investigation. few seemed useful. Redmond, WA Last, the Exit command terminates ISBN: 1- 55615 -678 -2 the 4DOS instance after DAILY com- E -mail Windows 95 Secrets pletes. Concerning Microsoft's dominance Brian Livingston and Davis Straub of desktop computing, Lauren Colby IDG Books Dumb and dumber writes, "I run a law office. Law offices Foster City, CA ISBN: 1- 56884 -453 -0 In sum, I'm very happy with the account for 90% of the market for hardware, but less than impressed word processing software. In a law NovaBack, with the software. What really con- office, the secretaries need two things: Novastor Corp. cerns me is what appears be a grow- 80 -B West Cochran Street to SPEED and RELIABILITY We can't Simi Valley, CA 93065 ing tendency to provide dumbed - possibly use Windows in our office. (805) 579-6700 down versions of software for the Even though we're running 90 MHz Windows 95 environment. Some ven- Pentiums with 16 MB memory, and in batch files, than plain old DOS. dors appear to be operating under the Windows is just too slow and too 4DOS has been around for years; in assumption that Windows 95 users unreliable." all the time I've been using it, I've run have no use for command -line driven Owen Rubin and I exchanged some across only one program it was incom- utilities, and so don't document heated email. Owen upbraided me for patible with, and that was a very spe- advanced features, and perhaps even my attitude about Apple: "It is obvious cialized industrial -monitoring system. disable some capabilities. In the case you have a PC and hate the Mac so Versions 5.51 and later of 4DOS sup- discussed here, it's particularly ironic, you proclaim the death of something port long file names. since the graphical user interface pro- you do not have. Perhaps you bought to users before affordable and scheduler) launches a 4DOS shell at the command line is itself so poor. are now stuck? Exactly like the Ford 1:30 am six days a week. The command driver who trashes a BMW driver line for the 4DOS shell includes a call Bookshelf really because they don't own such a to DAILY.BAT, shown in Listing 1. If you do want to dig beneath the car. It's called envy, and it is showing DAILY uses several neat 4DOS surface of Windows 95, two indis- badly." As I told Owen, I own both features to provide my snapshot log. pensable resources are Microsoft's PC's and Macs. For me it's not a ques- First it sets up local environment vari- own Windows 95 Resource Kit, and tion of religion, but of business, and I ables to store copies of the current day Windows 95 Secrets, by Brian support clients on both platforms. By of the week (Mon, Tue, ...), date, time, Livingston. the way, Owen and I did end up log file, and backup targets. The resource kit contains more friends. I still think Windows 95 is a DAILY then uses 4DOS's CDD than 1300 pages of information on better Mac than Mac, and I'm sure he command to change both drive and Windows 95 setup, customization, still thinks the opposite. directory at once. and configuration. If you're interested Concerning my February column, It then uses the Start command in Windows 95 networking, user and Ed Glembotski writes, "Again your (available in both 4DOS and from the system configuration, user and system column hit it right on the head. I am Windows 95 command line) to launch policies, file sharing, or custom instal- 75- year -old has -been, Ham (K6SAR), the backup program with the parame- lations, the Windows Resource Kit is and retired electro- mechanical engi- ters specified by the environment vari- must -have documentation. neer who feels like I am left holding ables. If the Windows Resource Kit is the bag every once in awhile. I enjoyed The " /w" following Start means oriented toward system administra- the Commodore 64 trip with a full bag that the batch file must wait for the tors, Livingston's 900-page book is of programs (including Geos), and specified program to complete before geared toward end users. Fortunately, when Jack T dropped us midstream, I going on to the next line. Without the the author realizes that few will have finally gave away that boat anchor. "/w," the batch file would start the the patience to read every word, so he The same with the great Atari 1040st. backup program and immediately per- thankfully highlights many of the real Now I'm running Windows 95 with a form the next line. In this case the nuggets with marginal icons. home -assembled 486DX2 -66, with 20 start and end times are equal. Both books come with disks con- MB of RAM and a 1 GB hard disk. I The next line simply appends a sta- taining various documentation files do hope to hang in there for a while." tus line to the specified log file. The and utility programs. The Windows Let me know what you think: 52 status line shows the date, start time, Resource Kit comes with a hypertext jkh @acm.org.

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www.americanradiohistory.com FUZZY LOGIC 1.0 continued from page 30 WARM HOT fuzzy variable "tall" can be defined for a range of values. Tra- ditional Boolean variables assume only true or false values, so a person can be either tall, or 60° 70° 80° 90° 100° 110° not tall, depending on how you a define what tall is. In fuzzy logic, the person can be a "somewhat tall ", or some 1.0 percentage of what you define as tall. This percentage of tall is OFF ON often referred to as the fuzzy membership set. Unlike Boolean logic, fuzzy logic provides a way to describe partial I I I I membership. Figure 2 shows 25° 35° 45° 55° 65° 75° 85° 95° how the degree of membership b in the fuzzy set "tall" might be defined as a function of height. 1.0 A person who is three feet tall has zero membership in the set. SLOW MEDIUM Conversely, someone who is seven feet tall has a membership of one. Well, the difference between Boolean set theory comes in when a person c is five feet, three inches -then they are described as being a FIG. 5-INPUT AND OUTPUT MEMBERSHIP SETS for room temperature (a), ther- 0.25 percent member of the set mostat state (b), and fan speed (c). tall Groups of sets are defined in referred to as the total mem- series of "if- then" rules that are fuzzy controllers. Usually they bership set, or just the mem- used to produce an output. Fig- overlap, and are odd in value. bership set. The controller has ure 3 shows what a typical This is because better perfor- one or more variables which are membership set of a fuzzy con- mance can be achieved when applied to the membership set, troller .might look like. doing so. When grouped to- and an output is chosen based As previously mentioned, a gether, these sets form what is on the rules. Fuzzy rules are a fuzzy variable represents a relationship to a given set. For instance, a variable "height" might take on several values relating to the height set. Poten- tial values are short, medium, and tall. If -then rules perform the processing of the variables and their associated sets. Now assume that some action is taken based on the value of the variable "height." For example, FIG. 3-A TYPICAL MEMBERSHIP SET might be represented as shown here. consider another variable, "amount -of- fabric." A hypo- thetical rule might be: If "height" is tall then "amount of 1 1 2 is 2 and ... then result 1 is state A It condition is state and condition state fabric" is large. As you can see, the new variable "amount of fabric" has a set of values associated with it. In summary, a rule performs ANTECEDENTS CONSEQUENCE some action based on the value of some other variables. The ter- minology usually used to de- 56 FIG. 4 -THE ANTECEDENT AND CONSEQUENCE portions of a rule. scribe components of the if-

www.americanradiohistory.com you are ready to describe the ANALOG rules that process the input. OUTPUTS ANALOG As previously mentioned, INPUTS - AOt rules are a series of "if- then" All A02 statements. It is important to AI2 FUZZIFIER -- DEFUZZIFIER r D/A AO2 define enough rules to ade- A/D quately define the behavior of Al2 A03 the system over its operating re- A13 gion or control surface. In our example, our rules may look something like: xl íf room -temp cool and ther- PARAMETER on, -speed slow CONTROL mostat thenfan MEMORY RESET if room -temp cool and thermostat on, then fan -speed medium room -temp and ther- controller. íf warm FIG. 6-BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ADAPTIVE LOGIC'S NLX220 fuzzy -logic mostat off, thenfan -speed slow if room -temp warm and ther- then statement is antecedent temp," and it represents the mostat on, then fan -speed me- and consequence. The antece- room's temperature. The second dium dent is the portion of the state- input variable is called "fan - if room -temp hot and ther- ment that precedes the "then," speed," and it controls the fan mostat off thenfan -speed slow and the consequence is the motor that blows air over the By examining the rules, you portion that follows. Thus, heating element. There is a sin- can determine exactly how the "height is tall" is the antecedent gle output variable for this ex- system will behave for a par- portion of the statement, and ample called "thermostat," ticular input. The specific "then amount -of- fabric is large" which controls the fan. ranges of the values are up to is consequence. Figure 4 shows Your next step would be to de- the user to define. Thus, cool the antecedent and con- fine the fuzzy values for each of might be defined as a number sequence portions of a typical if- the input and output variables. between 40 and 75 degrees, then statement. "Room- temp" might have sev- warm between 60 and 95, and Assume that you want to im- eral value options, such as cool, hot between 90 and 110. It is up plement a fuzzy-logic controller warm, and hot. Fan -speed is ei- to the user to define the range to regulate a room's tempera- ther slow, medium, orfast. And for the fuzzy set, and make sure ture. You would begin by defi- finally, "thermostat" is either on the rules describe all values ning the variables. The ther- or off. Figure 5 shows the within this range. mostat controller has two in- ranges for the input and output Based on our model, if the puts and a single output. The variables. Once the variables, room temperature is 70 degrees first input is called "room- and their values are defined, and the thermostat is on, then conditions are set for the sec - ond -to -last rule, and the fan speed will be set to medium. But what if conditions are met for more than one rule? Then all the rules that have their conditions met are summed together to produce a weighted average for the fan -speed output variable. Remember that on and off for the variable thermostat consists of a range that is defined, say between zero and one. The summation process ensures that result is in the ball park that is needed. After the result is computed, it is then run through the defuzzifier to produce a usable output. Hardware solutions Hardware and software solutions are available to help developers quickly create new FIG. 7 -THE DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM for the NLX220 products based on fuzzy logic. 57

www.americanradiohistory.com Fuzzy logic controllers can be implemented with general -purpose microprocessors. This hardware approach is very popular among developers because fuzzy logic is not memory- or computation- demanding. typical code for these controllers requires less than 1,000 bytes of memory storage. Also for the majority of applications, an eight -bit microprocessor can handle the necessary computa- tions. The microprocessor ap- FIG. 8- SATURN'S FUZZY-LOGIC transmission controller is based on the 68HC11 proach is used after a model is microcontroller. verified by software simulation. The resulting code composing controller, the inexpensive, prices ranging from several the fuzzy controller is burned high -performance NLX220. A hundred to several thousands into read-only memory (ROM). block diagram of the controller of dollars. FIDE, Cubicalc, and Microprocessor -based fuzzy - is shown in Fig. 6. It handles up lèachFuzz are representative of logic controllers work for a wide to four analog inputs and out- packages that are in the high, range of systems. However, puts. It accomplishes real -time medium, and low price range. there are situations when an- I/O through on -chip analog -to FIDE stands for Fuzzy In- other hardware solution is re- digital (A/D) and digital- to -ana- ference Development Environ- quired. log (D /A) converters. Further- ment. It is a tool developed by Dedicated fuzzy integrated more it supports 111 rules, and Aptronix, and also sold through circuits are used in situations can process them at a speed in Motorola. It is at the high range where either speed or a large excess of 800,000 rules per sec- of the price spectrum costing rule set is required. Fuzzy chips ond. The NLX220 also has soft- between $1995 and $3495, de- are 10 to 100 times faster than ware development support pending on the configuration. general -purpose micro- through the NeuraLogic Insight FIDE is a graphical develop- processors that run fuzzy-logic development system (Fig. 7), ment tool for Motorola's micro - code in software. Several man- which enables users to simulate controller line. It features a ufacturers make hardware to and configure the NLX220 graphical input via matrix rule handle these demands. quickly to produce products. grid (similar to a spreadsheet). lbgai Infralogic, Inc. for ex- Applications for this device in- It simulates fuzzy systems as ample, makes a line of dedicated clude temperature, motion, well as producing assembly out- fuzzy controllers that the com- power, and pressure control. put for the 6805, 6811, 6816, pany claims are 10 times faster Software -development tools and 68000 microprocessors. It than an Intel 486 configured as for fuzzy logic are not essential, also generates C code which al- a fuzzy controller. Its RISC (re- but they are extremely helpful lows the implementation of por- duced instruction -set comput- for two reasons: First, the sim- table embedded controllers. er) FC110 IC handles up to 800 ulations offer immediate feed- CubicCalc is a development rules. Similarly, it processes back on whether or not the tool by HyperLogic. This tool is these rules at a rate in excess of model is valid. Second, the re- typical of the medium priced de- over 200,000 rules per second. sulting output can be used to velopment systems. It costs in Siemans dedicated fuzzy con- feed hardware implementation the range of $495 to $795, de- troller is the 81C99, which is a models. pending on the options. It has a coprocessor that interfaces to Several software packages ex- graphical front -end for simulat- most microprocessors. The ist which aid in the develop- ing and plotting fuzzy systems. 81C99 acts as an accelerator for ment of fuzzy systems. These It also supports tracing for de- a general purpose micro- packages have a wide range of bugging. CubicCalc also pro- processor by off -loading re- functionality. All of the pack- duces C code output like the source- intensive calculations of ages allow models to be simu- high -end solution. Similarly complex fuzzy -logic systems lated. Some restrict the number HyperLogic also produces a low - from the microprocessor. This of inputs and outputs available, end version ($175) called Cubi- device is also RISC- based. Addi- while others provide users with Quick. It is meant as an educa- tionally, it can support as many added functionality such as tional tool, and is a limited rules as external memory al- graphical user interfaces, plot- version of CubicCalc. lows, and it can process these ting ability, and even code gen- lèachF uzz is an educational rules at a rate of 7.9 million eration for hardware. Some are tool for exploring fuzzy -logic rules per second! packages for development, and concepts. This product is at the Adaptive Logic (formerly others are for educational pur- low -end of the fuzzy logic prod- American NeruaLogix, Inc.) also poses. Most of the full -blown de- uct spectrum. Priced at $24.95, 58 makes a dedicated fuzzy logic velopment tools are available at TeachFuzz is an application

www.americanradiohistory.com that allows users to simulate a system expert, it is up to the be: two- input, one -output fuzzy designers to quantify the ex- If temperature is hot and pres- logic controller to teach how a pert's knowledge of variables sure is high, then value is open. fuzzy controller is built. This and relationships. This process product runs as a shell, and re- begins by interviewing the ex- This example has two antece- quires text files as its inputs pert, starting with the general dents and one consequence. and outputs. This product runs and moving to the specific. A log However, a rule's antecedents both on the Macintosh and the of questions should be asked. and consequences are not lim- PC. This is a good toot for those The goal is to quantify the ex- ited. Any rule may have one or interested in experimenting pert's knowledge about the sys- more antecedents and con- with fuzzy -logic fundamentals. tem into input and output sequences. Moreover, the be- variables, and how they relate to havior of a particular system is Fuzzy -logic design each other. First extract the made up of a series of rule state- methodology variables, and then zero in on ments. The number of total Designing a fuzzy -logic con- how they relate. This process is rules is dependent on the com- troller is a four -step process. It time- consuming, and there is plexity of the system. If the sys- consists of knowledge extrac- no cookbook method for gather- tem is simple, it may be defined tion, model construction, ing this information. by only a few rules. On the other model testing and model tweak- Once the system behavior is hand, if the system is complex, ing. Moreover, the successful understood, the system must be it may take several hundred implementation of a fuzzy con- rules to describe. troller depends on common After the model is docu- sense and intuition. FUZZY RESOURCES mented it is ready to be built. Knowledge extraction is the Building the model consists of process of learning how a sys- Adaptive Logic translating the variables, rules, 800 Charcot Ave., Suite 112 and their corresponding sets to tem works or how it should San Jose, CA 95135 work. This is usually accom- an implementation tool. This plished in one of two ways. The Aptronix tool can be one of the hardware first is to analyze or observe a 2150 North First Street, Suite 300 or software development tools system in operation. And the San Jose, CA 95131 previously mentioned. second is to interrogate an ex- HyperLogic Corp. Assume that the implementa- pert. 1855 East Valley Parkway, Suite 210 tion tool is software. Then the The observation /analyzing Escondido, CA 92027 variables, sets, and rules must process consists of watching Siemens be put into a format that the tool the system in operation, look- 10950 N. Tantau Ave. understands. Input for the tool ing for relationships between Cupertino, CA 95014 occurs through files, or through components of the model. For Togas infralogic, Inc. a user interface. For instance instance, referring back to the 5 Vanderbilt the ZèachFuzz application gets heating system, notice that a re- Irvine, CA 92718 its input from files. The files are lationship exists between the made up of definitions of sets, setting of the thermostat, the rules, input /output variables, blower motor, and the room documented. The documenta- and input data. Once the files temperature. System rela- tion's notation can be as formal are formatted for the tool, the tionships are isolated, and de- as mathematical formulas, or as model is ready for testing fined as variables. Thus the re- informal as English. Since through simulation. lationship between the ther- fuzzy logic is linguistically rich, The software tool tests the mostat, the motor's speed and it makes sense to use English to model through simulation. the room temperature is de- describe a system's behavior. During the test, all types of in- scribed by making each a varia- The input and output variables puts are run through the model ble. Once the variables are de- are words that accurately de- to see if it behaves as expected. fined, the exact nature of their scribe the set they represent If it does, the model is consid- relationship must be deter- such as tall, distance, and tem- ered good, or valid. Otherwise, mined. This is done by looking perature. Additionally, succinct the model needs tweaking. for cause and effect rela- words are used to describe the Tweaking consists of iterating tionships between the varia- multiple values that a variable the previous steps until the bles. For instance, is the motor's has. For instance variable dis- model tests out as valid. Invalid speed affected by the ther- tance may be close, intermedi- models occur for several rea- mostat, or vice versa? ate, and far. The next step in sons. The most common is the An expert is someone who documenting is recording its set of rules for the system are knows the system very well. He behavior. incomplete. Typically, this prob- might not know the system vari- The behavior of the system is lem occurs as a result of insuffi- ables, or their direct rela- described in a fuzzy -logic con- cient rules to handle all input tionships, but what he does trol system in terms of its set of data for a specific region. know is how the system behaves rules. Rules are a set of "if- then" The next cause of invalid overall. When dealing with a statements. A typical rule might models is undefined sets, which 59

www.americanradiohistory.com occurs when a set for an input chine uses sensors as feedback ucts are beginning to emerge. or output variable is missing al- elements to gauge the washer Allen- Bradley produces a line of together. Correcting this prob- system. One set of sensors mea- fuzzy PLCs. Eaton is using the lem when the set is completely sures how well the soap dis- technology to inspect soda cans missing is straightforward. solves in the water. Another set for printing defects. Whirlpool This is accomplished by figur- of sensors captures the amount is making use of fuzzy control- ing out the domain for a given of dirt in the water. A third set of lers in some of its refrigerator variable, formatting it in terms sensors keeps track of the load models. of the tool notation, and includ- of the washer. Thus if the water Cars are a natural application ing its definition so that the tool is fairly clean, the fuzzy logic of fuzzy logic. Saturn is an advo- can find it. controller specifies a short wash cate of fuzzy -logic technology, The third reason for an inval- cycle. On the other hand, if the using it in anti -lock brake sys- id model is incompletely defined water is dirty a fairly long wash tems and for transmission con- sets. This is a variation of the cycle is set. Similarly, if a few trol. (See Fig 8.) For instance, previous problem, except in this clothes are in the machine, the Saturn's transmission control- case the set is defined, but it is washer uses less water. Con- ler is based on Motorola's not adequately defined for the versely a full load of clothes 68HC11, and takes up only 500 region. causes the washer to use the bytes of code! Saturn's trans- Usually this problem occurs most water. Efficiency is always mission controller works by when there are not enough par- maximized. using fuzzy logic to assist in titions of a variable's set. In the European countries are also braking on downhill grades. thermostat model the variable embracing fuzzy logic control- The controller accepts informa- thermostat is has possible val- lers in their products. tion about speed, throttle, posi- ues of either on or off. What if Klockener- Moeller GmbH in tion, brake -application inten- the thermostat variable re- Germany is using fuzzy logic in sity, and the amount of braking quires more states? Then addi- its industrial programmable time. With this information, the tional subsets must be defined logic controllers (PLC). One ap- controller determines the ap- to accommodate this situation. plication of its fuzzy PLC is wind propriate gear for downshifting For example, extra states like power. The PLC controls the as a car accelerates downhill. "nearly on" and "almost off' or pitch in wind generators. The The resulting operation is "just turned off' may be added fuzzy PLC improves system effi- smooth, and the average driver to fix this problem. ciency under complex control never notices the downshifting. An extra word is in order con- situations. For example, when a However, as a result of the concerning building the model. Be- rotor blade passes the tower, it troller's action, less braking is fore going through the effort of crosses the wind shade created required, resulting in longer converting the model to the im- by the tower itself. The wind brake life. plementation tool's format, shade causes a dip in the energy Fuzzy logic allows you to be- make sure the model makes output, and the PLC compen- come a controller designer with- sense. Walk through the model sates for this dip. out the overhead of traditional with test data on paper. Give it Japan claims that most prod- techniques. You do not have to some random values and com- ucts it produces are fuzzy - learn calculus to use fuzzy logic. pute the output. Then check it based. For instance, several This results in a faster learning to see if it falls within the de- manufacturers make smart vac- curve than traditional tech- fined region. For fuzzy logic this uum cleaners that operate by niques. It is a natural choice for is easy, because of its linguistic detecting differences in floor designers due to its linguistic nature. conditions, and adjust the nature, as well as its ability to brush height accordingly. Pan- speed up the product develop- Applications asonic uses fuzzy logic tech- ment cycle. Fuzzy-logic applications are nology to produce jitter -free Augmenting the development sweeping the globe. Japan pres- pictures in its line of video cam- cycle decreases the time to mar- ently is producing more prod- corders. ket for a product. That is, the ucts than all other countries Cannon makes use of fuzzy time it takes to put a product on combined. However, this situa- logic to create an auto -focus fea- the market is compressed. Fur- tion is changing rapidly as Asia, ture for its cameras. One of Ja- thermore, this compression is Europe, and even the U.S. dis- pan's most impressive achieve- due to several factors. The first cover that fuzzy -logic methods ments is the fuzzy -logic con- is a shorter learning curve. Sec- can reduce the time required to trolled transit system. All facets ondly, designs are implemented produce a product. of the journey are controlled via quickly using superior tools. In Asia, fuzzy logic provides this system. The ride is so Thirdly, once implemented the additional features for appli- smooth that many officials design is quickly verified and ances while improving efficien- boast that this system provides modified if necessary. All of cy and simplifying the user a smoother ride and more accu- these factors translate to a interface. Matsushita produces rate stops than human oper- robust technique which is hard a washing machine that effec- ators could hope to. to beat in the controller design 60 tively has 600 settings! The ma- In the U.S., fuzzy logic prod- arena. n

www.americanradiohistory.com ATV TRANSMITTER potentiometer R18 sets the jumper will power down the modulation level for maximum sound circuit for longer battery continued from page 32 without distortion or clipping. life. Diode D3 and C29 supply a The Mini 900 also provides a clean, regulated 6.2 volts bias to connected to the collector of Q10 4.5 -MHz audio subcarrier. In- Q8 and Q9. Resistor R21 and and suppresses harmonic fre- coming audio is fed to gain con- C28 decouple the sound circuit quencies. The RF output is a trol R29. Audio from R29 then from the DC supply. For PAL sys- relatively pure signal between is fed through C27 to the base of tems the number of turns on 900 -940 MHz. Q8. Audio from Q8 is fed to L14 is reduced to allow 5.5 -MHz varactor diode D2 via C25 and operation. Video and audio modulation R24. Diode D2 is part of the fre- Diode D1 protects the Mini To apply video modulation to quency- determining network 900 circuitry against accidental this RF carrier, the supply volt- of 4.5 -MHz subcarrier oscillator reverse polarity from the exter- age for Q10 is taken from the Q9. Circuit elements D2, C24, nal power supply and C39 pro- emitter of video modulator Q7. C21, C22, and L14 make up the vides supply line bypassing. 1ì-ansistors Q5, Q6, and Q7 are 4.5 -MHz tuned circuit. Audio The DC voltage supply to the connected as a feedback ampli- voltage on D2 changes its ca- transmitter should be very fier with a gain of about 5 to 10. pacitance, causing frequency clean and stable. Any noise or Video input to the transmitter modulation to occur. 11-immer ripple in the supply voltage can is amplified in this circuit and capacitor C24 sets the 4.5 MHz modulate the RF carrier and also inverted in polarity so that sound subcarrier frequency. cause severe distortion in the sync and black levels are The subcarrier output from received video. Less than 50 positive going. The video signal Q9 is fed into the video modu- millivolts of ripple and noise is at the emitter of Q7 is superim- lator via C30, where it is mixed permissible, less being more de- posed on the supply voltage to with the video. A jumper in se- sirable. Dedicated battery packs Q10. In turn, Q10 amplitude ries with the supply to 6.2 -volt offer the best option for a noise - modulates the RF output from Zener diode D3 and R21 per- free voltage source, otherwise Q4. Potentiometer R14 sets the mits disabling Q8 and Q9 if no voltage regulation and addi- carrier level of the RF output for sound is necessary. An optional tional filtering should be con- symmetrical modulation and external switch or removed sidered.

3RD DOUBLER 018 C19 450-470MHz SpF 1'3pF DOUBLER C13 80094OM112 226-fOIBh 2 -10pF It C12 01 C33 C10 C37 7 2-10pF MRFBW C20 700pF 1pF 8.0pF 1-SpF 010 L13 C117 C14 MRF889 CPS C313 L8 / 8pF 2-10pF MPB3B 88 30pF 3pF 1 RB 22K TP/ TP V 1000) 032 11 V C18 C17 R30 R9 10pF 1000 100µF 150 1000 13.2 330 v031+r tOpF * NOTE 100pF L9 8 L10 PART OF PC BOARD (STRIPLING) POLARITY PROTECTOR D1 1144007 82V DC

Rl I 039 R12t 10pF'! 3300 s as 330 13.2V DC 2/43006 07 R19 MJE180 TEl 1040 VIDEO 09 8 TP7 025 AMPURER p2 MPF/02 R13 MODULATOR R27 OA7pF !FOIL C23 MV2112 9lJBCJ1RRIER 3.310 *10081 08 GROUNO C9 MOM 0.0022pF O®C 0.47pF s MYIAR O AUDIO C30 V I AMP D 1pF AF R28 4.5M11z GAIN 3310 O L14 A1JD10 R2B +IF 1008 4.5MHz R22 C21 INPUT 1K O 120pF 7 á O VIDEO R15 INPUT 3.38 (NOMINAL) O - A R18 R18 33X3 1K R 77 VIDEO . R14 82J3 GAIN 1K UNEARITY 7

FIG. 2-SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM for the Mini 900 ATV transmitter. All the parts in the diagram fit on a 23/4 x 13/4 -inch two -sided foil printed circuit board. An understanding of the circuit diagram will enable builders to easily perform alignment and troubleshooting procedures. 61

www.americanradiohistory.com Re i X1 C37 L5 cïs C12 1

132V I DC

X C5 D1 R13 L R4

I - R12-TPi -C1 R19 -J R21 /TPB { SOUND JUMPER 06 LR11--1 =R17--f CI 114 _-- VIDEO IINPLIT 010 Rte I--C30----J X 1 R20 \--R22-/ LINEARITY VIDEO t1J neue

USE ONLY NON- METALLIC HARDWARE ONE OF MANY GROUND JUMPERS

FIG. 3- COMPONENT SIDE PARTS PLACEMENT diagram for the Mini 900 ATV transmitter PC board. Solder all component ground leads to the top and bottom foil surfaces. Use #22 bare and tinned wire to jumper together the ground planes of the top and bottom foils.

01 O o 411/Av iis 4/$1:0 -WO ei I , e7 01 TOP VIEW (component side) of PC board shown same size. BOTTOM VIEW (solder side) of PC board shown same size.

Putting it together serve as landmarks. Constantly connections until as many corn- Before beginning con- refer to the parts placement di- ponents as possible are inser- struction, familiarize yourself agrams in Fig. 3 and 4 to avoid ted. All coils are installed after with the circuit diagram in Fig. mistakes. The grounded leads the other components are inser- 2 and the PC board layout. Refer of all trimmer capacitors and ted and soldered. to Figs. 3 and 4. To get an idea of grounded leads of all resistors All parts are mounted tight the compactness of the printed - must be soldered on both sides and close to board -there can circuit board, glance at the of PC board because the board be no exceptions. Zero lead same -size foil diagrams in this holes are not plated through. length is essential in high- fre- article. Use good lighting. This is essential for good RF quency RF circuits. Remember It is helpful to insert first a few grounding. Except where ac- that the Mini 900 operates at large parts such as trimmer ca- cess may be difficult later in UHF frequencies and lead 62 pacitors and potentiometers to construction, do not solder any lengths are critical -they intro-

www.americanradiohistory.com FIG. 4- SOLDER SIDE PARTS PLACEMENT diagram for the Mini 900 ATV transmitter PC board. Surface -mount capacitors are located here. Follow details of cable connections Illustrated to avoid problems. duce unwanted inductance and Install D1, D2 and D3, check- turn of Ll connects to the collec- stray capacitance. ing the polarity (marking band) tor of Q1: L2 bottom turn, to the Install all fixed resistors and before and after soldering. Sol- junction of C3 and C4: and L3 solder in place (see Fig. 3). The der the ground lead of D3 to the bottom turn, to the junction of next step is to install and solder top side of the PC board where it C3 and C6. Use an 8 -32 screw to trimmer side terminals to top contacts it. Note that D1 hold L1, L2, L3, IA and L5 dur- side of the PC board. Be careful (1N4OO7) has only one lead in- ing installation. After installing not to melt the plastic. Do not serted in board (banded end). coils, remove screw and insert solder the bottom at this time. The other end is formed into a tuning slugs fully into coils. Install all ground -plane jumpers hook and is used as a terminal Note that coils Lll, L12, L13 are that connect top and bottom for attaching the DC supply fabricated on a 6 -32 screw while ground planes (See Fig. 3). positive lead wire. Diode D2 all others except toroid L14 use Install capacitors with wire looks like a transistor with only an 8 -32 screw as a winding leads. Pre -formed leads should two leads. Refer to Fig. 3 before form. Use a small drop of para- be straightened with pliers so as installing D3. ffin wax or candle wax to retain to fit as close to board as possi- Using scissors, trim the crys- tuning slugs in coils. ble. Watch polarity of all elec- tal leads to 3/16 inch and install. Install C16, C17, C33, C38 trolytic capacitors so as not to Do not use diagonal cutters as (100 -pF surface -mount capaci- accidentally reverse polarity. Do the mechanical shock produced tors); C18 (5 -pF surface -mount not install surface -mount ca- during cutting can damage the capacitor); then C31 and C32 pacitors until a later step. In- crystal. Solder a short wire to (10 -pF surface -mount capaci- stall all transistors, except Q4 the top of the crystal and run tors); C34, C35 and C36 (3 -pF and Q1O. Check for correct ori- this lead to ground. surface -mount capacitors) and entation of transistor leads. All Carefully fabricate all coils C39 on the underside of the PC transistors should be 1/8 inch and install them in the PC board. Refer to Fig. 4 for capaci- from surface of board. Solder board. The winding of the coils tor location and sidebar entitled the emitter leads of Q2 and Q3 are detailed in a sidebar entitled "How to Install Surface -mount to the top of the PC board where "Coil Winding Data." Be sure Capacitors" for soldering de- they pass through the ground that no turns short together on tails. Caution: Check the polar- foil. L6, L7, L8, L11. The bottom ity on C39 as it is soldered in 63

www.americanradiohistory.com PARTS LIST ponent leads that pass through top ground and bottom ground Ferrite slugs, blue, 8 -32 All fixed resistors are Ye-watt, 5 %, 5- planes as possible. Disc capaci- unless otherwise specified. 1-Toroid core for L14 tors may be somewhat difficult, R1, R26, R28-33,000 ohms Semiconductors but solder as many as possible. D1-1N4007 rectifier R2, R19, R24- 10,000 ohms This very important step pro- D2- MV2112 varactor R3, R12, R16 -330 ohms vides good RF grounding. Be D3-1N754 Zener diode, R4, R7, R20 -100 ohms 6.2 -volts careful not to melt plastic trim- Q1- 2N3563 transistor R5, R8-2,200 ohms mer capacitors and potentiome- R6-10 ohms Q2, Q3- MPS3866 transistor ters. 04, Q10- MRF559 transistor R9, R11 -33 ohms Now 2N3904 install the MRF559 tran- R10 -220 ohms Q5- transistor 2N3906 sistors, Q4 and Q10 (see Fig. 4). R13-3,300 ohms Q6- transistor MJE180 video The long lead of the MRF559 is R14, R18 -1,000 ohms potentiome- Q7- amplifier modulator the collector. Trim leads to ter, thumbwheel type, PC mount 2N3565 transistor length and install Q4 and Q10 R15-3,300 ohms (see Note 1) Q8- MPF102 with thicker side in holes pro- R17 -82 ohms Q9- JFET Miscellaneous vided in the PC The R21 -680 ohms board. man- R22-1000 ohms X1- 56.890625 -MHz crystal ufacturer's logo on the tran- (910.25 MHz). R23, R27- 100,000 ohms Note: Alternate crys- sistors will be visible from the R25-4,700 ohms tal frequencies are 57.640625 MHz bottom of PC board. The plane R29- 100,000 ohms potentiome- (922.25 MHz) and 57.703125 MHz of leads should be flush with (923.25 MHz). ter, thumbwheel type, PC mount bottom of PC board. R30-15 ohms 1-printed- circuit, 2 -sided board, Carefully inspect all work etched and drilled. Capacitors (See Note 3) completed thus far. Look for sol- 1-8-32 screw for coil winding C1, C7 -56 pF, NPO der bridges, poor or cold solder 1 -6 -32 brass screw for coil winding C2 -39 pF, NPO joints, missing parts, incorrect and tuning aid C3-2.2 pF, NPO parts placement, etc. You are Note 1: R15 resistance range is C4, C11 -18 pF, NPO ready to electrically check out 2,200 to 4,700 ohms C5, C28 -0.01 µF disk, GMV depending on the board once the assembly is the video gain desired. Default val- C6-33 pF, NPO satisfactorily done ue is 3,300 ohms. Estimated video and you C8-470 pF, GMV check the accuracy of gain vs. R15 resistance values are: the place- C9-3.3 pF, NPO 5 x = 2,200 ohms, 7 x = ment of each part and solder C12, C13, C14 -2 -10 pF trimmer 3,300 ohms, and 10 x = 4,700 ohms. joint. C10, C15-1 pF, NPO Note 2: Use either 1 pF or 2.2 pF for C16, C17, C33, C38-100 pF, sur- C30. Value Checkout and tune -up face-mount type selected determines sound subcarrier level. Do not proceed with this sec- C18 -4.7 or 5.0 pF, NPO, surface - Note 3: All capacitors less than 120 tion until you have thoroughly mount (use either value) pF are NPO types with checked out the construction as C19, C20 -1.5 -5 pF trimmer ceramic bodies. All capacitors with a spec- described in the last step of C21 -120 pF, NPO or SM the ified working voltage are electrolytic instructions. You C22-68 pF, NPO should have types. All 0.01 u.F and 470 pF ca- C23- 0.0022 µF, 50 -volt, Mylar access to the suggested basic pacitors are GMV C24 -18 pF trimmer ceramic disk test equipment if you are to ob- -2 types. C25, C26, C27- 0.47 or 1.0 -11F, tain optimum performance. It 35 -volt tantalum electrolytic (use ei- A complete parts kit for the Mini 900 is futile to try to tune for best ther value) ATV transmitter, consisting of the picture. It is, for example, possi- C29-10 µF, 16 -volt electrolytic PC board and all parts that mount ble to get a good picture and C30-1 pF or 2.2 pF, N PO (see Note on it, is available from: North Coun- have only ten foot range of 2) try Radio, PO Box 53, Wykagyl Sta- transmission. It is also possible C31, C32 -10 pF, NPO surface - tion, New Rochelle, NY 10804. Kit is to inadvertently overload the mount furnished with crystal for 910.25 video monitor and get a lousy C34, C35-3 pF, NPO MHz as standard, or alternately picture on it from a perfectly op- C36-30 pF, NPO 922.25 or 923.25 MHz if specified erating circuit board, and C37 -6.8 pF, NPO with order. Kit price: $81.50 plus spend hours tracing nonexis- C39-10 µF,16 -volt, surface -mount $4.50 for postage and handling. tent problems. Therefore use Inductors New York residents must add our procedure and experiment See Coil Wind Chart for details of 8.25% sales tax. A catalog packed later when you are sure every- coil construction. with cameras and other amateur TV thing works properly. L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L14 -No. 22 kits and electronic projects is avail- The use of a metal standoff or enameled solid- copper wire able. Please send SASE (75 cents) other metallic material in the L6, L7, L8, L11, L12, L13 -No. 22 plus $1.00 to cover handling (refun- vicinity of L9 near bare tinned solid- copper wire dable with order). the corner mounting hole in the PC board (See Figs. 3 and 4) can upset the place and afterwards: the band- D3 (see Fig. 3). Install all ground stripline coupling network L9- ed side is positive (+ ). jumpers in the holes indicated L10. This will affect the setting 64 Install sound jumper (J) near in layout. Solder as many com- of C19 and also may reduce the

www.americanradiohistory.com and check for following voltages attainable RF power output HOW TO INSTALL from the transmitter. For this SURFACE-MOUNT CAPACITORS using the positive lead of the reason, note the following pre- SOLDER voltmeter: cautions: Set potentiometer R14 so that Only use nylon or other non- voltage at emitter of Q7 (TP1) is metallic hardware in the corner PC BOARD 6.0 -volt DC. Connect a frequen- hole next to coil L9. cy counter between TP2 and 1. Tin areas on PC-board foil where surface -mount Keep the PC board at least 1/4 capacitor is to be Installed. ground. You should see a stable inch from metallic or RF lossy reading between 4 to 5 MHz. Set materials. C24 for a counter reading of Keep any external wiring 4.495 to 4.505 MHz. This sets away from PC board especially ) the sound subcarrier frequency. near L9 and L10. If you cannot obtain this fre-

First verify that the DC volt- 2. Place capacitor on board. quency, but obtain a stable ages are correct and that the reading that is either too low or video modulator is working. Set SMALL IRON too high, remove or add a turn, the power supply to zero volts. WITH POINTED TIP respectively, to toroidal coil L14. Connect the negative lead of You must have a stable reading. your power supply to the TWEEZER I, Ignore anything else. Use an os- ground foil on the board. Next I_I TACK cilloscope to verify high -fre- connect a lead from the positive quency oscillation at the source terminal of the power supply terminal of Q9. (For PAL ap- through an ammeter (0 -500 mA plications this frequency will be 3. Tack solder one end of the capacitor while holding it range) to the power input termi- in place with tweezers or mini-pliers. Solder quickly to 5.5 MHz and not 4.5 MHz.) nal which is the hooked end of reduce absorbed heat by surface -mount capacitor. If all voltage tests are satisfac- diode Dl. If the power supply tory, set potentiometer R18 at has an ammeter, you can use it mid -range and set potentiome- instead of an external ammeter. ter R14 for maximum voltage Now slowly raise the voltage to 4464. reading on the emitter of Q7 10 volts. If more than about 100 IRON (TP2). There should be at least mA is drawn, turn off the power ' 11.0 -volts DC at TP2. If neces- supply and check your board for 1 sary, reset R18 so you get the 11 wiring errors, short circuits, 4. Solder other side of capacitor and then the tacked - volts or more. soldered side. Do not overheat capacitor. Solder solder bridges, etc. Power up should be smooth and fully bonded to capacitor's end again and if more than 100 mA surfaces. Tuning the RF circuits RF stages Q2, Q3, and Q4 and is drawn, check to see if any JOINT part gets hot or smokes. If so, GOOD JOINT ROSIN BAD video amplifier Q5 are operated find the cause and repair as- in class C mode. In the absence sembly errors and/or damaged r of an input signal, they are "off' parts before proceeding. ICI and draw no current. An input signal causes the stages to turn Test points NO CONTACT on and draw a current that is

Seven test points are shown 5. Inspect solder joints for good electrical connection. somewhat proportional to the on the in Reheat poorly soldered joints. Always use minimum input signal. Therefore, by schematic diagram heat required. Fig. 2. These are intended for monitoring the collector cur- tune -up and diagnostic use on a SOLDER HERE rent of a stage, the drive signal finished, operating transmitter. supplied to that stage can be Not all of the test points (listed monitored. Test points are used below) are used in the tuneup to monitor stage currents by procedure. reading the DC voltage drop across resistors in the collector circuits. Typical collector cur- SOLDER + Test HERE rent of stage Q2 is 25 -40 mA; Q3 Point Location Volts DC SOLDER and Q4, 30 -60 mA. 1ì-ansistor +13.2 HERE TP1 Collector, Q7 BANDED END MAY Q5 is tuned for maximum RF Collector, Q1 + 12.6 BE BEVELLED output into a 50 -ohm dummy Collector, Q2 +13.2 NOTE: Observe that polarized surface -mount capaci- load. TP6 Drain, Q9 +6.8 tors are marked In one of two ways. Connect the negative ( - ) lead TP7 Collector, Q8 +3.5 of your VOM or DVM TP3 and Colelctor, Q4 > +2.0 to the positive ( + ) lead to < +11.5* test If point TP1. Make the supply TP2 Emitter, Q7 > +2.0 to everything is satisfactory at sure < +11.5* 10 volts, set the power supply voltage is set to 13.2 -volts DC. voltage to 13.2 volts. Connect a Set the slug in oscillator coil Ll 'These voltages depend on the setting of R14 and to all the way inside. Now back out R18. Verify this before proceeding further. voltmeter negative lead the power supply negative terminal the slug with a plastic align- 65

www.americanradiohistory.com COIL WINDING DATA coaxial cable is preferred. Cable FOR THE MINI 900 TRANSMITTER type RG174 is also satisfactory, but tends to melt rather easily LEAD TO TUNING BOTTO M SLUG when soldered. Some sort of in- TURN dicator on the load is necessary Lt - L5 to see the RF output, but it does Coil No. of Turns SCRAPE INSULATION not need to be calibrated -a rel- Lt 7.5 L2, L3. L5 3.5 AND TIN ative reading is satisfactory. ran L4 2.5 1/4 "1/4"__4 Mgr Restore power to the PC board. Readjust L2 and L3 as Wind coils L1 -L5 using #22 enameled wire on an 8 -32 screw. Form leads as before. Now remove the negative shown in diagram. Scrape off enamel and tin wire ends as shown. Bottom of last winding is mounted 1/8-inch above PC board. Install coils on PC board meter probe from TP3 and con- using 8 -32 screw as holder. Once soldered in place, remove screw and in blue tuning slug. nect it to TP5. The meter's thread 8 -32 Cambion positive probe is still connected L6 CLEARANCE to TP1 (13.2- volts DC). 8 Start with a range setting on

Coll No. of Turns the multimeter that will ade- L6 0.5 Mit quately show readings in the 1- L7 1.5 volt DC Verify L8 4.0 range. that the ir trimmers are preset. Adjust L4, L5, C12, and C13 for maximum Wind coils L6 -L8 using #22 bare, tinned wire on an 8 -32 screw. Form leads as shown in diagrams to allow 1/8 -inch clearance for L7 and L8. Remove meter reading. Then, readjust screw. Spread turns evenly to fit on PC board mounting holes and solder in L2 and L3 to further increase place. this reading as much as possible. Repeat this procedure until L12 -H . 0.1" no further improvement is L13 -H . 0.2" Coll No. of Turns noted. Capacitor C14 is not L11 2.5 touched and is left as preset L12 0.5 L13 0.5 during this step. The reading 1/4" obtained in this step may be typically 1 to 1.5 volts. Wind coils L11 -L13 using #22 bare, tinned wire on a 6-32 screw. Form leads as shown in diagrams. Remove screw. Spread turns of L11 evenly to fit on Repeak L4, L5, C12 and C13. PC board mounting holes and solder in place. Solder coils L12 And L13 in Continue this process until no place carefully observing height dimensions. further increase in the meter reading can be obtained. The SCRAPE settings for the trimmer capaci- INSULATION AND TIN tors should not be too far from No. of Turns Cog CLOSE TO the original preset positions. If L14 13 COIL they are radically different, check to see if L4, L5, L6, and L7 Toroidal coil L14 is wound on a 0.375 -inch diameter ferrte core. Use fine are properly sandpaper to remove sharp edges from the toroid -hole ends to avoid scrap- wound and that the ing of wire insulation when winding coil. Use #22 enameled wire (about 10- correct parts are installed in the inches long). Pass the wire through the hole 13 times -each pass is a turn. Space turns evenly on toriodal form. Scrape off enamel and tin wire ends as circuit board positions. Coil L4 shown. Install on PC board tight to surface. has only 2.5 turns and may not securely hold the slug in position. Use a small drop of paraffin ment tool, while watching the C19 35% mesh wax as a temporary cement to meter. At some point the voltage C20 50% mesh prevent the coil's slugs from fall- reading on the meter should ing out or shifting See Fig. 3 for locations of the during han- sharply jump up to a higher above trimmer dling and tune -up. reading, then tune for a peak capacitors. Adjust C14 for a dip (mini- reading. Then back the slug of Connect a 50 -ohm dummy mum reading at TP5) from the Ll out of the coil so the reading load suitable for 900 MHz reading in the previous step. decreases about 5 -10 %. Next ad- across the output of the RF This dip in the reading may be just the slugs of L2 and L3 for a power amplifier (junction C36 around 30 -50 %. Do not worry maximum reading. Repeat ad- and L13, and foil ground.). Use about the exact amount as long justments of L2 and L3 until no 50 -ohm coaxial cable and make as a significant dip is obtained. further voltage increase is ob- the connection short. See Fig. 4 It should be fairly near the pre- tained on the meter. Next re- for proper cable -connection set mesh, 10 to 30% or there- move the power and set trim- method. Connect the cable to abouts. If the dip occurs at over mer capacitors as follows: the 50 -ohm dummy load using 35% mesh, this indicates some- a suitable connector to match thing has been improperly C12 35% mesh your load (BNC or N- types, usu- tuned or there is an error in as- C13 20% mesh ally). Use proper adapters as re- sembly. Capacitor C14 should 66 C14 20% mesh quired. Type RG188 or RG316 not be meshed more than 35%

www.americanradiohistory.com R29 AUDIO as this indicates incorrect tun- 014 C13 C12 L5 L3 GAIN ing. Carefully and slowly adjust C19, while watching the RF output power meter and the power - supply current. A sharp rise in power -supply current and an indication on the RF power meter will be noted at some point around the preset position of C19, typically 30 to 40% meshed. No other setting is acceptable. The tuning elements are fixed in the PC board and therefore have close tolerances. Next, adjust C20 for maximum RF output. Then, go back to L4 and L5, and readjust them for maximum RF output, followed by re- peaking C12, C13, and C14 to improve Reduce NON -METALLIC C19 010 R14 R18 C24 TOROID COIL further output. HARDWARE LINEARITY VIDEO L14 the supply voltage to 10 -volts GOES HERE GAIN DC and verify there is still RF power output as seen at the in- Component side of the PC board shown with all the parts installed and ready for cable dicator on the dummy load. connection to video and audio inputs and antenna. A few of the components are of the pre- recognition with Fig. 3. About 20% or more identified to facilitate compatible vious output should still be obtained. If not, repeat previous AUDIO L2 you SUBCARRIER steps starting with until achieve this. You should be able to obtain RF output below 8.5 volts from the power supply before the RF power drops out completely and the RF power should vary smoothly with supply voltage, no sudden jumps or reversals at higher voltages, if the tune -up procedure was done correctly. There is some interaction be- AUDIO VIDEO FREQUENCY POWER tween tuning adjustments. Also, the power -supply voltage can affect the value of transistor operator's controls. The FREQUENCY internal capacitances, resulting FRONT PANEL for the Mini 900 shows the op- control is a modification that was eliminated in the final prototype. in some slight variation of timum tuning settings over a voltage range. It is strongly recommended to perform initial tune -up at 13.2 -volts DC, and make sure that all is functioning properly. If other supply voltages are to be used (9 to 15 -volts DC) you should then re- tune the Mini 900 at the alternate supply voltage. At 15 volts (maximum) power- supply voltage, the Mini 900 will have less tolerance to fault conditions such as over-voltage and high antenna VSWR (greater VIDEO DC AUDIO 9 -volts INPUT INPUT INPUT than 2:1). Conversely, at DC (minimum) power -supply voltage, there is no room left to THE REAR PANEL is where all input and output connectors are located. A screw - allow for lowered supply voltage terminal grounding post should not be ignored when setting up the transmitter (weak or exhausted batteries, 67

www.americanradiohistory.com etc.). For this reason, 11 to 14- source. applications for video transmis- volts DC is suggested as an oper- Set R18 and R29 to mid -range sion and should be suitably ating supply voltage. settings. Apply power to the mounted. Current amateur About 0.5 -watts RF output or Mini 900 and adjust R14 so the band plans for 902 -928 MHz more should be obtained with a RF power output drops to half suggest the use of two channels 13.2 -volts DC supply. At 10 -volts its original level. Turn on the re- (picture carrier frequencies) for DC, typically 0.2 watt; at 15- ceiver and activate the VCR or ATV use at 910.25 and at 922.25 volts DC, typically 0.7 -watt will other source of video and audio. MHz. This is not a legal require- be obtained. This is peak enve- Watching the picture, adjust ment but a recommendation to lope power (PEP) and occurs on R14 and R18 for a good stable follow that avoids possible inter- video signal's sync tips. Average picture, without rolling, or ference with other amateur sta- power varies with video modu- white or black level clipping. Ad- tions. Check the ARRL repeater lation and will be 20 to 60% of just R29 for best sound. Set the directory or with local amateurs this figure, depending on the receiver's volume at normal level active in ATV to determine what modulating signal. If, after all during this adjustment. Read- picture carrier frequencies to tuning adjustments are op- just R14, R18 and R29 as use. timized, power output seems a needed. Also remember to maintain little low, it is possible that the Do not attempt any RF adjust- good RF practice and to shield inductances of L12 and/or L13 ments using the received pic- all cables (video, audio and DC) are too high. ture. If a satisfactory picture to the board. Shielded audio ca- Check L12 and L13 by bring- cannot be obtained, make sure ble can be used for short runs ing a brass or copper screw near you are not overloading your re- for video and audio, but for the the coils, first L12 and then L13. ceiver with excess RF signal or antenna lead use a short length The presence of the brass screw that you are not causing the RF of RG188, RG316 or RG174 ca- reduces the coils inductance. If signal to interfere with your ble. These cables are very lossy the power output increases source of video. Some video so do not be surprised to experi- slightly, reduce the size of the equipment may not work prop- ence a 20% power loss in a 2 or corresponding inductor until erly in strong RF fields so do not 3 -foot cable. this test fails to produce an in- immediately assume the trans- Make sure to mount the crease. These inductors are mitter is to blame. transmitter in a shielded en- electrically and physically small The video modulator in the closure. If the overall weight is a and there is a tendency for most Mini 900 is DC coupled. A drop consideration, a thin plastic en- builders to make them too in supply voltage due to battery closure wrapped with sheet cop- large. Conversely, if no improve- depletion may cause sync clip- per foil might be used. Copper ment is detected, leave them ping to occur. If this operating foil with a thickness of 0.001 or alone, and check C33, C34, condition is expected, set the 0.0015 -inch is usually available C35, and C36 to see if they are alignment adjustments at at hobby and craft stores. Sol- correctly mounted and are not lowest expected supply voltage. der all seams in the copper cracked or broken. Make sure An increase in supply voltage where possible. Keep the radiat- that R14 and R18 are set for usually has no effect in this re- ing antenna as far as you can maximum voltage (at least 11.5 gard. The circuit design as- from other devices that may be volts) at TP2. sumes a reasonably constant RF sensitive. This can be a chal- supply voltage, -1 to + 2 volt lenge in R/C models. Use the The final adjustments variation at 12 to 14 -volt levels. best antennas possible. The The last step is the checkout At 10 volts, no more than 0.75 Mini 900 may be limited to a of the video modulator. You will volt drop would be advisable low-gain antenna such as a sim- need a suitable receiver or without readjustment of R14 ple quarter-wave whip. The 900 - monitor capable of tuning to and R18. MHz receiver might require a 902 -928 MHz or to whatever After alignment procedure is higher gain antenna. Resist the crystal you have installed. Con- completed, it is a good idea to temptation to use those cute lit- nect the transmitter to an an- glue the tuning slugs in L1 tle stub and rubber duckies tenna such that its radiating through L5 in place. and to coat when significant range is re- element is at least 5 feet from the toroidal coil L14. Use Duco quired. The larger types of an- the PC board and at least 10 feet cement or any clear lacquer for tennas perform better, all from the receiver. No antenna this purpose. Avoid pigmented things being equal. should be needed on the re- paints as certain pigments can The authors used a pair of ceiver. Connect a source of video introduce losses into the coils. corner reflectors for the range (1 -volt, peak -to -peak, 75 -ohm, After the cement dries, a slight test and obtained a clean pic- negative sync) to the video input readjustment of the 4.5 MHz ture at over 5 miles, and a fair of the transmitter (across the subcarrier frequency (C24) picture 12 miles away at favor- junction of R16- R17 and might be required. able locations. Range is more a ground). Connect audio signal function of terrain than any- to audio input point (across Using the Mini 900 thing else. A corner reflector an- R29). A VCR with a tape playing The Mini 900 ATV transmit- tenna consists of a half -wave 68 is an excellent video /audio ter can be used in a variety of Continued on page 73

www.americanradiohistory.com JAMES MELTON

A specialized two -lead semiconductor is a complete project that will protect your modem communications from interruptions.

MODEMS ENABLE COMPUTER owners to communicate with other computer owners, and access fax machines and network PH(amt-LIIv services all over the world. You can download more information about almost any subject Wig 1,1 than is found in your local li- PRIVACy brary in less time than it takes to get there! You can send or- requests member that two -year -old Equipment at the CO places ders for merchandise, tone signal on the for information, or send your child), the behind -the -scenes an audio dial right operation is more complicated. line going to your house to let opinion to a radio station connection to the from your keyboard. Consider the operation of a you know that phone line that runs from the CO has been made and you can With all this convenience with dialing. The comes a problem: You can be in- telephone company's CO (cen- now proceed terrupted during the middle of tral office) to your home. CO listens for the DTMF (dig- Start with the phone on -hook ital -tone, multiple- frequency) all this high- speed, com- key pressed -data, multiple hand- (hung -up is the common ex- signals from the phone's the pression) waiting for a call to be pad, and the call is routed at the shake communications by The equip- simple act of your two-year -old made. When all the phones on CO to a destination. an- the same line are on hook, the ment at the CO then waits for child picking up a phone in connection by other part of the house and say- phone line from the CO is an you to break the the open loop. There will be a volt- hanging up, which it deter- ing "Hi Granny" into loop current no mouthpiece! Even five minutes age of between 30 and 50 volts mines when the lost can be aggravating. DC standing on the line, and no longer exists. current will be flowing. For incoming calls, the CO One obvious solution is to voltage have two phone lines-and the When a phone goes off-hook, places an AC ringing from a switch inside the telephone from 90 to 130 volts AC onto the accompanying two bills on your the phone company. A better so- connects the phone instrument DC voltage standing automatic to the phone line, and presents open -loop line. A capacitor in lution would be an provides a closed way to ensure that the person, a terminating load of approxi- the telephone the mately 600 ohms. This 600 - loop for the ring signal when the modem, or machine using The capacitor phone line has exclusive use of ohm load causes a DC current to phone is on hook. the loop between your passes the AC through to the the line. Such an arrangement flow in and your is possible without the re- home and the CO. This DC cur- ringing circuitry, the nation- rent signals the CO that you phone rings. When you pick up sources of NASA and you complete the DC al budget. In fact, the exclusive wish to make a call. The amount the phone, of current flowing depends on loop as mentioned previously, use of the phone line can be ar- you have ranged at your house or busi- the distance the phone is from and the CO knows the CO, since the current has to picked up the phone. The CO ness just by adding a single the ringing sig- semiconductor in series with travel many miles through the discontinues interfere phone lines to your house. The nal, interconnects the ori- each phone that might to yours, then with modem operation. farther away your home is from ginator's phone the CO, the lower the loop cur- monitors the loop current, wait- Phone basics first rent, and consequently, the ing for you to hang up. Although the "how" of operat- lower the voltage seen at your home telephone. Typically, the One -component project ing a phone across the phone from the network is so simple as to be off-hook voltage might vary be- To isolate the modem second nature to everyone (re- tween 12 and 18 volts. phones and achieve uninter- 69

www.americanradiohistory.com Basic plus one part

' HS20 Here LINE FROM CO is how your home H phones will operate after the in-

L stallation of the HS20 bilateral RJ-11 silicon trigger switches: With the modem and the phone line on -hook, 30 to 50 -volts DC is standing on the line, and is r 1 HS20 present at the modular plug for m each phone. If your modem goes off-hook, it closes the loop, and RJ-11 the HS20 sees the 30 to 50 volts across it. Because the HS 20 is manufactured to trigger at 20 volts, it triggers, and HS20 becomes a very H H low resistance (about a 2 -volt drop) part of the loop circuit. Should the other phone(s) in the circuit now try to access the line, nothing will happen. The voltage on the circuit, with the FIG. 1-INSTALLATION SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM for installing the HS20 bilateral silicon modem accessing the line, has trigger switches in your home -phone network. The HS20's can be installed within the dropped to somewhere between communicating device or inside a RJ -11 -type terminal block. 6 and 18 volts. This voltage is not enough to fire the trigger switch at the phone's site, and the HS20 remains in a high -impedance (resistance) state. You do not have loop current flowing in the line to your voice phone, and you have not interrupted the modem's reception or transmission. The HS20 works equally well the other way: If you are on the voice phone first, no other phone equipped with a trigger in the loop can interfere. The other phone will be silent, and cannot hear your phone conversation. Also, you cannot use your modem. Installation You can determine from the schematic drawing in Fig. 1 that the HS20 can be placed anywhere in each telephone's line FIG. 2-INSIDE VIEW of a RJ -11 type terminal with the HS20 bilateral silicon trigger so as to effect only that device. switch installed. Communications emanating from a phone or modem plugged into The RJ -11 block (Fig. 2) is the this block will not interfere with other similarly connected devices. best place to install the HS20 in series with one wire of the inner pair of the modular jack. Unless rupted communications re- (or begins conducting) at a you have more than one phone quires the installation of HS20 point in the AC waveform that line, the inner pair of the modu- bilateral silicon trigger switches allows for positive triggering of lar cord will always be the pair manufactured by Teccor Elec- the triac. However, those perfor- from the CO. In some cases, it tronics. Normally, the HS20 is mance characteristics are ideal might be easier to open the used in commercial light dim- for this application. All you have phone's plastic case and locate mers as part of the triggering to do is install one semiconduc- the inner pair of wires, and sol- circuit for a triac. It prevents tor in each of the phones that der the HS20 into one of the current from flowing until the you want to safeguard from lines. voltage has built up to a defi- jamming your modem's com- It does not make any dif- 70 nite, repeatable value, then fires munications. ference which of the two wires of

www.americanradiohistory.com the line is used, and you do not TROUBLESHOOTING ATV TRANSMITTER have to stay on the same wire from one device to the next. The continued from page 38 conttnuedfrom page 68 HS20 is also not polarity sensitive, so either lead of the semiconductor can be connected to each minute. As we listened to dipole mounted near a reflect- either line in the loop. Again, the machinery and watched the ing surface consisting of two you need to put one HS20 in the pulses, we heard a cooling fan plane conducting surfaces at an line for each device you want to switching just as each new angle, usually 60 to 90 degrees. protect including the modem. spike occurred. Then we real- The dipole is parallel to the line Any phone connected to the line ized that the problem was the of intersection of these surfaces without the HS20 in its line will spike. It was fooling the PLC, and 0.25 to 0.4 wavelengths be able to butt -in on your con- and making it think that the away from the intersection. Typ- versation, or on your data or fax temperature had dropped below ical gain of these antennas is 8 transfer. threshold during one of the to 12 dB over a dipole. One HS20 bilateral silicon spikes, when the temperature A fair quality picture with trigger switch is required for dropped near 400 degrees. minor snow requires better each phone and modem you in- than 20 dB signal-to -noise ratio tend to protect; the minimum of the received signal. A 20 dB quantity is two semiconductors signal- to -noise ratio voice sig- for a home with one modem and nal means very comfortable one phone. If you are having copy (assuming AM modula- trouble obtaining the HS20 bi- tion). A fair picture means it has lateral silicon trigger switches some snow, certainly useful for from electronic parts suppliers, facial identification. you can purchase them from In the author's tests, the Mini SolarWorks, 2747 Wentworth 900 was mounted on the back of Drive, Grand Prairie, TX 75052 a corner reflector with 11 -inch for $4 each, plus $0.50 postage square sides at a 90- degree an- and handling per order. n THE TEKMETER saved the day! gle. The antenna was 30 feet above ground on a hilltop at the Now it's so obvious author's home, 12 air miles east A visual inspection of the of Glens Falls, NY. The receiver thermocouple cables revealed setup used a similar but slightly ladronir r .t1' 'j,, h;.l that a portion of its shield had smaller antenna with a low - _--- x. -- been worn away because of the noise downconverter mounted cooling on the back of the antenna. The It n ,.. .. .4.. , ...i. r4.1 vibration of a nearby fan. Figure 6 shows some typ- matching downconverter for ical thermocouple hardware for the Mini 900 ATV transmitter those who are not already famil- project and corner reflector an- iar with them. Replacing the ca- tenna construction will be cov- ble got the annealing cycle back ered in future issues. to normal, and the springs were The downconverter was feed- Your Ticket To springy again! We and our por- ing a 12 -volt DC TV receiver, the table scope found and elimi- receiving setup located on the sy wig-117QQ nated a costly factory problem. front seat of the author's vehi- The preceding examples illus- cle. At best sites, the transmit- trate just a few of the ways that a ter location was visible with Over 28,000 technicians have gained admit- scope can be used to high -power binoculars, so line - tance worldwide as certified professionals. portable Let your ticket start opening doors for you. find and cure factory process of-sight conditions were had, was still ob- ISCET offers Journeyman certification in problems. In addition to these but a good picture Consumer Electronics, Industrial, Medical, simple cases, we can use the tained with some obstructions. Communications, Radar, Computer and DVM and oscilloscope functions However, in hilly terrain with Video. For more information, contact the range was as International Society of Certified Electro- to find power -quality problems heavy foliage, nics Technicians, 2708 West Berry Street. caused by dirty AC, bad power :short as half a mile when hills Fort Worth, TX 76109; (817) 921 -9101. factors, and unbalanced phase blocked the signal. R/C air- Name power. We can also evaluate planes typically have line -of- Address SCR- and triac -based motor sight conditions in most cases. controls for voltage, phase, and Typical range with 3 -inch whip City at the transmitter Zip frequency conditions, factors antennas State governing efficiency. Finally, we and receiver would be about one Send material about ISCET and for becoming certified. can detect and cure sensor sig- mile or so line -of- sight, less with the obstructed paths. Use the best Send one "Study Guide for the nal degradation Associate Level CET Test." En- simplicity of using a pocket antennas possible for the situa- closed is $10 (inc. postage). J DMM. S2 tion you face. S2 73

www.americanradiohistory.com METROLOGY LAB can build a comparison bridge with "quick insertion" clips, +27v DC continued from page 40 just like commercial bridges use. 10.0K tempting this project with com- A simple comparison bridge (OR TO monly available resistors, the circuit is shown in Fig. 3. Build MATCH results have been excellent. it on some scrap perforated con- DECADE) struction board, and be sure to Selecting resistors use a multi -turn trimmer po- You must select resistors for tentiometer, or the bridge will the divider out of a batch of be impossible to zero. The re- ordinary 1% metal -films de- sistor clips are made from .015 - vices. Even though 1% is more inch brass, cut with scissors than two orders of magnitude and bent with needle nosed worse than what we need, any pliers. Drill the brass strips, de- given bag of 200 resistors is al- burr them, then clean them most certain to contain at least with steel wool before bending. one suitable set, and usually Bridge power is supplied from more than one. three 9 -volt batteries in series. FIG. 3 -BUILD THIS COMPARISON The process of selecting elev- The best detector is the null de- BRIDGE to match resistors for the KVD. en resistors that are matched to tector described last month. better than 40 PPM is not diffi- However a DVM that can resolve clips, you should be able to zero cult, merely tedious. To make 0.1 millivolt is also acceptable. the bridge by adjusting the the job as easy as possible, you With a resistor installed on the trimmer potentiometer. Note

R45-R55 24.90

R23-R33 41252 R12-R22 2.05K R1-R11 O 10K R56-R65 Y ° 24.90

R34-R44 1000

04 R69 49952 0.1 0.1e Q I R67 R74 825K 1K . I O

' R72 tr- 50K J. C R66 O. 7 806K R70 1000 INPUT O_ R68

i 4.22K

OUTPUT I R73 O ¡ 1K

74 FIG. 2-THE COMPLETE KELVIN -VARLEV DIVIDER. The setting shown equals 0.45187.

www.americanradiohistory.com that it takes 10-20 seconds to measure them a few times until get a stable reading to the preci- you have confidence that all the sion you need. parts are within a 1/2 -millivolt The first order of business is window. Congratulations, the to get an idea of the average val- hardest part is over! ue of your resistors, and sort Select the resistor sets for them into roughly matched f 1.67" each subsequent decade in the groups. Since all of the resistors same manner. You will have to have values within 1% , the 0.92" change the reference resistor in 1 bridge will be nearly balanced at 0.65' the bridge for each value. The all times. You will not have to re- required match for each suc- zero it; read the de- 0.27' ceeding decade becomes less instead, just 3.59" O viation on the null detector (or 0.27' critical. The last three decades DVM). The bridge has a very nar- 0.65" don't require matching, but I row range of adjustment. You 0.92' like to check them on a DVM might have to pad one of the just to be sure they are close. upper legs slightly if it won't 1.67" See Table 1 for values and zero. matching requirements. An excellent way to keep track of the resistors is to use a piece Assembly of perforated construction The connector headers are ep- board as a sorting board. Put a oxied to the top panel of the en- piece of masking tape on the closure. I used a piece of long edge and label the holes. phenolic sheet, but a piece of zero in center, 0.50" circuit board would Start with the a material then 10 millivolts per hole, go- work equally as well. 'Remove ing outwards from zero each \ I the copper by etching or peeling way. Minus should be on the it off. left. You will soon see where Figure 5, a 1:1 copy of the pan- most of the resistors fall, and el layout, makes a handy drill can re -zero the bridge to put template. Just tape a copy of it this value in the center. I find in position on the panel, then that a four by six inch board is use a center punch to mark the enough. If the average value is holes. Drill on the punch near the center, resistors off the marks. Clean everything care- edge are unlikely to match, and b fully, then epoxy the connector can be put aside. FIG. 4 -BEND A 0.015 -inch BRASS headers in place. 'ßy to keep the Measure each resistor, put it STRIP as show to form a clip for insert- epoxy off the pins. Small rubber ing resistors into the comparison into the appropriate hole in the bridge. grommets in the wire exit holes sorting board. As you test more will protect the wires and give and more resistors, the sorting From adjacent columns, it the unit a more finished ap- board becomes a visual histo- should be possible to find 11 re- pearance. gram of the resistor values! sistors that are all within 1/2 Solder the decade resistors to With luck, there should be millivolt of each other, and the underside of each header as several columns with high hopefully, a few spares. No shown in the photo. Since ex- numbers of resistors. Separate doubt there will be a few people cessive heat can change the re- these columns, combining who don't "win" on the first bag sistor values, be sure to leave them with the columns on ei- of resistors. If this is your fate, the leads long and heat -sink ther side. Measure these re- either order another bag, or live each lead while soldering. A pair sistors again, increasing the with a bit lower accuracy. of long nose pliers can be used sensitivity of the detector, and Once you have resistors for as a heat sink. sorting them every 1/2 millivolt. the first decade selected, re- The padding networks are at-

TABLE 1-MATCHING REQUIREMENTS KVD Resistor Resistor Bridge Offset Padding Network Padded Decade Value Match with 27V Applied (Typical) Value

1 10K52 ±0.0037% ±0.25 mV - - 2 2.05K52 ±0.037& ±2.5 mV 820K (806K +50K pot) 20K 3 412f2 ±0.37% ±25 mV 844.6K (825K +50K pot) 4.1K 4 10052 ±1% - 4.68K (4.22K+1K pot) 82452 5 24.9f ±1% - 1.01K (49952+1 K pot) 20052

6 24.952 ±1% - 62.255 (10052 pot) 49.852 75

www.americanradiohistory.com will be wired in parallel, but offset by two positions. Adjustment The final step is to adjust the loo0 padding networks. This step 0 has the potential to be con- fusing, so study the figures and O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 instructions carefully. What you will do is attach clip -leads to °P0^.OU0 TTchN^O O turn each decade into a Wheat- stone bridge, with the previous ,- decade included as one of the o O bridge's arms. It is then a simple O matter to adjust the previous O decade and null the bridge. O This technique isolates each PcOt\.OU7Trc7N^O O decade, and is the only way to accurately adjust the KVD. Do not attempt to adjust the de- o cades with an ohmmeter, be-

O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 cause it is not accurate enough, and the multiple current paths O will give incorrect readings. Pao ^.OU TT0JN ^- O Note that the voltages used are common battery voltages, if you o don't have a suitable power supply handy. O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. Start with the output decade (No. 6). Attach power supply, the 0. ao ^.0 i0 VM01^0 null detector, and a shorting lead to decade No. 5, as shown in Fig. 6. Because the resis- o tances are low, do not apply more than 3 volts DC. Adjust O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 O the trimmer network on decade No. 6 for null. CP. ao.0u7Ttc1CV^O 2. Shut off the power and carefully move all of the clip -leads to the next decade (No. 4). Apply 3 o volts DC and adjust the trimmer network on decade No. 5 for a O null reading. 3. Move to decade No. 3 and ad- OPao^sOLO .Zr cINr0 just the trimmer network on de- H cade No. 4, using about 9 volts D DC. z 4. Move to decade No. 2 and ad- 0 0 just decade No. 3, using about 18 volts DC. 5. Finally, move to decade No. 1 FIG. 5-THE KVD FRONT PANEL makes a handy drilling guide. It is shown full -size and adjust decade No. 2. Use 27 here. volts DC and make this adjustment as carefully as possible. tached across the full decades, needed portion. Also, cut off the 6. Recheck all the decades until and can be held in place with a unused header pin from the you are confident that they are drop of hot glue or epoxy. Each same decade. stable and correctly adjusted. decade connects to its plug via a If you build a KVD using rota- 7. Finish up by installing the 6" twisted wire pair. Since the ry switches, you will have to KVD in its enclosure plugs are reversible, use two dif- work out the connections for ferent colors of wire to avoid the particular switches you use. Making precision measure- confusion. The plug for the last Generally, the resistors will be ments decade uses only one wire, so mounted in series around one The simplest application of 76 you may want to saw off the un- of the decks, and the other deck the KVD is to measure voltages

www.americanradiohistory.com from zero up to the value of your voltage standard. The setup is shown in Fig. 7. Adjust the KVD settings until the null meter reads zero, then multiply the KVD reading times the exact value of the voltage standard. NULL Warning: Because the divider DETEC1 OR connections are exposed, do not use this divider with high voltages (above 40 volts), as there would be a risk of shock. Using the voltage standard from the first installment of the TO NEXT series, this setup will easily DECADE check or calibrate the references used in 14 -bit digital systems. Remember: The KVD is only accurate if no current isflowtng in the output leg. Thus, it is always used for null measurements, never as a source of current. For example, you cannot accurately measure the output of the KVD with a voltmeter, because the resistance of the meter would form a divider with the KVD, lowering the voltage slightly. lb measure voltages higher than the voltage standard, you FROM DECADE can divide them down with the ALREADY KVD, then null to the voltage ADJUSTED standard. See Fig. 8.

FIG. 8-HOOK UP CLIP LEADS AS SHOWN to adjust the padding networks.

THE COMPARISON BRIDGE can be built on perforated construction board.

This method does load the source. lb avoid that, another stable voltage source can be = used. The source drives the 74. KVD, and is adjusted to null with the voltage standard. The a. unknown voltage is then measured as in Fig. 7, but with the f higher temporary standard. A CLOSE -UP view of the KVD wiring. The KVD can also be used as n

www.americanradiohistory.com z NULL 000 w0 DETECTOR cn 8 > > AMPLIFIER DVM 0 rn 0 rm°z z¢

10.00000 VDC + KELVIN-VARLEY + UNKNOWN STANDARD DIVIDER VOLTAGE / / Ów FIG. 7 -THE SIMPLEST KVD MEASUREMENT SETUP. J UJ1- - Z Ñ d W ¢

NULL 000 DETECTOR AMPLIFIER DVM

UNKNOWN VOLTAGE KELVIN -VARLEY + 10.00000 VDC >10V DIVIDER STANDARD

FIG. 8 -THE KVD CAN BE USED TO MEASURE VOLTAGES above 10 volts with this setup.

S Decade h-rrrVarley VuRage Drrrder

FIG. 11- TYPICAL CALIBRATION SETUP for the KVD. one half of a Wheatstone bridge. If you have one or more precisely known resistors, you can accurately compare many different values to them. See Fig. 9. Finally, the voltage standard and KVD can make a superb low current voltage source. The THE COMPLETE SIX -DECADE KVD installed in its case. KVD is accurate only if no current is flowing in the output tap, so it must be buffered. See Fig. 10. This is a particularly useful arrangement for checking ana-. 10.00000 VDC log-to- digital converters. + KELVIN -VARLtY NULL 000 STANDARD DIVIDER DETECTOR We hope you enjoy building AMPLIFIER DVM the equipment presented, and increasing your knowledge of UNKNOWN REFERENCE traditional metrology tech- RESISTOR RESISTOR niques and making measure- w, ments that are accurate! n FIG. 9 -USING THE KVD AS A BRIDGE. REFERENCES

Basic Electrical Measurements, Melville B. Stout, Prentice -Hall, 1950 Calibration: Philosophy in Practice, Fluke Corp., 1994 10.00000 VDC + KELVIN- VARLEY JRL Precision, Vol. 1 No. 2, Julie Re- STANDARD DIVIDER O search Laboratories Inc., 1958 JRL Precision, Vol. 3 No. 5, Julie Re- search Laboratories Inc., 1960 78 FIG. 10-THE KVD CAN BE USED AS A VOLTAGE SOURCE with this setup.

www.americanradiohistory.com ElectrunicSUPPLEMENT TO ELECTRONICS NOW MAY 1996 PPER

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www.americanradiohistory.com In recent independent tests Coal -Amp is proven better than electroplating.

(For 50 years we've said Cool -Amp is "equal to" electroplating in performance. It is better.)

Cool -Amp Conducto -Lube

42 tie Luba

41 Facto

39 Cunducto tube

3750 100 150 200 300 Elapsed Time Current in Amperes

From the report From the report "...compare the conducting properties of Cool -Amp silver plat- -...compare the conducting properties of Conducto -Lube lubricant ing compound with factory silver elctro-plated bus and bare cop- with factory lubrication and non -lubricated connections on an air per bus. switch. Identical test setups and procedures were used for each test The test results indicated that the contact resistance of the so that comparative data could be collected and the relative perfor- Cool-Amp plated bus connection was slightly lower than that of mance of each type of connection could be quantified. the electro-plated bus connection and much lower than that of the "The test results indicated that the contact resistance of the switch bare copper bus connection. The final temperature at temperature employing Conducto -Lube was generally lower than that of the facto- equilibrium of the bus connection employing Cool -Amp was slight- ry lubricated switch and the switch that used no lubricant." ly lower than that of the electro- plated bus connection and the bare copper bus connection..."

Cool -Amp Conducto -tube How it works: How it works: Applies on the job. Application is This is the conductive lubricant; simple. Yet Cool -Amp adheres highly conductive because it con- permanently. As tests show, it is tains pure silver. better than electroplating. Originally developed to lubricate Minimizes overheating and switches, to the point tension can be power loss by silver plating high adjusted to factory specs allowing amperage connections. full rated capacity of the switch to be Saves time, reduces mainte- maintained at all times. A one -pound bottle Conductivity is demonstrated nance. Cool -Amp is so simple to Uses have continued to of Cool -Amp by inserting test prongs into apply on the job. It assures maxi- - silver plating powder a container of expland -from switches and break mum conductivity for copper, plates approximately Conducto -Lube and ers-to any application where a con- brass, or bronze contacts and pre- 6.000 square inches. establishing a circuit. ductive lubricant is needed. vents losses due to oxidation. Photo shows low 'Various tests were performed on both products in the voltage (115 VAC) continuity Electro -Test. Inc. facilities in Portland, Oregon during through container. January- March, 1994. Evaluation of plating thickness of Cool -Amp was performed by Surface Science laboratories of Mountain View, California.

Cool -Amp Conducto -Lube Company COOL-.AMP 15834 Upper Boones Ferry Road Lake Oswego, Oregon 97035 Order factory direct: 503/624 -6426, Fax 503/624 -6436

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CMOS EPROM #NMC27C256Q -200 CURTIS INDUSTRIES #F1200AA20 COMIPL1Ti>1 P ROOLICT'6 28 PIN DIP 256K (32 X 8) 10 AMP 250VAC - 20AMP 115VAC POWER mooucrsonnswn SPEED 200 NS 50/60HZ -size: 2 "w x 2 WI x 1 W'h °°cpr LIST PRICE $5.00 .250" QUICK Connect terminals D. # HE381 NttW Brand new Power Products BRIGAR factory Boxed Linear power supply module PRICE.. $1.75 BRIGAR SALE Input: 115VAC 50/60 271 ma oae,r, , r , PRICE $3.50 ' *\ OUTPUT: 5VDC 5000 ma r' " PRICE .. $20.00

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www.americanradiohistory.com DELUXE TIMEBASE CABLE READY (602) 451 -7454 KIT PHONE ORDERS PLUS IF YOU CAN'T FIND WHAT YOU ARE LOOKING FOR. CALL FOR A FREE COPY OF OUR LATEST CATALOG. THIS CATALOG CONTAINS OUR ENTIRE PRODUCT LINE OF ALMOST 4.000 ITEMS AND IT IS STILL GROWING! SECRET AMPLIFIED ALERT FM ALARM The Hide This attractive small Deluxe size alarm in briefcases, medicine ANTENNA it will 'stand Timebase KB is chests, drawers, cabinets, etc and silently the briefcase drawer. perfect for calibrat- guard' As soon as someone opens a loud beeping sound ing instruments, study- cabinet, etc it will start sounding on one 9V battery (not included) and uses a light ing various instruments, (to Operates O '7) ro o (o arming viewing waveforms on an oscilloscope, etc. Fea- sensitive IC circuit with built -in arming delay The in dark place tures 5 separate outputs 1MHz,100KHZ, 10KHz, Bring in those hard to receive delay allows you 5 seconds to put the unit a FM stations with this attrac- you arm it. Then, as soon as light strikes t (from 1 KHz, and 100Hz. Uses a precision 1 MHz crystal after etc.) the alarm sounds controlled oscillator and 4 CMOS ICs to divide the Back panel tive sleek design amplified someone opening the cabinet door for warning you of frequencies down to the lower frequencies. Very FM antenna. Type FM600 until it's once again in the dark Great intruders should stable and precise. Operates from a 9V battery(not by Gemini. High quality, intrusions into areas that children and in manufac- have a Velcro' peel and stick piece on included). Size of PC board: 1 5/8" x 3 5/8 ". brand new unit stay out of. These These were made to restore the VCR features you like to to securely hold the Complete withall pats. PC board and instructions. turers' boofpaturesgaincon- the back of each unit, that allows you use that your cable box takes away. Allows you to record a these alarms are Skill level 2 trol and AC adaptor with unit to the back of a cabinet Although while watching a selected station tuned in on the cable box instructions. Blowout new, they were manufactured several years ago and the 06717 $6.95 completely different one from your VCR tuner. Also restores Price! adhesive on the double stick velcro surface has dried out PIP on TV's that have this feature! on the G6948 units which means on those units you'll have purchase of these units from SUPER FAX We made a special closeout to use glue on the adhesive sides of the velcro if you with item (due 67170 $16.95 the manufacture as they will no longer offer this to mount them (mounting is totally optional). The 66949 "EYES few are scrambling the & BRAINS" to the fact that a cable companies do not have this problem. Both types are electrically petted working in some channels which prevents this device from I N iNdt it's only the velcro adhesive problem Red plastic case is this fact some of these may areas of the country) Because of 141:5 I approximately 3' o 21/2 e 7/8" have been customer returns, however, they are like onward G6948 (Bad Adhesive) $2.00 come with all accessories, and instruction manual in an attractive retail package! G6949 (Good Adhesive) $2.49 is scrambling the signal Even if your cable company YOU GET LEDS IN you'll ward to own one of these as they have a very sleek THESE COLORS: LIKE LEDS black (65/8" x 51/8" x 13/8 ") metal and plasticcase which LASER RED clear case jumbo TI 3/4 can be used in making your over professional looking One of our brightest red produces a brilliant red output. projectsand f asabuilt -in videoamp with variouselectronic ,I ORANGE LED These are the 'eyes and brains' of a lax machine parts. Fea uresa power on/off switchwith red LED poster on YELLOW G6167 4/$1.00 Consists of a small lens coupled to a circuit bond indicator, two 3' F to F cables, too 6' RCA to RCA cables, GREEN II NEC 7940 or NEC and at AC adapter containing the popular UPD 1 YOU EVEN GET MISSILE/ IC, resistors, 7990 charge couple optical scanning A RARE capacitors etc We don't have the specs or sche- ARTILERY 1 OLUEI +, matics but for anyone building, repairing or ex- NOSE CONE perimenting with faxa optical scanning these are

1 x 3/4" a must Size about 5/8'W 512'l x 2 4111111. thick Scld as is only because these may have a Iwo. shapes of prime Our Price Only Assortment of all types, colors, sizes and quality LEDs. This large assortment even contains a clear LED that lights up blue! Our largest and most spectacular 67317 $6.95 G7370 $14.95! assortment contains 250 pieces 66554 $10.00 100 WATT AUDIO FOLDING STEREO HEADPHONES POWER ANTISTATIC MAT AMPLIFIER IC LM3875 We are not sure what these are from, perhaps a Howitzer shell or some military missile. What we do know is that they are High performance audio brand new, hollow and made out of what we believe is spun power amplifier IC capable aluminum that has been polished. They are precision 4 gripper of delivering 100 watts in- t /lJl made and havean inner threaded basewith small it stantaneous peak output I Ilr' points on the outside of the nose cone to tighten onto the is power or 40 watts c83 body of the missile. The overall size of nose cone about intonto an 8n If II 6 1/4" tall x 3 1/4" dia. at base. Brand new but may have speaker 20Hz -20KHZ Specs: signal - some tarnish horn being stored (just polish then up)

lo -noise ratio - 95db(min), output shat to ground Great conversation piece . protection, supply voltage min. - 20VDC, max. - Compact high quality headphones told for storage in- 4/$30.00 84VDC. thermal protection, spike protection. Great Brand new beige colored antistatic mat. Has convenient G7172 $8.00 ea. side a standard size cassette case. Made by Gemini, for stereo power amplifiers (requires 2 units), self - snap attachment on Ida right side of mat plus flexible theseare not only comfortablebutalso havean excellent surround sound amplifies, etc coiled cord with clip to attach to your wrist strap. Great powered speakers, KHz. Weight of head- GIANT SMD response 20- 20,00KHz, 9dB ®1 working with TRA11B, 11 pin power package. Prime with specs for use Men changing out had drives, phones 1.5oz. Brand new in retail blister card. only sensitive ICs. etc. You get a 115" z ASSORTMENT and simple application circuit diagram. computers, static 22" mat with 2 buia -in snaps and a snap -on coiled cord G6943 $4.50 G7018 $3.95 with clip. 67171 $8.95 NOTE: All sale .noes advertised are valid onl throurh the month of the cover date. DELUXE SMD LEARN TO OVER jr For Phone Orders Call (602) 451- 7454 SOLDER KIT 1,000 PIECES° eat ' to (602) 451 -9495 or Fax Your Orders (t (I *AwM Order $10.00 $5.00 Shipping and Handling). We accept MasterCard, E Minimum (plus a. "^ IwONIC Visa and personal checks ,however,we cannot accepptppersonal checks on orders outside Illt and orders that need US MAIL send min imum $5.00 S&H. WIN v the United States. Canadians Foreign Order Amount: $50.00 (plus shipping and handling). Il Minimum r Our larpestassortment of tiny SMD parts oú II find prime LEDs, ceramic capacitors, resistors transistors, NMNMNN A311 diodes, tantalum capacitors, inductors, etc. in every package. Greet way to stock up your pans bins at less R}{ HIM 1 1,000 in a x3 "zip close A great way to gain experience in soldering, Identifica- than 1/2` a part! Over pieces 2" parts that the menu - tion and use of Surface Mount Device (SMD) Technol- bag! NOTE: Many SMD am so tiny part in this 0OQO2IDNG Includes LED laclurer does not mark them, however: every is 100% prime andperfect Do a little detec- PO Box 5408 fflasher. Uses 9Vrbatery (not included). Size assortment over a hundred dollars! board 2" x 3 ". tive work and save Scottsdale, AZ 85261 C6719 $8.69 G7128 $15.00 85 CIRCLE 241 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com Electronic and AMAZING Scientific Products Mystery Infinity Transmitter ++ Levitating TV & FM Device! Joker / Remember War of the Worlds? Objects float in air and move to Jammer the touch. Defies gravity, amazing gift, conversation piece, magic Shirt pocket device áilowsyou to totally control and remotely trick or great science project. disrupt TV or radio reception. Great gag to play on family or ANTI K Easy to Assemble Kit / Plans $19.50 friends. Discretion required. EJK1KM Easy to Assemble Electronic Kil_.._....__._. $24.50 Telephone/Line Gr a ber/ Room Monitor/ Controller ATTENTION: -- ,411New - The Ultimate in Home/Office Security & Safety! High Voltage Fans! Simple to usel Call your home or office, push a secret tone 4,000 volts in the palm of your hand! Experiment on your telephone keypad to access: On premises sounds with and -gravity, hovercraft, ion guns, force fields, Laser Ray Gun and voices Ongoing phone conversation wlbreak -in capability plasma guns, shock devices, wireless energy and Up to 10 external electrical functions, lights, TV, alarms, coffee electrical pyrotechnics. Input: 9.14VDC. DANGER pots, heater, etc. CAUTION! Check legality with your state's MINIMAX4 Ready to Use...... _.419.50 MOUE LASER RADIATION attorney general's office before use for monitoring of voices. AVOID EVE OR SKIN EXPOSURE <. TO DIRECT OR SCATTER RIDIAT ON TELECON1K Kit, includes PC board ..._._...... _...... $149.50 rF CUSS ?AMER PRODUCT TELECONIO Ready to Use ...... $199.50 Advanced project produces a burst of light energy capable of burning holes in most materials. Hand -held device uses Visible Beam Laser Cr rechargeable batteries. 500 joules of flash energy excite either a Easy to build, RED Beam, vistile for miles. 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Automatically controls and records on our X-4 VRLSKM Kit / Plans .$ 74.50 STUN120 Smaller Unit, 120,000V $39.50 extended play recorder, taping both sides of a telephone conversation. Intended for order entry verification. Check your Electronic local laws as some states may require an alerting beeper. trig; Hypnotism TAP2OX Ready to Use System $129.50 Puts subjects under control using highly effective electronic stimuli. Intended for parties and entertainment but must be used NEW High Power withh caution, Includes valuable text book reference and plans. ion Ray Gun EH2 Plans and Text Book _ $19.50 Shocker Force Field! f Projects charged ions that induce shocks in people and objects Automotive Vehicle Electrifier without any connection! Great science project as well as a high tech party prank. 10G7 Plans $15.00 Neat little device allows you to make hand and shock balls, shock 10G7K Kit/Plans $99.50 wands and electrify objects, charge capacitors. Great payback for those wise guys who have wronged you! Invisible Pain NEON SHK1K Easy to Assemble Electronic Kit_ $29.50 Field Generator Easy-to-Install - Electric 4-Tube Kit Shirt pocket size electronic for Cars, Trucks, Vans! Charge device produces time variant Available in Pink, Purple, Blue or Green complex shock waves of intense directional acoustic energy, - please specify color when ordering. Gun capable of warding off aggressive animals, etc. RG4K (Specify Color) ...... -...$ 129.50 Frame Kit IPG7 Plans ...... $8.00 1PG7K Kit/Plans ...$4950 Ucense Flash -To-Music Option for above (Specify Color) All New IPG70 Assembled $74.50 Technology! 1 kit FMUI....._...... _....._..$ 29.50 LICIK .$ 24.50 Stunsfmrnobilizes attackers up to 15 feet away! 1000 Ft++ 3 Mi FM Wireless Legal in most state (not in NY, NJ, MA, WI) More knoc -down power than most handguns No permanent injury ID coded otato Cannon Microphone Free 80KV stun gun with every purchase. NOTA TOY. Uses electronic or piezo Subminiature! Crystal clear, ultra sensitive pickup transmits ECG1 Data Packet, Creditable toward purcase $10.00 ignition. CAUTION REQUIRED! voices and sounds to FM radio. Excellent for security, monitoring ECG10 Charge Gun, Ready to Use, w/Free 80KV Gun $249.50 POTI Plans...... of children or invalids. Become the neighborhood disk jockey! (Dangerous Product) .$10.00 Homing / Tracking Transmitter FMV1 Plans...... 57.00 FMV1K Kit and Plans .. $39.50 Beeper device, 3 mile range. Telephone Transmitter -3 Mi HOD1 Plans .$10.00 HOD1K Kit / Plans $49.50 FireBall Gun Automatically transmits both sides of a telephone conversation to Listen Through Walls, Floors Shoots flaming ball - two shot capacity an FM radio. Tunable Frequency Undetectable on Phone Great for special effects and remote Easy to Build and Use Up to 3 Mile Range Only transmits Highly sensitive stethoscope mike. fire starting. CAUTION REQUIRED! during phone use. VWPM7 Plans $7.00 STETH1 Plans $8.00 STETH1 K Kit/Plans...... $44.50 FIREBALL Plans (Dangerous Product) $10.00 VWPM7K Kit/Plans $39.50

CATALOG Order by Mail Dept ENS -19, Box 716, Amherst, NH 03031 With many or by 24 Hour TION more items! Orders -Only Phone Phone: 603-673-4730 FAX: 603-672-5406 Free with Order or send 51 &H MC, VISA, COD, Checks accepted Please add $5.00 Shipping & Handling P 800 -221 -1705 86 UNLIMITED

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www.americanradiohistory.com DO- IT- YOURSELF AUDIO AMPLIFIER KITS Mark V Electronics, Inc. Enclosures at Unbeatable prices ! 8019 E. Slauson Ave., Montebello, CA 90640 Free Catalog 213/888 -8988 Fax 213/888 -6868 In business since 1985 Order 1- 800 -521 -MARK 11- 800 -423 -FIVE I Kit skill levels are specified as beginner V intermediate or AAA advanced! Metal Cabinets with Modular Desktop Alarm Box with Aluminum Front Panel Consoles Lock LG -1273 3x12x7" $ 26.5 O LxWxH LG -1684 4x16x8" 32.5 O LE -453 4x4 %x3 "$ 7.50 LB -1085 8 %.x10Y4x5" $18.75 LG -1924 4x19x11'h" 38.2 5 LE -653 6x43/ x3" 9.75 LB -1395 93/4x131/4x5" 25.50 U LG -1925 5x19x111/2" 42.0 O LE -853 8x43/4x3" 11.75 LB -1525 12'/x15%.x5" 35.25 1 LG -1983 23/4 x 19x8" 35.2 5 LE- Black finished aluminum *LB -1494 91/4 x14%.x4Y " 21.50 panel 1mm LG -1923 3x19x111/2" 36.5 O thick. LB -1383A 8 1/2x13Y4x4" 23.25 LG -1927 7x19x111/2" 50.50 No lock & LB- Sheet Metal 0.8mm LG- Black anodized rack cabinet Power Transformers Camera &* *Toroidal Transformer LL -1923B 2 %x19x12" 69.50 "LL -1925A 5x19x12" 79.50 Housing 001 28/30V x 2 6A 3 30.00 'LL- High 01 002 36V x 2 3A 25.00 quality full Aluminum Cabinet "LD -1244 23,4x10 %x4 "$55.00 "LL- Front panel .157" & other panels .078" 003 40V x 2 6A 32.00 'LL- Gold plated cap screw for front LD -1516 3'/.x13'%4" 29.50 panel 2 "LD -1565 4x13 %x5 1/4" b08 28/30V x 6A 40.00 - Dimensions in inches ±.05 31.75 111s. **009 48/53V x 2 - Custom -made for other dimensions "LD- Stainless Steel 0.7mm 8A 66.00 LD- Sheet Metal if over 100 .cs for sin le model ! 1mm **012 33/40/42Vx2 6A 48.00 TA- 800MK2 V 120 +120W Pre & Main Stereo Amp. (4 lbs.) TA -28MK2 Digital Voice Memo +r 44. Power Output:120W into 4 ohms RMS. 72W into 8 ohms Internal 8 -bit AD /DA converter í {ks //CAP with RMS. Frequency Response:10- 20KHZ. THD: <0.01 %. alias filter. Sensitive electret microphone. Offers Tone Control: Bass ±12dB, Mid & Treble ±8dB. µ . jp, choice of 8 or 16 seconds Sensitivity: Phono Input, 3mV into 47K. Line, 0.3V into 4. ,, recording time by changing , 47K. Signal to Noise Ratio: 86dB. Power Requirement: the sampling frequency. Has K,t,s7z,vcioS 9.90 internal 256k memory. 40VDC 6A. Suggested Mark V model 001 or 008 Simple Kit:$ 67.92 c operation - LED shows Asmb.$ 86.95 operation mode. transformer. Recommended Metal Cabinet LG -1924. Operates on 5 to 6 volt battery or AC adaptor. AF -3 W 300W MOSFET High Power Mono Amp. (7 lbs.) TR -503A Regulated DC Power Supply Power Output: 300W into 4 ohms RMS. 200W into 8 It is short circuit ohms RMS. Frequency Response: 10HZ-20KHZ THD: proof <0.03 %. Signal to noise ratio: 91dB. Input Sensitivity & and has overload protect- Impedance at 1KHZ, 1V 47K Load Impedance 4 -16 ion. Output voltage is ohms. Power Requirement: ±55 to Kit:$ ±65VDC 8A. 18.75 Asmb.$ 27.65 variable over a range of0- Suggested Mark V model 009 Transformer. Capacitor 50V. Current limit trip is 10,000uf 80 -100V model 016 or 019. Recommended adjustable up to max of K it:$ 165.00 Asmb.$ 195.00 Metal Cabinet LG -1925 for each channel. 3A. Suggested Mark V 002 transformer. (1 lb.) TA -388 A& Class A FET Dynamic Buffer Stereo Pre-Amp (1 lb.) SM-302 AA 60 +60W Stereo Power Amp Frequency Response (at rated output): Overall 10HZ- It provides 3 input jack Best Pre -Amp 100KHZ +0.5dB-1dB. THD: Overall <0.007% at or below pairs. One pair accept a rated output level. Channel Separation (at rated output high impedance micro- 1KHZ): Overall better than 70dB. Hum & Noise: Overall Kit:$ 75.00 phone. The two remain- Asmb.t 94.00 better than 90dB. Input Sensitivity (1 KHZ for rated ing pairs are for high & output): 300- 60OmV. Maximum Output Level: Pre -Amp low level input sources. Power Output: 60W output 1.8V (0.1% THD). Power Requirement: 30V X 2 per channel into 4 ohms RMS. 20HZ- 20KHZ. Kit:684.00 Asmb.$ 80.00 THD.<0.1 %. Input Sensitivity: Mic/Guitar SM -100 W 150 MHZ 8 Digit Frequency Counter (2 lbs.) 10mV,Hi 380mV,Lo 640mV Ready to plug in when assembled. (11 lbs.) Frequency Range: 10HZ- 150MHZ. Gate Time: 0.01s, 0.1s, 1s, 10s. Input Sensitivity: KHZ range 10HZ -10MHZ School Project Kits Source . " "" 20mV(min.). MHZ range 1MHZ-120MHZ 20mV(min.), SM-36 Dynamic Noise Reduction A $ 26.00 MIR 120MHZ- 150MHZ 35mV (min.), 150MHZ-200MHZ TA-006 6W Mini -Amplifier 9.50 40mV(typical). Time Base: 10MHZ crystal, ±10 ppm. TY-13 20 Color LED Level Meter 9.90 Input Impedance: 1M ohm. Response Time: 0.2s. TA-120 36W Class A Power Amp. V 32.50 Resolution: 0.1 HZ: 10s gate time, 1HZ: 1s gate time, TA-201 Mircophone Mixer Mono Amp.A20.79 10HZ: 0.1s gate time, 100 HZ: 0.01s gate time. Hold the TY-45 20 Bar/Dot Level Display AA 38.25 Kit:$ CO last input signal. $ 65.00 Reset counter to 0. DC 9V power TY-2 Flourescent Light Driver 14.75 Asmb.S 99.00 adapter not included. See our cata/ . for more kits/ Minimum order $ 20. We accept Visa, MasterCard & Money Orders. Checks allow 2 weeks for clearance. We ship by UPS ground inside US (min $ 4.00) and ship by US mail outside US. Please call for orders shipping & handling 88 or fax foreign orders. PO Orders are welcome from schools. We are not responsible for typographical errors. CIRCLE 223 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

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www.americanradiohistory.com 608 Gordon Baker Rd. Willowdale, VISA WS Ontario Canada zip: M2H -3B4 TEL:.(416) 490-8865

Scientific Inc PTO SERVE YOU BETTER, OFFICE:(905) 887 -0007 FAX: (905) 887 -0006 SORRY, WE DON'T HAVE A CATALOG YET. CALL OR FAX US FOR SPECIFIC ITEMS. WE'RE ALWAYS GETTING 'NEW' STUFF Nois ... WALLACE & TIERNAN PRC -66 .....-LITE ..MINIATURE ARC 116 UHF SCOTCH P ION PRESSURE - BATTERI TA GHT -BAN ' ATE POWER RE LECTIVE TAP (: A / 3 wid GY O (NE

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0 -10 . s of WATER (new) $10.00ea $100.00/150ft rr(II. uper nice , finest made. $85.00ea AMPLIFIER (NEW) $75.00 F COAXIAL SWITCH HIGH VOLTAGE 5 Mw LASER TUBE onnectors (NEW) VACUUM CAPACITORS IN MOUNT $65.00 $24.0 $20.00ea GIBSON GIRL emergency transmitting set AN /CRT -3 COMPLETE UNIT $275.00 100pf SI\ll'S .35 VOM RECTIFIER/RELAY @ 20kV or 250pf @ 5Kv CHATILLON KIT: Motorola rectifier FISH SCALE MR1265FL300V @700 AMP (new). g '. MINIATURE DC HOUR Used $22.00 0-301bs or 0-l5kga 24VDC FAN 5" 5" METER $27.50ea but $35.00 $10.00 good condition, not tes with case: $35.00

N,/N/'Nf` HEWLETT PACKARD 8640B SIGNAL GENERATOR Industry Standard sig -gen 500Khz- 512Mhz features internal phase lock/synchronizer and digital freq readout. +19to -145 dBm output. ROHDE &SCHWARZ AM,FM,Ext and Pulse modulation. SMDA 41314 Price: $1695.00 OPT 001 add $100.00 AM/FM SIG GENERATOR OPT 003 add $150.00 This high performance generator operates from _ ..Ak. 0.4Mhz- 484Mhz. Modes of operation are AM, FM with 12 standard mod freq's of .3 -6KHz. IDEAL AEROSMITH INC. S/N ratio typ 130 dB at 20 KHz from camer. GYRO SCORSBY TABLE t,' s' # This unit is supplied with the BN413115 Freq- Model 141 IBVS -30 scorsby table with digital control unit (phase lock) and VOR/ILS test speed and direction control. Features include auto generator. Very nice stuff for connoisseurs of reverse in the oscillate mode and nice quiet opera- HEWLETT PACKARD HP3312 fine German made test equipment. tion. The flight director (sitting on the table) is SWEEP /FUNCTION GENERATOR Price: $995.00 mfg 'd by Litton Systems or Astronautics. These Well designed and easy to use, this function All Prices in U.S. Dollars are great for simulators or just foolin' around. generator combines economy and quality into Please include telephone /fax What's so great is that both axis are driven by D.C. one compact unit. Freq range is 0.1 Hz- 13MHz, number with mail -in orders. servo motors that allows operation from a com- output into 50 ohms is 10.0VP -P. Sweep - Orders must be prepaid by puter with slight modification forfeedback .Theÿre AM,FM, or tone burst. This unit features -sync. guaranteed instrument. certainly the neatest precision instrument. out, trig. phase, symmetry, offset and more. Scorsby Table Price: $1595.00 90 Price: $935.00 ea. Fully checked. Manuals available at extra cost Flight Director Price: $ 195.00 Mr.% CIRCLE 229 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com MICROWAVE FREQUENCY COUNTER EIP MODEL 545A The 545A easily covers 10 Hz- 18GHz frequency range with -30dbm relative sensitivity and 10 watt (+40dB) input damage protection. In addition, the 545A also measures RF power to 0.1 dB with an overall acurracy of 0.5dB.The unit comes with internal ovenized oscillator. Like-new conditon. Price: $2295.00 TEKTRONIX 465E

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www.americanradiohistory.com 0FoFER Books that work the way you work... SNoobI9

JOHN D. LENK JOHN D. LENK JOHN D. LENK JOHN D SIMPLIFIED SIMPLIFIED SIMPLIFIED SIMPLIFIED DESIGN DESIGN OF DESIGN DESIGN OF SWITCHING MICROPOWER OF LINEAR OF POWER AND BATTERY POWER IC SUPPLIES CIRCUITS SUPPLIES AMPLIFIERS

1996, paperback 1996, paperback 1996, paperback June 1996, paperback á29.94. $26.95 $2964. $26.95 129.95_ $26.95 129615. $26.95 0 -7506- 9821 -7 0- 7506 -9510-2 0- 7506 -9820 -9 0-7506 -9508 -0 Butterworth- Heinemann brings you something for everyone from John Lenk's Simplified Design Series. These books are all- inclu- sive, one -stop guides. Each has step -by-step instructions and diagrams that make it easy -to-use for the student, experimenter, and professional. All are available in paperback.

Analog Circuit Design LLUTPONICS

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Please send me the book(s) listed below at 10% off! Phone: 1-800-366-BOOK FAX: 1-800-446-6520 Please add $4.00 for handling for the first item ordered and $1.50 for each additional item ordered to all check and credit card orders. Billed orders will be charged additional shipping based on weight and destination. All US orders must include your state sales tax. Prepayment or company purchase order is required for all orders. Canadian customers please pay by credit card or in US funds and include 7% GST on books and handling. Prices subject to change without notice. Write book number(s) here

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www.americanradiohistory.com BLACK FEATHER ELECTRONICS

VIDEO CLARIFIER ULTRA -MINI FM RADIO 3 112 DIGIT PANEL METER

ELIMINATES WOW! This meter has many ADVERSE SOUNDS useful applications EFFECTS OF GREAT! such as Voltmeter, VIDEO Thermometer, Db Fit an entire Watt COPY - Meter, Meter, GUARDS! orchestra in Current Meter, the palm of State -of -the -art circuitry restores original (master) quality to Capacitance Meter, your hand all video tapes Allows for flawless viewing of all prere- Lux Meter and LCR and still corded video's whether rented, purchased or produced at Meter. Features include: 200mV full scale input sensitivity, have room for the concert tickets with this Mini FM Radio home (even copy -protected tapes),for your personal home single 9VDC operation and decimal point selectable. In addi- that has an incredible sound. Features on /off button, seek use Unique auto Sync Boost feature eliminates horizontal tion, it has 13mm figure height, automatic polarity indication, button and reset button. Includes battery. If this isn't the instability and restores tapes to broadcast quality. Noise guaranteed zero reading for 0 volt input and high input world's smallest, it's close to it. But the sharp, clear sound Reduction Circuit filters out the "snow- and other annoying impedance (>IOOM ohms). Specifications: Max input 199.9mV that comes out will make you think you have a jam box. Measuring method interference Compatible with all VCRs and T V.s. Includes DC -Max Display 1999 count (3 -1/2 digits). Black. many AC adapter. Dual slope integration A-D converter system, plus othe' NPM -1 S9.95 each CAT NvC-1 $69.96 ad CAT KM-1 519.96 each features CAT

STEPPER MOTOR CONTROLLER KIT LASER POINTER TALKING MEMO RECORDER

TALKING This kit allows you to 5EDW LASER POINTER! MEMO adjust the speed Make a point v. :.zr pointer. RECORDER I and direction of a Pointers are the mcst e ^cctive way to KEY CHAIN stepper motor. You demonstrate your drawings, schematics, can move the motor presentation, and charts Just press and keCo'ds and in one step incre- point! The beam sheets out across the plays messages ments or rotate it at room and puts a red dot on the wall up up to 16 sec- 350 feet away. Operates on 2AAA a constant speed to onds (i e. park- batteries 'included). wt 2 3oz, wave- There are a set of ing spaces, visual indicators that show the sequence of motor. Includes length b70nm /5mW output Measures, things to do, etc.) 16 seconds is a long time to dictates stepper motor, pc bo rd, parts and instructions. 5" diameter x 5.75" L Measures 3- x 1.25'. Battery operated (included).

each (12Vdc poor source not irclud) CATNSMK-1 $15.00 each CATNLP-1 $39.99 each CAT Em-1 $19.95

FM WIRELESS MIKE KIT 9V DC FM TRANSMITTER KIT CAMCORDER VIDEO TAPES

POWERFUL POWERFUL HI.8 140 MINUTE 2 stage, ,vire- FM ttar'isinitte: VIDEO CASSETTE less mike kit Transmits over 100 TAPES (used) transmits over meters in building They were recorded on

1 and over 500 .5 mile (up to once and played Km in the meters outside only a few times open) Tunable using .25 or .5 Made by a major brand to the upper wavelength of wire. name manufacturer part of FM broadcast band. Circuit does require Transmits to the Professional series metal the ability to "Tweak' RF circuits by stretching or compressing upper part of FM oroadcast band (100- 108MHz). Circuit NOTE: Other tapes r,

coils. With mike and 9V battery clip. Operates from 6-12V DC. requires the ablilra to 'Tweak' RF circuits Operates on 9V DC. tapes. Includes plastic CA1KCT-1 $3.00 each

75" 1 75" x 75"x 375 WT 05 2 x .625" x .5" Wr .06 CAT NFMd2 $10.05 each CAT NFM -18 5911 each jewel box 10 of more - 2.80 each

EMERGENCY LIGHT TELEPHONE TRANSMITTER KIT STROBE KIT Black Feather rglr THE AMAZING EMERGENCY LIGHT! JUST LIFT THE HANDSET! This kit allows you to vary the rate of ELECTRONICS strobe flashes 60 to 120 flashes per ` no" Never eyer needs catte',es' foss rate:piocf unit is Electronic Components, Supplies, Ports 6 kits Phone line powered and activated when handset minute Operating voltage is adjustable powered by pumping the handle -this action is Uses phone wires for antenna. Transmits depending on Crow you wire the kit It lifted. N7 A moves a flywheel which activates a dynamo The 645 Temple Avenue A Long Beach CA 90814 over short dstance (100h) to the lower part of FM will work on 4.5, 6 and 12 VDC Includes dynamo produces a DC voltage and current that Local Phone Number (310) 434 -5641 broadcast ba^d '90- 95MNz' r° d ns ^ot oc board, parts and instructions. powers the light Great for the car, home and boat Noun: Monday - Friday 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. enc T,mer require the Never be without a light when the power goes out due to earthquakes, floods or other disasters. ability to California residence musi include sales lay by county: 7.5 7.75 8.25 or 95 ú Operates when completely submerged in water 'Tweak- RF 7.25 or or or Check, Money Order, VISA or MasterCard The dynamo can be stripped out for experimenta- circuits. Shipping in USA> 54.00 tion. WT .06 NO C.O.D.S. - Do not send cash.

PLEASE NOTE...We Are Not Responsible For Prinbng Errors. Quantities Are Limned. Prices Are Subrect to Change Wllhoul Notice, Some Pictures May Vary From KM-16 CAT CAT the Actual Item. Store Prices May Vary Iron Catalog FL' 59.05 Prices. Quantity Pricing is Subie<' to F,eighl each CAT eSeK 1 $7.50 each Considerations $9.95 each CALL TOLL FREE! 1- 800 -526 -3717 CIRCLE 280 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD 93

www.americanradiohistory.com oTIMELINE INC.a` Over 9 years and 24,000 customers and still growing L LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS L Pion ITORS 160 x 128 dot LCD with built -in controller (T6963C) Non -Enclosed TTL 20 character x 16 line Comes with pinoul. 12V $7900 or 2 for $149.mí at 1.4 Amp input Horizontal frequency 15Khz. Ability to do 40 and 80 column. Mfr.: Toshiba TLX-1013-EO. 5 inch Amber $35.00 Unit is EL back -lit. Dim: 5%6 "L x 4''4 "H. 7 inch Amber $39.00 The built -in controller allows you to do text and graphics. 9 inch Amber or Green $29.95 240x64 dot LCD with built-in controller. $79.°° 5" COLOR MONITOR $49.00 Mfr: AND 4021ST-E0. Unit is EL back-lit. or 2 for $149 " Flat Faceplate 320 x 200 Dot Resolution CGA & Hercules Compatible 12 VDC Operation 15.75 K íz Hartz. Freq. 60 Hz Vert. Sync. Freq Alphanumeric -parallel interface Open Frame Construction Standard Interface Connector 16x1 3 for $25.00 20x2 $12.00 40x1 $8.00 Degaussing Coil included Mfr Samtion 16x1 (1g. char.)....$12.00 20x4 $25.00 40x2 2 for $25.00 CHARGE COUPLED DEVICES 16x2 $8.00 20x4 (Ig. char.) $25.00 40x4 $25.00 L I 16x2 (lg. cher.)....$12.00 24x2 $12.00 4x2 $5.00 16x4 $15.00 32x4 $10.00 "The Spy MATRIX TYPE 5V power required Built-in CMOS LCD driver & controller Easy `microprocessor - interface 98 ASCII character generator Certain modules are backlit, call for more info. ) In The Sky" $29.°0 (irapnics ana alpnanumerlc- serial Interlace Sony CCD Imager - designed for black and white composite size Mfr. OS& SiZe Mfr. MU video cameras. Picture elements: 384 (H) x 491 (V) 640x480 (backlit) Epson $35.00 480x128 Hitachi $15.00 Chip size 10.7 (H) x 9.3 (V) mm' Unit cell size 23.0 (H) x 13.4 (V) um'. 640x400 acklit ) Panasonic $25.00 256x128 Epson $20.00 Ceramic 24 pin DIP package Mfr: Sony, Part# 016AL 640x200 Toshiba $15.00 240x128 (backlit) Optrex $20.00 480x128 (backlit) ALPS $15.00 160x128 Optrex $15.00 4096 element CCD $29.00 1024 element CCD $15.00 LINEAR TYPE L LASER PRODUCTS 2048 element CCD $15.00 1 72 8 element CCD $15.00 HeNe Laser (10Mw max. output) TEMOO, long Head 15.r MFG. NEC $9922 L HACKER CORDIER I Laser Power Supply (for HeNe tube) $89.91 LASER SCANNER ASSEMBLY $29.w CELL SITE TRANSCEIVER $99.00 Assembly intended for o laser printer. Includes loser diode, polygon motor (6 vded) and mor optics and lenses. These transceivers were designed for operation in an AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) cell site. The 20 MHz bandwidth of the Iranscewer allows a to operate on all 666 channels allocated. The transmit LASER DIODE (5mW) with collimator $20?0 channels are 870.030 -889.900 MHz with the receive channels 45 HMz below those frequencies. A digital synthesizer Is utilized to generate the selected frequency. Each urn contains two independent receivers to VISIBLE LASER DIODE: 5mw at 670nm $15.91 dentadulale voice and data weh a Receive Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) circuit to select the one with the best signal strength. The transmitter provides a 1.5 watt modulated signal to drive an external power index guided. Threshold current 40 ma typical. amplifier channel selection is accomplished weh a 10 bit binary input via a connector on the back panel. Other interface requirements for operation are 26 VDC (unregulated) and an 18.990 Mita reference frequency for the digital synthesizer. The units contain independent hoards for receivers. exciter, synthesizer, POLYGON MOTOR UNIT & DRIVER tunable front end, and interface assembly (which includes power supplies aryl voltage- controlled oscillator). Ten -sided first surface mirror mounted on an Service circuit armature that spins at 125 revolutions per second 00 Encased Black & White Composite CCD yielding a beam sweep rate of 1250 sweeps per Camera with Adapter 9 IR viewing to1000nm7IISLx2) Wx1Y..H second. The driver for the polygon unit requires Comes complete with CCD camera, mounting nut on bottom nt casing, 24 volts and plus and minus 12 volts to operate. There is also an f -theta I2VDC power supply. Excellent low light capability, standard RCA NTSC video nut $89.00 lens in front of the polygon scanning mechanism with a three inch Great for: entryway security/remote monitoring, video 2 for $159.00 diameter. Great for optical experiments, etc. Very high quality units. conferencing/desktop video conferencing This miniature camera is perfect for multimedia computer applications as well as security and (MFR: JAPAN ELECTRONICS ) surveillance. NTSC output allows use with all popular video digitizing hoards for Apple N ETwORK Macintosh and Microsoft video for Windows. Connects directly to any composite monitor or VCR with "video" input. Its razor -sharp wide -angle lens focuses from two inches to infinity and

its state -of-the -art CCD technology accurately captures 16 level grayscale images for Quick Proteon ProNet -4 Model p1347 Token Ring Board $79.°° Time movies and still pictures. Records at 30 frames per second and 260 lines resolution with 16 bit 4 Mbps IEEE 802.2 and 802.5 compatible twisted pair excellent low light capability. Uses I2VDC (adapter supplied) and standard RCA cable. interoperable with IBM Token Ring network Pos ú I3AR CODE Portable $c PU-1¢kul®iil $99.' or 2 for $149.w i Flip up LCD display (9 -16 VDC) Can communicate with any computer having /-y MAGNETIC CARD READER $25 .22 RS 232 port Can communicate with another Microterminal Use by itself as electronic notebook Onboard microprocessor, data RAM (32K) and Includes: 20 character dot matrix display with full alphanumeric capability keypanel Video RAM (64K) Complex built in diagnostics and set up capabilities. with full alphanumeric entry separate 7.5 VDC /0.5 Amp power supply standard Original intention for POS applications. display size 40x16 (256 x 128 , telephone interface extension cord lithium battery and Rat -cone speaker. pixels.) Dimensions: 6.3" W, 11"L, 2 "H. (With LCD up height is 7.1 ") HP bar code wand (HBCS 2300) $35.00 POWER SUPPLYS BAREBONES 286 -12 COMPUTER $49.00 (2 FOR $79.00) Slimline desktop cose, 100 wan supply, math co-processor support. On board IDE, & Floppy

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CIRCLE 275 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com r This very easy to use tool is a "must have if you need to straighten the Check Out pins on your IC's. Made from antistatic material, this tool is suitable for IC's from 8 to 20 pins (narrow side) and What 24 -48 pins (wide side). A grounding is terminal also built -in to the tool al- PRICE EACH lowing for easy grounding when using CAT NO 1 10 100 We this tool at a fixed location. ICS -01 $7.18 $6.44 $4.89 Haue PC218902(AT-BUS) PC232904 (Multi-BUS)

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PHOTOVOLTAIC RECHARGEABLE BATTERY "HI -8" VIDEO DETECTOR 12 VOLTS 9 A/H CASSETTE (USED)

Miniature silicon solar cell converts light Rechargeable lead acid SONY Hi -8 impulses directly into electrical charges. Unlike battery. Prepped for use Top quality, metal particle a conventional photo diode or transistor, it in a product which has- 120 minute video cas- generates its own power and does not n't yet come to market. settes. Used for a short require any external bias. Generates 0.4 vdc They are 5.9" x 2.55" x time, then bulk-erased. in moderate light. Silicon cell is mounted on 4.42" high and have a Each cassette has its own a 0.31" x 0.23" x 0.07" thick plastic carrier strip of foam padding plastic storage box. has leads centers. stuck to one side. They have and pc on 0.2" Satisfaction Guaranteed. CAT # VCU -8 Large quantity available. standard 1/4" quick -connect/ solder CAT # PVD -2 terminals. Weight: 8 lbs. CAT # GC -129 10 for $28.00 100 for $250.00 10 for $6.50 100 for $50.00 750 $28 50 h 18 for $208.00.1 PHOTO RESISTOR Great Price! 7 RELAYS, 4 VOLTAGE Silonex # NSL 4582 800 MA UNIVERSAL Cadmium Sulfide photoconductive cell. REGULATORS 2 WALL ADAPTOR 22 ohms in bright light. meg ohms dark. (and lots of other good stuff) Plastic encapsulated. CAT # 0.29" x 0.26" x 0.07 ". Multi-voltage power source elimi- -12 This pc board 1.5" long wire leads. PRE 50 nates the use of batteries in

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With a suitable 'fast' lens give a connection needed to your VCR. PIR good image in half moon light. Can detector, control kit, IR learning be IR assisted to see in total remote control and darkness. Each tube is supplied with instructions $70 an 9V - EHT power supply kit: TINY PCB CCD CAMERA Mono, with Be FCC 25mm tube $90, 40mm tube $120 auto iris lens, 0.1 lux, IR responsive, an can be used in total We also have blemished versions of darkness. 1.8 x these tubes (not in central viewing 3.75 x 1 inch, weight 1.4 oz. Can be area). Satisfaction guaranteed! Both connected to video-in of a standard sizes (please specify) & EHT kit $35 monitor or VCR. $99 LICENSED INTENSIFIED NIGHT VIEWER Email and the WWW KIT See in the dark! Make ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN! your own night scope with See and download our latest catalog good vision in sub -starlight and other info. Over 300 kits. Explore! illumination! We supply a http: / /www.hk.super.net /- diykit 3 -stage fiber optically email orders: oatley @world.net coupled image intensifier (From Feb 96: [email protected]) tube and an EHT power supply kit, lens and eyepiece. LOW COST IR ILLUMINATOR KIT 25mm $270, 40mm $360 Use with CCD camera. Has 42 IR TUBE AND SUPPLY A tube and 880nm /30mW LEDs. Variable power supply combination that can be output, 10-15V DC operation. $30 used as the basis of making a LASERS very sensitive IR responsive viewer. Typical sensitivity 0.01 HELIUM -NEON 633nm red laser lux. Tube and supply kit $80 tubes from new and near new equipment. Output power in the GEIGER COUNTER range of 2.5 to 7.5mW. Includes our Learn at home in spare time. Ready made Geiger counter detects 12V Universal Laser power supply. F_ i No previous needed! dangerous Beta and Gamma rays. Warning: High voltage at dangerous +l I experience _/ 1 Plug-in probe, can be extended with energy levell 2.5 -4mW tube & supply No costly school. 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IR laser: $39 Speedometer, average & maximum PLASMA You don't need a college degree to qualify, BALL KIT: PCB and speed, tripmeter, odometer, auto trip components, needs a light bulb: $18 timer, clock, pick -up sensor /magnet but you do need an FCC License. SLAVE FLASH TRIGGER: Triggers a and mounts supplied. $25 second flash unit by picking up light No Need to Quit Your Job or Go To School from camera mounted flash: $5.50 TINY FM TRANSMITTER This proven course is easy, fast and low SOUND TRIGGERED FLASH: Triggers Tiny ready -made self- contained FM flash from sound picked up by a transmitter in a small black metal cost! GUARANTEED PASS You get your microphone, adjustable: $10 case. Powered by single 1.5V silver FCC License or money refunded. Send for PC DRIVEN ELECTROCARDIOGRAM: oxide LR44/G13 battery with inbuilt Silk screened /solder masked PCB mic. Tuning range 88- 108MHz, FREE facts now. MAIL COUPON TODAY! only and 3.5" disk with instructions. battery life 60 hours, weight 15g, Or, Call 1- 800 -932 -4268 Ext. 210 Uses common components: $8 Dimensions: 1.3" x 0.9" x 0.4 ". $27 OATLEY ELECTRONICS (AUSTRALIA) commanD PRODUCTIOIIS i Phone 011 61 2 579 4985 FCC LICENSE TRAINING, Dept. 210 Phone orders Sunday to Thursday P.O. Box 2824, San Francisco, CA 94126 East Coast from 7pm to 2am West Coast 4pm to 11pm Please rush FREE details immediately! Fax 011 61 2 570 7910 NAME Mastercard, Visacard, American Express cards with phone, 1 fax and email orders ADDRESS - 1 P &P for most orders by Federal Express $15 - $25 CITY STATE ZIP _ _ All prices are in US dollars

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2E LINES DIGITAL °. IS BIT A/O OEM price and delivery available S ANALOG INPUTS' ñ '1 Es DIGIT and enclosures PWM OUTPUT Í UP ro w SMP /SEc Custom designs OPTIONAL 12 RT .., Single unit price $149.00 plus s +h Quantity pricing as low as $99.00 KEES, A CUBTOM. PCBT TRY US.. PRAIRIE DIGITAL, INC. 1""i1111 HONE 608- 643 -8599 FAX 608 -643 -6754 402 Riley Road, New Windsor, NY 12553 SEVENTEENTH STREET PRAIRIE DU SAC, WISCONSIN 53578 (914) 564-5347 Specifications and price subject to change. 103 CIRCLE 225 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

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INTRODUCTORY PRICE $399 plus S & H - CALL: 1- 614 -866 -4605 ELECTRONICS, INC. ßf PRRTS UNIVERSAL Communications Specialists 435 SOUTH PACIFIC STREET 4555 GROVES RD., SUITE 12, COLUMBUS, OH 43232 SAN MARCOS. CA 92069 (614) 866 -4605 FAX (614) 866 -1201

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CIRCLE 257 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com 301 Standard PanaVise Headband Magnifier l Designed for the professional and Features double lens for Parts model posbyin. the 301 turns, tilts choice of 2.2x or 3.3x and rotates to achieve the desired magnification and Velcro txpressrM position. Durable nylonn jaws open type headband. Net 2-1/4". Net weight: 3 lbs. weight: 1/2 lb.

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Sure Shot 18" Dish for DSS` Built heavier and stronger than OEM models, able to withstand 120 MPH wind gusts! "Perfect Curve" manufacturing process allows for maximum signal reflectivity. Ideal for replacement of damaged OEM dishes or for additional Part # GoldStar # Description Price viewing locations. Sure Shot comes EN-394-116 0S9100P 100MHz $899.95 complete with mounting hardware and EN-394-115 OS9060D 60MHz 699.95 instructions. Limited lifetime warranty. EN-394-110 0S9040D 40MHz 599.95 LNBF not included. Net weight: 13 lbs. EN-394-105 0S9020G 20MHz w/generator 449.95 igP4995EACH EN-394-100 0S9020A 20MHz 349.95 #EN-21 0-405 Hot Shot 18" Weller WLC100 Soldering Station Dish for DSS® The Weller WLC100 solder The Hot Shot features the same quality station is adjustable from 5 to construction as the Sure Shot, but also contains a 40 watts. Includes 40 watt safe low voltage, heating element that automatically pencil iron. UL approved. Net eliminates ice, snow, and moisture from the dish surface. weight: 1 -3/4 lbs. One year Hot Shot comes complete with mounting hardware, heater manufacturer warranty. power supply and instructions. Note: 2 conductor, 18 gauge heater wire not included. Limited lifetime warranty. LNBF not included. Net weight: 27 lbs.

#EN- 210 -400 $1 3995EACH Grundig LNBFs #EN- 3995 372 -120 EACH Made in England quality! Designed to work in extreme real world conditions. Features "true circular polarization ". For use with the Sure Shot and Hot Shot dishes or as a replacement for lightning damaged RCA DSS LNBFs. Available in CAIG DeoxIT Deoxidizer single or dual feed. 18 month warranty. Net weight: 1 lb. $7995EACH DeoxIT is a fast -acting #EN- 210 -420 (Single feed) deoxidizing solution that cleans, #EN-21 0-425 (Dual feed) $9995EACH lubricates, and improves conductivity on all metal connectors Phone FM Transmitter 2 Stage FM Transmitter and contacts. Seals and protects all Kit Kit electrical connections. Re- duces intermittent failures, arcing, wear, and abrasion. Temperature range: -34 degrees C to 200 degrees C. Use as a general treatment for connectors, contacts, and other metal surfaces. mew Price Price Price This small circuit, when connected to a Easy to build and tune in the upper part Part # CAIG # /Description Solution (1 -11) (12 -23) (24 -UP) phone line, transmits both sides of a of the FM band. Reaches over 1/2 mile telephone conversation into the FM (depending on conditions). Uses RF EN-341-200 DeoxIT D5, 5 oz. Spray 5% $7.95 66.45 57.15 radio band in the 90 -95MHz area. The transistor for its final stage. Requires a EN-341-202 DeoxIT Mini Spray, 4.95 15 g. 5% 4.50 3.95 phone line itself is used as 9V battery (not included). High quality EN-341-205 DeoxiT D100, 10.95 an antenna. 2 oz. Spray 100% 9.85 8.85 Includes all components and PCB and components. Circuit EN-341-210 DeoxIT Pen Applicator 100% 9.95 8.95 8.05 instructions. schematic provided. EN-341-215 DeoxIT Vial w /brush, 7.4 ml. 100% 6.95 6.25 5.65 EN-341-220 DeoxIT Precision Dispenser 100% 14.95 13.45 12.10 #EN- 320 -067 $995EACH #EN- 320 -066 $1095E,cH

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340 E. First St., Dayton. OH 45402-1257 Phone 513-222-0173 Fax 513-222-4644

30 day money back guarantee $20.00 minimum order We accept Mastercard, #EN- 335 -525 (Standard lens) $1 4995EACH Visa, Discover, and company C.O.D. orders 24 hour shipping *Shipping charge = UPS chart rate + $1.90 ($5.00 minimum charge) *Hours 8:00 am - 8:00 pm ET, #EN- 335 -530 (pin hole lens) $16995EACH Monday - Friday *9:00 am - 5:00 pm Saturday. Mail order customers, please call $715 for shipping estimate on orders exceeding 5 lbs. Foreign destination customers #EN- 120 (12VDC power supply) please send $5.00 U.S. funds -1100 EACH for catalog. *Quantity pricing available. 105 CIRCLE 262 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com Tel: (954) 974 -6864 rPlease mail orders to: P. O. Box: 93 -6397 Fax: (954) 974 -6818 Gateway Products Corp. L/Margate, FL 33093 Popular I.C.s Transistors Semiconductors DIODES 'RADIAL LYTICS Ceramic Disc Toggle Switches LM324 ... 454 PN2222A .... 74 74LS174...400 1uF/50V 84 (All caps rated 50V) Miniature size PN2907A .... 74 74LS244...454 1/4" Panel hole LM339 ..45 114914 34 2 2uF /50V et 10pF 84 foWi ...45 2N3904 74 74LS245...454 /50V 1144148 34 3.3uF 60 22pF 84 on-on SPOT.... 504 /4NE555 ... 400 2N3906 74 74LS374 ... 454 1N4001...1A/50V 34 4 7uF/50V 27pF 84 onoffon SPOT....604 LM556 ...504 2N4401 74 88 .. 454 10uF /50V 1N4034 ..1 A/400V 44 33pF 84 on-on DPOT....704 LM741 ...404 2N4403 74 MLM31488 /50V 1N4007 ...1A/1 kV 54 22uF 84 47pF 84 on-off-on DPOT.... 804 Deal U3: 12 pcs total, Deal N8: 80 pcs total, MC1489 4 33uF/50V Deal P7: 50 pcs total, 84 100pF 84 Deal 53: 8 pcs total, each).... 10pcs of ea.) t (2pcs of $5.00 $4.00 47uF/50V....104I, 15opF 84 2pcs of each). $5.00 V. Regulators 10pcs of ea.) $2.00 Deal A2: 40 pca total, LM317T 704 220pF 8< Popular CMOS More Transistors D(5pcs 7805 504 ofeach).._$3.a Deal R4: 40 pcs total, DEAL W2...$2.50 CD4001B .... 304 MPSA05.... Power Diodes 150 7808 504 5pcs of each)... $2.50 CD4011 B.... 304 MPSA13....154 RADIAL LYTICS 7812 504 120 pcs total (20 of CD4013B....404 MPSA27....154 1N5401 3A/100V ...at pcs 7815 504 1ouFn5V 84 Ceramic Disc each 10, 47, 100, 470, CD4017B.... 504 MPSA42....154 1145404 .. 7818 504 3A/400V _90 22uF/25V 64 1k, 4 7k All 1/4W 5 %. CD40288.... 40¢ MPSA58.... 154 (All caps rated 50V) 7824 504 1145408 3A/1 kV...100 33uF25V 64 CD40508 .... 404 MPSA92.... 150 O 270pF 84 7905 504 8A10 8Á/100V..244 47uF25V 74 CD408813....404 Deal Q2: 30 pcs total, 330pF DEAL W5....$2.50 7908 504 8A100 8A/1kV...320 100uF25V 80 84 CD4089B.... 404 of 470pF 84 5 pcs ea) $4.00 7912 504 Deal H8: 25 pcs total, 220uF25V 90 Deal V8: 18 pcs total, .001uF 100 pca total (20 pcs of 7915 504 330uF25V.. 144 60 5pcs of ea. $3.00 .01 uF 84 each 10K, 47K, 10)K, 2pcs of each) .$5.00 More Transistors 78L05 404 470uF25V..174 .022uF 470K, 1M. All 1/4W 5 %. 2N2222A...304 ;1/79L05 404 Deal 40 pcs total, 60 1W Zener Diodes Al: .047uF 84 DEAL M3....$5.00 78L12 4, 5pcs of each) 2N4124 134 ....$4.00 1uF 80 400V BRIDGES ;i9, 7805 7812 6311 2144128 130 Deal R7: 40 pcs total, 7905 7912 r CRYSTALS 1 N4728A. _. 3.3V ...IOC 2N5401 184 1A SCHOTTKY of 12 pcs total 1 N4733A.... 5.1V ...104 5pcs each)_.. $2.50 MPSH10 154 4Amp (3pcs of each) 1 N4739A.... 9.1V ...104 1 Amp 14 2143055 854 1144742A 12V....104 Mono Ca8¢eaps 1N5817 ... 1 A20V .. 204 1N4744A 15V....104 DEAL J1 $3.50 TIP31C 554 1N5818 ... 1A/30V .. 234 5Amp T1P32C 3.5795MHz 954 1144748A 18V....104 78L05 554 1N5819... 1 N40V .. 244 .01uF /50V .047uF /50V DFO4M DIP 404 4 0000MHz 954 Deal 25. 30 pcs total, 78L12 TIP117 554 Deal YO: 9 pcs total, .022uF /50V 1uF/50V WO4M Round...354 10 pca total TIP120 804 11.003MHz 954 5pcs of ea ) $2.50 3pcs of each)... $2.00 Deal B5: 40 pcs total, KBL04 In-line ... 904 (5pcs of each) TIP125 854 11.0592MHz 954, Germanium (lopcs of ea. )....$2.50 Deal x8: apes total. 3A SCHOTTKY (2pcs of each).... $3.00 5mm (Ti 3/4) 1 3mm (Ti) Computer Stuff Diodes Tantalum Caps Diffused LEDs Duff. LEDs cable eft printer $4 1uF/35V 184 SOLDER ROLL Red 84 Red 84 1N34A 144 IN5820 ... 3A20V ..324 6ff VGA extension.._ $4 2.2uF/35V 224 hiSN63/37 Green.... 104 Green.... 104 3-b serial mouse $9 11460 144 1N5821 ...3A/30V .. 384 124 10uF/35V 504 031" dia Yellow... 124 Yellow._ 101 key keyboard .. $19 1N270 284 1N5822 34/40V .. 404 i? 1 Lb Roll Deal L3: 30 pes total, Deal L8: 30 pcs total, 1 44M 3.5" drive.. $29 Deal G5: 18 pcs total, Deal YO: 9 pcs total, Deal T8: 15 pcs total, (10pcs of ea.) $2.59.4 (10pcs of ea.) $2.50 1Gb hard drive $230 (epee of ea.) $2.50 3pcs of each) .$3.00 (5pcs of each) $3.50 $7.80 r- $10.00 minimum order. We accept VISA, MC, MO, Check, No-CODs. Please add $5.00 for shipping d handling (foreign addresses: $8.50). Florida addresses add 6% sales tax. Hours: Mon -Fri: 9AM to 5PM, Sal: 9AM to 12PM (EST). All new premium parts. Send for free Catalog.

CIRCLE 220 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD Video Camera Blowout Sale!

When a major NOW multimedia com- YOU CAN "SEE" pany closed a INVISIBLE FIELDS division, they sur- plused a limited AND AVOID THEM w quantity of quality COLOR CCD Most homes and offices video cameras. have hot spots with strong These cameras artificial electromagnetic -- were part of a high fields, where chronic end video confer- exposure may cause - encing system. mental or physical problems. Even the EP names these Manufactured by a division of Panasonic, these units are fields as suspected carcinogens. You ca n reduce your designed to sit on top of a computer monitor and can be used risk by avoiding these high -field areas. for video conferencing, security, ATV, or multimedia purposes. The TriFiela" meter detects far more of these fiel s than any other electromagnetic pollution meter. It's the only one t at independently 330 line COLOR CCD imager Call reads AC electric fields, AC magnetic fields, andradio/ icrowaves. It also Ir 3 lux sensitivity for low light applications reads field strengths in all directions simultaneously. Every other meter $500 reads only magnetic and only in one direction Standard I V p -p NTSC output Today! that sells for under - a magnetic field unless pointe correctly and are Built -in microphone with preamp they can entirely miss Limited blind to radio /microwaves and electric fields, both of whi h cause biological Standard RCA video and audio jacks effects. Includes 12v wall mount transformer Quantity! The TriField"" meter reads all three types of fields n merically and with 4r Auto iris with sensitivity adjust a SAFE /BORDERLINE /HIGH SCALE, weighted prop. atonal to effect on or 5mm fixed focus lens from I0" to infinity the body. Thresholds are based on epidemiologia al and laboratory (While no absolute hazard thresholds have been established, + 5" long x 3" wide x 3" high- 7.5oz. studies. reduction of relative exposure is prudent.) This OEM paid over $400.00 each. Your price is only $179.011 The TriFieldrxr meter comes ready-to -use with batte , instructions, and plus $5.00 (continental US only). shipping/handling one -year limited warranty. The cost is S144 50 postpa d Sycard Technology MasterCard and Visa accepted AlphaLab, Inc. / 1280 South Third West Salt Lake C ity, UT 84101-3049 I I 80-F Miraloma Way CA orders add Sales Tax literature and information, call (503) 5 3-6545 Sunnyvale, CA 94086 Sorry, No CODs For (408) 749-0130 or (408) 749 -1323 Fax 106

www.americanradiohistory.com IJust Take Two Steps STOP to do Your Measurement

You can simply plug the new TiePieSCOPE - HS508 into the parallel port of your portable or desktop PC. With the advanced software, you can use this two channel, 8 bits, 50 MHz measuring instrument as a fast digital storage oscilloscope, including a lot more features than a single oscilloscope! Moreover, the TiePieSCOPE - HS508 contains a multiple display voltmeter (up to 5 MHz true RMS), a spectrum analyzer with an harmonic distortion meter and a transient recorder for recording a variety of signals. The TiePieSCOPE - HS508 is supplied complete with user manual, software, and two probes.

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Complete set CONWAY Engineering, Inc. HS508 8393 Capwell Drive,Oaklan California US 94621-2113 Tel.: 5 10 568 -4028 - Fax: 510 568 -1397 BBS Tel.: 510 568 -6533 for US $1054 107 Internet Address: http: /www.crl /- conway/ CIRCLE 310 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

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' 20 MHz Oscilloscope with Delay Digital Storage Scope g. ,ti E ti Sweep PS -205 $429.95 DS-303 30MHz, 20M Sample/sec $849.95 Dual Trace, Component test, 8" CRT, X -Y Operation, TV 1E3 tt 1 Sync, Z-Modulation. CH2 Output, Graticule Ilium, 2 probes $1,049.96 each has x1,x10 switch. Best price with delay sweep Switchable between digital end analog modes PS -200 20 MHz DUAL TRACE $339 95 2 K word per channel storage `1M4r PS -400 40 MHz DUAL TRACE $494 95 s it PS -405 40 MHz DELAY SWEEP $569.95 8 bit vertical resolution (25 Lerel /drv) Timebase - Coj[ PS -605 60 MHz DELAY SWEEP $769 95 Expanded 10ms/div 0.5 s/div t i N T PS -1000 100 MHz DUAL TRACE $999.95 Refresh, Roil, Save all Save CH2, Pm-Trig Scope Probe: 50MHz x1, x10 $15, 100MHz x1, x10 $22 Plotter 250MHz xl, x10 $29, 250MHz x100 $39 control DC Power Supply DC Power Supply Triple Output PS-303 $159.00 PS -8202 $499.95 0 -30 1 , 0-3: t DC output Two 0-30 VDC , 0-3A outputs Constant voltage d constant curent mode IC 7 One fixed 5VDC, 3A output 0 02%+ 2mV ine regulation ® ® ICJ Capable of independent or tracking operation INM11108.01.a,r.1. ,..rraus,rw 0 02%+ 3rnV load reguaton Constant voltage and constant current mode 1 mVrrns nose and npple Four digital meters for volt and curent display Short cu cut i` and overload protected t10 Excellent regulation end low ripple PS -8200 with digital voltmeter $179.00 .St10. Short arcut and overload protected Also available: 30V/5A, 60V/3A, 60V/$A Also available 30V/5A triple output $549.95 16V/10A. 30V/10A Dual tracking 30V/3A, 30V/5A, 60VOA. 6OVr5A

.00Ea.on . ..,,...

108

www.americanradiohistory.com Test & Measuring Instruments ISO 9002 CERT. #934163

100 MHz Cursor Readout Scope DC Linear Power Supplies Digital Display Function Generator 4 ch, 8 traces OS -6101 $1,499.95 Single Output FG -8016G $239.95

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PR -1810H : 0-18V, 0-10A) $349.95 DM- 8034(3% digits) $179.95 PR -3060 : 0-30V, 0-6A) $314.95

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W I 14145 Hasslefree SIP circuits hava -10 -300 1031030 600 U W -10 40 s ! w 30.40 MPB-9 1.50603 4.15 4.65 4.55 9 pins on 0.1' centers. 150/100 600 u,W -10 -00 dB F 141 40.50 MPB-101.50205 2.60 3.60 3.30 Approx.11'Wx10'Hx0.5'0 150/140 300 IL LO Ñ 4011 F 51540 54.50 New Boxes for '96 150/ea 600 U,1.0 -30s I 1841 3725 MPB-11 1.50405 3.05 3.70 4.40 1501030 000 LO .10 -10 s 0 1847 150 103'N0 600 0 416 .10 11 M 114 3725 BOX -IT ENCLOSURES MP13-121.50805 4.40 5.20 6.25 Aaa'dice SPs 1a'm ea l0 .10 o11 C S845 7650 MPB-13 2 x 2 x 2 2.30 2.70 1.90 WM 600 LO 40 10 al O 101110 6075 DESCRIPTION MODEL A 13" 103/m 603 LO 40 40 11 N-614t 4075 Large Project Boxes MPB-14 2x4x2 2.75 3.25 3.00 50 m ea LO wp 4pp44 0 S5-54 134.50 DUAL GEN PURPOSE GAIN AMPS SIP -1 20.00 20.50 110/030 a a 10 NOME L S111 211 MPB-15 2X6x2 4.55 5.15 4.15 137/030 51 -10 JOdB I DUAL ELECTRONIC MIC INPUT AMPS a )a t6.a MODEL WxDxH A' B^ MPB-16 SIP-2 25.00 25.50 150/400 a MI -)0 d011 B a 30.40 2x8x2 6.85 7.60 5.25 DUAL ELECTRONIC IRE INPUT AIAPS SIP-3 25.00 25.50 1031030 a NI -0 m11 F 141-101 4060 LPB-1 4 x 6 x 2 10.50 12.50 MPS-17 3x2x3 2.55 3.05 2.45 150/030 a a 5 -011 0 mi.112 3725 DUALELECFROMC LINE OUTPUT AMPS SIP-4 25.00 25.50 LPB-2 5 x 7 x 2 11.00 13.00 MPS-183x403 3.00 3.85 4.15 MI LINE AMP WITH BUFFER STAGE SIP -5 21.00 21.50 150 a .30 011 N 01.113 47.20 LPB-3 5x9.5x2 12.75 15.25 IS° a0 a M1 .30 -305 D 01-104131.40 MPB-19 3x6x3 4.35 5.05 5.80 DUAL SUMMING AMPS SIP-6 15.00 15.00 i5D/a0 140 D.W .10 SAsi L YIM x10 LPB-4 6 13.75 16.25 MPB-20 3 x 8 x 3 4.80 5.65 7.50 1a/030 1a LLW no I Y450 ze.a DUAL HEADPHONE AMPS JOS 11.50 SIP -7 20.00 20.50 103/m 1511 u.W 10 40dB 0 30.40 LPB-5 7x7X2 13.75 MPB-21 4 x 6 x 3 4.70 5.30 4.45 M1pp 15L LLQQ -10 eod@ pp..50 ALC - LINE LEVEL SIP-8 25.00 25.50 LPB-6 7159x2 13.75 16.25 M P B-22 103Im ta 4l0 44 Jos I 01-50 3726 401003 5.65 6.10 10.55 DUAL ACA 1501030 w-IS SS11..pppp 1 SIP-9 20.00 20.50 fa u. W .4 40 as LPB-7 7 x 1 , 2 1550 18.50 MPB-23 401203 5.90 6.50 12.55 150/m fa u. LO .16 .10048 u 52146 37s FOUR COMMON BUFFER AMPS SIP -10 19.00 19.50 0 LPB-8 701302 17.75 21.00 MPB-24 4 x 1403 830 7.00 14.50 DUAL ELECTRONIC SWITCH SIP -11 21.00 21.50 roil5i 1Á 41W0 1! J5m 514tl4i6° ».a 56. LPB-9 701502 25.25 30.00 01(Y ALUAMNUM AND MICRO EXTRUSION VIDEO DA - 3 OUTPUTS SIP -12 35.00 35.50 LPB-10 1001702 30.75 36.50 -ADD RE FOR PERFORATED ALUMINUM OR 0 úU ó DUCKER SIP -13 20.00 20.50 imiiaW4Ó-05®° ñ 'PI. FOR PLEXIGLASS (AVAILABLE ONLY WHEN R LPB-11 1301702 43.25 ea go* o JOa SM:177 1n1 36.50 ORDERING A BOXI ELECTRONIC MIC -LINE PAD SIP -14 22.00 22.50 N5 LPB-12 406X3 12.25 14.50 AUTO FEEDBACK CONTROLLER SIP -15 30.00 30.50 an1r7,3auclo é ri NI ro äf DNA 11a155/MU W 415 -301 C 3 7°30 LPB-13 5 x 7 x 3 13.25 15.75 WRITE PFCTE0DERCOR- SHE97WBE WAVE SIP -18 30.00 30.50 330 15k19/101LLW 430 1 N 50.041e4 OR FAX FOR CATALOGS a9'apk°DLLD 140.75 LPB-14 509.503 15.25 18.00 AUDIO OSC / METER DRIVER SIP -17 22.00. 22.50 qR .ú 1 140.75 LPB-15 701203 19.50 23.25 RUMBLE SCRATCH FILTER SIP -18 20.00 +a 1a/a U L 20.50 o wa 21.40 LPB-16 701503 25.50 CONSTRUCTOR'S HARDWARE. 1a 1a/n U -10 -30s I 1054 2a30 E. 30.25 MIC PRE-AMP I u WATT AMP a-, SIP -19 18.00 18.50 ta 1010 U .10 -3011 B 2a 30.40 .at LPB-17 801243 25.00 29.50 AUDIO SIPS & DC/DC CONVERTER SIP -20 18.00 18.50 a/031 u -10 4011 32_ . a'n u -3011 37. 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www.americanradiohistory.com Quality Reconditioned Test Equipment all OR ^)-1p-Y,1 7, ..e. .*. . IS -3;Y-3137:41 Tektronix 475A DM44 Fluke 8600 Oscilloscope Digital Multimeter, 4.5 digit led, .02% accuracy, 5 functions. Hewlett- Packard 3325A 250 MHz bw, dual channel, 5 mV/ div sensitivity, 1nS/ div sweep rate. With differential -time/ DMM $159.00 Synthesizer/ Function Generator, 1 p z to 21 MHz, option. Includes 2 probes. wideband sweeper, programmable, 11 digit resolution. $2000.00 $975.00 Fluke 1900A Multifunction Counter, 5 Hz to 80 MHz, provides frequency, period, period averaging and totalize

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www.americanradiohistory.com WE ACCEPT VISA, MC, MO, COD VISA VOICE CHANGERS! SHIPPING & HANDLING EXTRA BUY WITH CONFIDENCE FROM XANDI ELECTRONIC KITS AND MORE! 30 -DAY REFUND POLICY TECH SUPPORT NUMBER (602.894.0992) Powerful 2 stage audio amplifier. Sensitive audio amplifier, pica up Up to 1/2 mile range. Smallest Phone transmitter anywhere! sounds at the level of a whisper. Tunes 88 -108 MHz. Miniature photo battery mounts Tunes 88 -108 MHz. Tunes 88 -108 MHz. right on circuit board. Up to 1/4 mile range. Up to 1 mile range. Attach to phone line Up to 1/2 mile range. Transmits Requires 9V battery. (Not incl.) at 143 MHz. anywhere In house. Miniature photo battery mounts Amazing audio picks T No batterie required, Sensitive, picks up sounds at sensitivity, up .-; right on circuit board. (Included) at level of a whisper. powered by phone line. the level of a whisper. sounds the SUPER-MINIATURE FM TRANSMITTER MICROMINIATURE FM TRANSMITTER CRYSTAL CONTROLLED FM TRANSMITTER SUPER- MINIATURE PHONE TRI NSMRTER Super small FM transmitter. Use with any FM broad- Including the battery, this is the Words smallest FM Including the battery, this is the Worlds smallest crystal con- Worlds smallest FM phone transmitter. Use with any cast receiver. Easy to assemble, all drip (SMT) parts transmitter. Use with any FM broadcast receiver. Easy trolled FM transmitter. Transmits to any scanner type re- FM broadcast receiver. Easy to assemble, all chip com- are pre -assembled to the circuit board. to assemble, uses pre -assembled circuit board. ceiver. Easy to assemble. uses pre-assembled circuit board. ponents are pre -assembled to the circuit board.

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Transmits a continuous beeping tone. Dial your phone from any- Covers t to 2.000 MHz. Use with any FM broadcast receiver. where and listen to the Adjustable from 108 88 to MHz. Compact hand held unit. Hear every sound in an inside home. sounds your entire house! Up to 1 mile range. Uses sensitive microwave Two digit Touch Tone code r s Works with any FM transistor amplifier. Up to t mile range for secure operation. 3/4 broadcast receiver. Includes miniature bud speaker Powerful 2 stage TELEPHONE SNOOP for audio indication of detected signals. audio amplifier. The latest in home or office security. Call fame from anywhere, enter a two digit security code. and hear the sounds TRACKING TRANSMITTER SUPER SENSITIVE BUG DETECTOR MINIATURE FM TRANSMITTER

Only by 2.4 inches, XTR100 voltages When intercepts a in 1 in your home . Aulomascally turns on without ringing the 0.7 the operates at of the XBD200 signal the to 2,000 The XFM100 has a super sensitive microphone and is phone ventes code, then activates for one and a half minutes. to 18 Volts and is ideal for use in locating lost model rockets, MHz range, it emits a growl that increases to a high capable of picking up sounds at the level of a whisper XPS -CASE KIT $13.95 bi ydes. automobiles. games of hide and seek, and contests. pitched squeal as the signal strength increases. and transmitting them to any FM broadcast receiver. XPS1000 C KIT $55.95 XTR100 C Kit $29.95 XBD200 C Kit $39.95 XFM100 C Kit $21.95

Digital voice changing: male to Digital voice changing: male to Uninterrupted coverage of Transmit high quality stereo to female, female to male, adult female, female to male, 800 to 950 MHz. oofiv any FM stereo receiver. to child, child to adult. adult to child, child to adult. Works with any scanner that Built-in output level monitor for Anonymity on any call. Use with any modular phone. can receive 400 to 550 MHz. quick and easy tuning. Button for normal operation. Ideal for use with 16 levels of voice masking. 806950 MHz SCANNER CONVERTER 16 levels of voice masking. personal CD player. Connects between handset and plane. If your scanner can receive 400 -550 MHz, just add TRANSMITTER VOICE CHANGING TELEPHONE VOICE CHANGING ACCESSORY the XLC900 for mninterrueted 800 -950 MHz coy FM STEREO It MHz Transmit full- bodied Hi Fi stereo to any FM stereo re- STOP THOSE ANNOYING TELEPHONE CALLS! STOP THOSE ANNOYING TELEPHONE CALLS! erage. converts all 800 -950 signals down to 400 -550 MHz so your scanner can receive them! ceiver. Separate left and right inputs and gain controls. Sound older and tougher when you want to. Not a Sound older and tougher when you want to. Not a kit. Add our custom case kit for that "Professional" look. Includes an output booster stage for greater range. kit. Fully assembled. Single phone operation only Fully assembled. Use with single or multi-line phones. XLC-CASE KIT $13.95 XFS -CASE KIT 13.95 TRANSITION 2000 $89.95 TRANSITION 2001 $59.95 XLC900 C KIT $49.95 XFS108 C KIT $39.95

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CIRCLE 317 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD www.americanradiohistory.com PROFESSIONAL DESOLDERING with the Lane Norman - Normans Electronics Inc. Atlanta GA 404- 451 -5057 Harold Smedberg - Smedberg Electronics - Caster MI The SC7000 A cost effective solution to has reduced desoldering equipment at less than halfthe =Tebyt° price of equipment It's performance is D 90% It has also Mike Murphy -Service- Center -Van Nuys CA 818 -785 -7805 deceased my The single best investment of repair equipment we've made. It 0%. outperforms all other desoldering tools we've used. Easier to use time and least expensive. The best priced tool on the market Bob Monroe - M.A.R.C. Electronics - Virginia Beach VA 804- 468-3932 Best investment we've made. Saves time, especially with multi - Tom Mullett - JC Penny TD&S - sided PCB's. Extremely pleased with warranty. Failed within 6 Wausatose WI 414-259 -2486 months and replaced by DEN -ON overnight. The SC7000 is a very easy to use, self - contained desoldering tool. We had a 70% Dick Manning - Dicks Electronics - Hartland WI 414-367-8339 increase in production after the purchase of time. The The ease & sv of component removal greaty increases productive the SC7000. I highly recommend it. SMD kit mAes SMD removal a breeze, even for inexperienced Techs. Paul Reindorf CET -OsagelV &Comm. - Dave Hayes - E-H Engineering Ltd - Lincoln NE 402-466.6720 Santa Fe NM 505-471-8930 Has been a durable & reliable desoldering unit. Our use has been both This tool has paid for itself over & over again. results. lab & field application over the last 2 yrs. with positive I don't know how we ever did without it. Bob Sorrels CET /CSM Polytronics Microcomputer - Shreveport LA Randy Whitehead - Service West - Salt We've used our SC7000 almost every day for about three ears with Lake City UT 801- 262-4069 virtually no problems. Just clean it before you turn it off for the day. My techs thought it would be a waste. I bought one anyway after a demo. My - - Coleridge NE 402-2834333 George Hefioer Hefner Electronics techs then fought over it. Now we have center, I hesitated to spend the money on a Being a one -men service three. It is the Best desoldering tool we , when I nearly ruined a $400 desoldering tool however all that changed have ever used. computer logic board. I use the SC7000 daily. It has cut my desoldering time by 50 to 75 %. Timothy Kraft - Monikraft, Inc. - Cherry Hill NJ 609-751 -3252 Steven Gray - Electronic Wizards - Wichita KS 316-686 -8324 desoldering Much more suction than other We replaced all our existing By far the best desoldering tool we've ever used. SC7000. Our technicians with stamp IC's or anything else. stations with the similar types we've tried. No trouble postage are very pleased with the improved Dennis McMannis -Thorn Services International - Mabelton GA performance, portability, and reliability The SC7000 has decreased my use of wick by 75% and at $25 a roll, it pays for over our previous higher priced equipment. itself within months. My total bench time is reduced by approx. 20%. Mike Metsikas - RGB Services - Philadelphia PA Don Cressin - Certified Electronics Sery ice - Ellicott City MD 301-461-8008 I may not need this tool for every Job, but when I do, I swear We have obtained excellent results with the SC7000 including repairing by it. Its perfect for field service because of it's size. An high density UN tuners. It is one of the best purchases we have made. incredible tool, I wouldn't do another house call without it. Dotg Pettit - LuRay Electronics - LuRay VA 703-743-5400 Bill Warren CETKSM -Warms Audio & Video - Knoxville IN We found that the SC7000 not only saves money vs. wick but saves valuable time in We have been extremely satisfied with the quality and troubleshooting. It allows you to be more accurate in removing SMD's. durability of the DEN-ON SC7000 as well as with after the sale support. - Video Tech Inc. - Belair MD 410-893-8448 Paul Horvat - Service Excellence Inc. - Bergenfield NJ 201 -387-7776 David Dumber Center efficiency. I wouldn't It has made a almost impossible job (desoldering a 64 pin CPU) a piece of The compact design of the SC70000 boast optimum trade it's performance for any system at even twice the price. cake. Glad I found you. Keith Sahs - J & M Electronics - Omaha NE 402 -291 -7100 It's a must tool for my bench. I can desolder multiple pin IC's quickly and clean. It will even take up large solder amounts on tuner and case grounds. Ray Wurmnest - Ray's Electronics, Inc. - Bloomington IL The SC7000 saves time when changing out parts in the home or in the DEN -ON SC7000 Service Center - Worth every penny we spent.

Totally Self Contained diaphragm vacuum pump and AC motor for high vacuum suction or reversible hot air blow for SMD removal. 100Watt Ceramic heater with zero- crossover switching heater control circuit which prevents spikes and leakage currents. Unique patented long lasting filter cartridge design. Solder builds up 0111 jow for SPECIAL PRICING on easily cleaned baffle, while air flows around the outside of baffle. Totally ESD Safe. The housing contains carbon and the tip is at to rea s of ELECTRONICS NOW ground potential for complete ESD Protection. AM6RI V W Maximum vacuum of 600mmHg is attained in 0.2 seconds. MasterCard EIWRESS Gwrds Temperature adjustable from 300°C - 450°C or 572°F - 842"F

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FREE SHIPPING! Tektronix 475A 250 MHz $849.00 ON ALL GOLDSTAR EQUIPMENT Professionally Refurbished ANYWHERE IN THE U.S. Calibrated to Original Specifications Excluding AK & HI Dual Channel, Calibrated Delayed Sweep 90 Day Warranty Model OS -9100P $999.00 Full 100 MHz Bandwidth!- SUPER SALE! Dual -Channel, High Sensitivity LOWEST PRICES EVER! TV Synchronization Trigger Calibrated Delayed Sweep New Fluke Multimeters Includes Two Probes, 2 Year Warranty The Industry Standard in Multimeters: Professional Quality Digital Storage Oscilloscopes Model 75 Series II ...$128.00 Model 83 ...$232.00 Model 77 Series II ...$153.00 Model 85 ...$265.00 at Affordable Prices! Model 79 Series II ...$172.00 Model 87 ...$285.00 Bandwidth 20 MHz 40 MHz 60 NHL Model OS -3020 OS -3040 OS -3060 SALE Price $1,199.00 $1,599.00 $1,899.00 B PRECISION' MAXTEC INTERNATIONAL COMP. Transmit and Receive Data with Standard RS -232C Interface Includes FREE Comprehensive Communication Software Power Supplies Waveform Save, Calculation, and Print Model 1680 Fixed 13.8V, 6A $50.00 Dual Channel. Delayed Sweep, TV Synchronization Trigger Model 1682 Fixed 13.8V, 15A $99.00 20 MS /s Sampling Rate, Two Save Memories Model 1740 0 -40V, 6A Dual LED Meters $499.00 Switch Between Analog and Digital Modes CRT Readout Including Measurement Cursors Model 1760 Tri- Output (2)0 -30V, 2A (1)4 -5.6V, 5A $649.00 Includes Two Probes, 2 Year Warranty Counters, Generators, Video Test, & More.... 20 MHz Sweep /Function Generator Model 1856A 2.4 GHz Multi- Function Counter $499.00 Model 1823 175 MHz Universal Counter $399.00 ModeI4040 $499.00 Model 1806 100 MHz Multi -Function Counter $249.00 0.2 Hz to 20 MHz, 5 digit LED Display %tall Model 1211D Color TV Pattern Generator $235.00 AM & FM Internal or External Modulation Model 1249A NTSC Generator w/RGB $569.00 Sine, Square, Triangle, TTL, CMOS Outputs 10 Burst Operation Model 4017 MHz Sweep/Function Generator $369.00 Model 1653 Isolated AC 1 -150V, 2A Supply $319.00

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CABLE VIEWERS.. .get back to your BASIC Cable Needs Call 800- 577 -8775 For information regarding all of your BASIC cable needs. 5 GOOD REASONS TO BUY OUR FAR SUPERIOR PRODUCT : PRICE : EFFICIENT SALES AND SERVICE WE SPECIALIZE IN 5, 10 LOT PRICING : ALL FUNCTIONS (COMPATIBLE WITH ALL MAJOR BRANDS) + ANY SIZE ORDER FILLED WITH SAME DAY SHIPPING

We handle NEW equipment ONLY - Don't trust last year's OBSOLETE and UNSOLD stock! BAS C COMPETITIVE PRICING- DEALERS WELCOME ELECTRICAL SUPPLY & HOURS: Monday -Saturday 9 -5 C.S.T. It it not the intent of BE.S. W. to defraud any pay television operator an we will not assist any company or individual in doting the same. WAREHOUSING 'Refer to sales personnel for specifications. CORPORATION P.O. Box 8180 Bartlett, IL 60103 800- 577 -8775

116 CIRCLE 334 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com 1 Since 1979 f) , .sCVeLJL - C/J/G ev orleilar ¿ ecironic. Corp. _. L_ort7oraliun sec un C uinnzenl/ / One fear Warranty. 15 Day Money Back Guarantee. OEM welcome. 3121 -A Glen Ro al Rd., Ralei . h, NC 27612 School purchase order accepted. Bids accepted. VISA, DISCOVER VALES' REPDISTRIBUTORSOEMWANTED. MASTER, & AMER. Test Equipment for COSi- IÌl /I%Cl People 1- 800 -870- 1955/(919)870 -1955 24 -hr Fax:(919)870 -5720 6 DC POWER SUPPLY RF SIGNAL GENERATOR GRID DIP METER 589.95 1.5-250MHz, PS- 303S159.00 - ..-. SG-4160B S124.95 DM-4061 on o hands,6 plug -ín coils. - "*' " 0-30VDC, 0 -3A; 0.02 % +2mV line 100KHz- I5OMHz up to 450MHz I :- regulation; 0.02 % +3mV load 3rd harmonics; 6 ranges; AM modu- 2 transistor, and diode. ° Oscillator. 1-15MHL regulation; ImVrms noise &ripple; lation. RF Output 100mVmis to 3- Modulations= 2KHz Sinewave-C-ytd 6 supply. Short circuit/overload protection; 5MHz Modulation: Int. I KHz AM, Wave absortion meter. Using 9VDcpower constant cunrnt /vol e(CGCV). "- "' Ext. 50Hz20KHz AM. AUTO DISTORTION METER r , ° ' ; PS -303D $314.95 dual output. tracking Audio Output: 1 KHz, I Vona. # DM -3104A S799.95 . O-3OVUC, 0 -5A. SC 4162AD 5229.95, with Freq. Counter I Hz- 150MHz, 6 digits, PS-305 $219.95, MEASUREMENT: - - -. for internal & external signals. Specification see SG -4160B above. PS -305D $399.95, dual, tracking. ;e-;,,. .- Range: 0.01%-30%, 8110$289.950.60VDC. 0 -3A. - AUDIO GENERATOR 0.1/0.3/1/3/10/30% full scale. 81125399.950- 60V1X2.O -SA "e s BEM 10 %, ° . AG-2601A $124.95 Freq.: 400Hzt 8108(8109) $549.95(5699.95) ° " ° .._' ' - -- a, 10Hz -1 MHz, 5ranges; I000Hza10%(HPF). M -. 0.60VDC,0-3A(5A),duaL Output Level: sinewave 0-8Vrms, Input: 3mV -100V, ^ .... , Backing. Low ripple. \\ ° independent square IOVp -p. rabo measuring 20dB. 3A(5A), .a,;á 8182(8103) S399.95(5489.95) dual 0 3OVDC/0 Output Imprdence. 600 Ohio. Auto Switching Ranges: Fundamental Freq. = (fo)tlO%; 5VDC' constant voltage _ . fixed /3A, indepedent tracking operation, Distortion. <0.05% 500Hz-50KHz. Fund. Refection: > -ß0d8 at (fo)t5%; >-70dB at (fo)tl0%. Serial/Parallel connection. N. . a.: I ma and current. Slave/Master, <0.5 %50KHz- 500KHz Harmonic Avruracv±0.5dB, I.tkfo) -201(1 PS- 16105(8107) 5289. 00( S399.95)0.16VDC(0.30V[X'1,0IOA 5229.95. with Freq. Counter I Hz- 150MHz, 6 digits, DM -3204 51,599.00 dual channels. 2/0.24VDC,3A(5A). AG-2603AD PS- 2243(2245) S139.00($159.00)0-1 for intemal &extemal stgrnals Specification see A(- 2601Aabove 8200(8201) SI79. 95( S239.95)O- 30VDC(digitalmeter),0. FREOUENCY COUNTER FC -5250C 5119.95 3A(5Á).8210(8211) s199.950259.95) two digital meters. FUNCTION GENERATOR rn Freq. Range: 10Hz- 220MHz: 8202(8203) S499.95(5549.95) 3 outputs, digital display, .w FC 2100A S169.95 + - 20MHz, dual 0- 30VDC/0-3A(5A), a fixed 5VDC /3A, indepedent tracking " 0.2Hz -2MHz in 7 ranges; Sine, (HF)10Hz- vc'' ace.arr (VHF)I OMHz- 200MHz operation, constant voltage and current. g Square, Triangle. Pulse & Ramp Output: 5mVp- p- 20Vp -p, 1% t1 O Gate Time: 0.1 & lace. 1 IOVp -p. AM/FM SWEEMAR SCOPE Max. Input '° distortion. SM- 6225B/C 51999 .93 VCR 0.10V control freq. to 1000:1. Input tennnwry. 35mV 10Hz- 200MHz. Display 7-digit LEDs PregRange: (AM)490KHZ (FM) FG-2102AD 5229.95generates signals same a FG -2100; 4 -digit Input /roped.. 1 HF) 1 MWhm, (VHF) 500hm 10-I l 4MHz;Aeurary t 0.1% ' counter display, 1m & CMOS outputs, 3Oppm t I count accuracy PC-5260A 5146.00 Marker.. )455KHz, *3KHz. FC- 20208 $159.00 O.SHz- 500KHz; Sine. Square, Triangle. I OHz-600MHz 7 -digit LEDs. *7.SKHz Digital sweep generator. 0.5Hz -5MHz in 7 FC-5270 $149.95 , y,,; (FG)2103 $329.95, . :.. - h ,. tISOKHzM)10.7MHZ illnilnit ranges. Operating Mode: sweep, AM, gated burst VCG. IOHz- 1.2GHz 8-digit LEDs.

. Z STEREO SCOPE OS-7505B $369.00 tugger, 0- 10MHz. Freq. Counter. Int. 0.5Hz -5MHz Ext. 5HZr10MHz FC5600B $321.00 , - ALIGMENT SCOPE OS-7001A S369.000- 200KHz. IOHz- 600M11z 10 -digit LEDs FM STEREO MODULATOR (FC) 57005,329.9510Hz- 13tjliz10- alignLEIM. AM/FM STD SIGNAL GEN. AG- 2011A5549.00 RESECTION: SIGNAL TRACER/INJECTOR SG-4110A51799.00 SE -6100 $134.95 Carrier: 98MHz+2MHz; ' ' ' °`^ Freq: 100KHz- I10MHz Gam Max. 60dB 1 TRACER: 1 ;. Output: 10mV, ImV & 0.ImV Display: 6 -digit LED ' üí.d@lw , + << Attenuation: 0/20/40/60dß Accuracy. ", ". r COMPOSITE SIGNALS: Input 1 roPed.: 100KOhm °- Pilot 19KHz t2HZ 0.8Vrms " , -' a ^W -t(Sx10 -E5 tl count) a ' Owpurlmped..6000hm, 34.99MHz);IKHz(35MHz- I10MHz). INT. MODULATION: 400KHz - Resolution: 100Hz(100- Speaker. S Ohm. < .5%;L -R Seperarmn. -:50d11. I dB steps. Impedence: 500 VSWR 1.2. I KHz t1%, I Vnns, distortion Output: -19dßu, -99dßu, INJECTOR: Freq.: IKHz EXT. MODULATION: Freq.: 5OHz -15KHz Output Continuously variable 0 - 4.5Vpp NTSC TV COLOR BAR PAT. GEN. L R Seperation: >45dB I00Hz -3KHz; >35dB 50Hz- I5KHz.. Squarewave- Lew/ ('PC-I36 5159.95 AC MILLIVOLT METER AUTO. CAPACITANCE METER VHF NTSC; automatic. -3100A wide band CM3300A $139.00 10 ranges, 99.9pF - 99.9mF, fully Freq.: 45.75, 175.25, 187.25 MHz. -' "' . aw...., MV $159.95 Resolution. 0.1 pF lowest. 7... - - RF Output IOmV. ° -- "`*`^°'°"° 5Hz -1 MHz; 3 scales, mV, dB Milan, 4 . 300µV -100V in 12 range, IOMV 0.1% full scale. lmpedenre: 75 Ohm, ` . -70- in 12 ranges, Accuracy Video Output. HNC'. I Vp -p resolution; -40áB ` 0dß=1 v,input t3% 0.5 %offiillacalelldigitto99.90. 1 digit to 99.9MF. SWR/RF POWER METER hw accuracy; Input Unpedence I OMO; I% of fug scaler 310 S89.95 Noise <2 %. MV-3201B $309.95 dual Display 3 digit LED. C mF. Wentinge indicator. ... -s Freq.Range. l.0- 150MHz ß' channels, simultaneous meaurement. Unit indicator pF, nF, t.F. RF Power 0- 4W/20W/200W OS-7305B S249.00 DC-7MHz, FLUTTER METER 1 , t °, MPHMeaswe. :1.0 -w 4W Mil. OSCILLOSCOPE WOW- WF -3103A $699.95 Accurcy: 5 % -10 %; SO-239 plugs. Vertical 10mV/Div; Horizontal: Freq. Range 3KHza 10% Insertion Loss: 0.3dB. ''s 250mV/Div; 10Hz- IOOKHz in 4 ' r^-, . j J)S/CCIR; 3.15KHzt l0% DIN. Input/0410a imp.: 5011 ß.ái `. ranges; 3" CRT ;Internal and ¡ Rangy 0.031.I /.313% full scale. 130- F External Sync.; Input: 1 MQ/35pF. f ` 320 $89.95, 520MHz Accuracy t5 %. - '° m OS -7010A 5369.00 DC -)OMHz i.. i 330 5119.95, I.8.520MHz. WF- 5" CRT, I0mV /Cm- I0V /C'm, IMO ., - 3105A$799.95,digital: SWR-3P526.951.7- I50MHz; a Function: LtN/WOW /Ftutter/WTD. OS- 622B $344.9520MHz/dtal trace ., - - RF Power. 0.5-10W, 0.5W-100W. car ' Freq Cntr 10Hz- 9.99MHz. OS-653 5699.95 50MHz, dual. delay sweep, ALT trigger, TV syn. "' SWR -2P $22.95, 1.7- 3OMItz RF Power: O.SIOW. " CCIR/DIN /JIS. indication: $1329.95 100M HZ. 4ch 8 traces. delay sweep,best bay mW RF Power Meter 340 5219.00, 1 R- 500MHz; 20mW - 2W OS-6100B AC/DC adapter with FC- 5250C, MICROPROCESSOR/CONTROLLER TRAINING EDS 8803 $159.00 Ì)'thennalseorntris FREE low-coal Now, you can learn and apply Computer control on your PC with our EDS -8804 $89.00 A/U and D/A conveners. FC-5260/5270, CPU- 1366A. or SE -6100A C, trainers and lead y If to the advanced 80386, 80486, etc. Learn ASSEMBLY, EDS -8805 $239.00 Servo and stepper motors. I 1 " ty system tirchase before :.; 96. limited uanti. and BASIC languages programming and debugging, and Mkroprocessor based EDS -8806 $159.00 Basic 1/O experiments. programs are L 11 ') I' hardware design and troubleshooting. Experiment guide and example EDS-8807N -16 5619.00 16 Dot matrix LEDs II'I t by technkal colleges. `' r /) Included In each trainer. Our trainers are widely adopted EDS- 8807N -8 $419.00 R Dot matrix LEDs ' " , 340 $219.00 8088 Trainer $ 699.00 13GC -8088, teach yourself 8088 assembly language programming EDS- 8808 $269.00 opto -couple controls. mW RF Power Meter Features: Assembly language coding, assembler. disassembler, single step and multi- EDS- 8809 -1 $589.00 stepper motor control, I.8- 500MHz. RF power 20mW /200mW/2W; Imp.: 500. breakpoint program debugger. display and rewrite registers, download/upload programs digital clock. s - Accuracy- *10% fug scale; N -type connector,SWR <1.15 from/to external systems- I/O drivers, 56-key large size keyboard. LCD display, RS -232 - " esker entr(dot Computer Monitor Tester strut UART, printer interface. two expansion slots, 15V, t I2V switching power supply. 20 I/0 matrix LED. Test MDA, C'GA, EGA. VGA, SVGA. 85I4A controls available, e.g. servo and stepping motor, dot matrix display. D/A. A/D. sensors a ÿs matrix keyb ard,3175.00 monitors; Video Patterns: color bars. cross hatch, dots. EDS -8811 5289.00 EIE)PROM programmer. Bum your own EPROM in just a mbute ° sign tights, eke- windows, Two video connectors. dal&digital `- piano, stop color raster and B(%(' -8052 5979.00 team yourself Intel Ií051 /ß0S1 Embedded Mittocontro0er controls. -- tic TM. 9-D & analog I5-HD; Power: 120VAC. - etc. 24 U -DBCR $1599,00 Debugger/In -circuit Emulator for Microprocessors and programme., watch, MTBIO $149; Same as MT801, except Power: 9VDC. 8051/52 In- Circuit Emulator. APEX -JE assembly language programming and debugging. .. . experiments, -100 I/O control applications. learn Assembly, C. and BASIC programming example programs included. ¡ OC 5549.00 V languages. B00-pm soidedess breadboard for circuit design and test, I/O driven for contro- $D&á011 -DRAM $589,00 Disk dove cntrol. dove entrol. Bog relay, step motor, LED, speaker. sensor. ..etc.. Application control modules available. EDS -8811 -SRAM $589.00 Disk .^.. 117

CIRCLE 227 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com CALL TOLL FREE WRITE FOR A (800) 292 -7711 C &S SALES FREE 60 PAGE Se Habla Espanol EXCELLENCE IN SERVICE CATALOG! M -6000 TK -3000 Features: Computer Interface and $89.95 Software with RS -232 Output Frequency to 4MHz Tools Included: SR -2 - Deluxe Soldering Iron Capacitance to 40nF SH -1 - Soldering Iron Stand Large 3 3/4 LCD display ST-1 - Diagonal Pliers ST-2 - Long Nose Pliers Temperature to 1999 °F ST-30 - Deluxe Wire Stripper SE -1 - Solder Ease Kit TTL logic ND -3 - 3 pc. Nut Driver Set Data /Peak hold TL-8 - Precision Screw Drivers ST-5 - Screw Driver Slotted 3116" Audible contiuity ST-6 - Screw Driver #1 Phillips J ET-10 - IC Puller Auto power off SP -2 - Solder Pump A professional technician service tool kit in a Unit indicator ST-20 - Safety Goggles metal reinforced tool case with heavy -duty $9n 95 ST-9 - Pocket Screw Driver handle and locks. A removable pallet han- ST-4 - Solder Tube Diode Test dies most of the tools listed SW -3 - Solder Wick with more room for tools and parts in the lower half. 2MHz Function Generator MX -9300 Four Functions in One Model XP -581 Sine, Square, Triangle, Pulse and One instrument with tour test and measuring systems: Model 4010 4 Ramp output 1.3GHz Frequency Counter 2MHz Sweep Function Generator Fully Regulated DC Power Supplies in One Unit Variable duty cycle $195.95 Digital Multimeter Digital Triple Power Supply 4 DC voltages 3 fixed - - 5V 30 12V 3 1A -12V ,:. to (0-30V 3A, 15V @ 1A, 5V @ 2A) 1 Variable 2 5 20V 2A @ $479.95

i oV,e $85

Digital Multimeter Digital Multimeter Fluke Multimeters Model EDM -83B Model M -1700 70 Series 80 Series Model 7011.. 69.95 Model 83 ... $235 Model 7311.. - 97.50 Model 85 ... $269 Model 7511 . - . 135.00 Model 87 ... $289 969 Model 7711 - - . 154.95 18 Functions including freq to $42.95 20MHz, cap to 4011F, inductance to B &K Precision Multimeters 40H, True RMS, Data 11 functions including freq to 20MHz, Model 391 ... $149 Model 388A . $99 Hold /min. /max- /avg., TTL logic. cap to 201.1F. Meets UL -1244 safety Model 390 ... $139 Model 2707 ... $79 specs. Model 389 . - . $109 Model 2860A .. $85 Kit Corner XK -550 Digital / Analog Trainer Elenco's advanced designed Digital / Analog Trainer is specially over 100 kits available designed for school projects. It is built on a single PC board for maximum reliability. It includes 5 built -in power supplies, a function gener- PT-223K , ator with continuously sine, triangular and square wave forms. r 1560 tie point breadboard area. 515.95 ¡ XK -550 Phone kit Fiber Optics Technology with Assembled and Tested train- with training course , ing Model FO -30K course. 519.95 $169.95

XK -550K - Kit Model AM /FM -108K M -1005K Transistor Radio Kit Compact Multimeter Kit $139.95

$29.95 S 1 9.95 6 Functions Tools and meter 8 Transistor shown optional Test

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD C &S SALES, INC. 15 DAY MONEY BACK GUARANTEE UPS SHIPPING. 48 STATES 5 150 W. CARPENTER AVENUE FULL FACTORY OTHERS CALL ($5 min. ' $15 max.) WHEELING. IL 60090 WARRANTY IL RES. TAX PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE 118 8 °. FAX: (847) 520 -9904 (847) 541 -0710 CIRCLE 218 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com FREE PROBES WRITE FOR A WITH ALL OSCILLOSCOPES FREE 60 PAGE Prices of the Year! SCOPES Lowest CATALOG! Japan Quality by Elenco But not Japan Prices! Quality Scopes Hitachi Laptop Color Digital Scopes

60MHz 40MHz 25 /30MHz DS -603 $1350 S -1345 $569 DS -303 $1095 150MHz 60MS /s VC -5460 $3695 / Digital Storage 50MHz 30MS /s VC -5430 $2695 Analog / Digital Storage Analog with Delayed Sweep Analog 20MHz 15MS /s VC -5410 $1795 Rate 20MS /s Sampling S -1340 $489 S -1330 $439 100MHz S -1365 $795 Analog 25MHz Analog VC -6145 - Storage $4795 Delayed Sweep 4 Channel 100MS /s ...$4795 Analog w/ Cursors VC -6155 - Storage 100MS/s $3995 S -1325 $335 VC -6545 - Storage 40MS /s $2995 S -1360 $759 V -1585 - 4 Channel $2095 2 Year Analog Delayed Sweep 25MHz V -1565 w/ Cursors $1795 Analog with V -1560 $1595 Warranty 50 /60MHz VC -6525 - Storage 20MS /s $2795 VC -6524 - Storage 20MS /s $2295 OSCILLOSCOPE SELECTION CHART V -695 - 80MHz w/ Cursors $1549 ANALOG V -555 - w/ Cursors $1095 Model Bandwidth Sensitivity No. of Sweep Rate Delayed Video Component Beam Time MHz (max) Channels Max ns/div Sweep Sync Tester Find Base V -552 $949 Yes Ves Yes Yes 2 S -1365 60 1 mVldiv 2 tona /div . Yes Yes Yes 2 V -509 - Battery Operated $1795 S -1360 60 1mV /div 2 10ns /div Yea yes Yes Ves Yes 2 S-1345 40 1 mV /div 2 tons /div No Yes No No S -1340 40 1 mV /div 2 10ns /div 20MHz Ves Yes Yes Yes S -1330 25 1 mV /div 2 10ne /div No Yes No No VC -5025A - 20MS /s S -1325 25 1 mV /div 2 tOns /div DSO w/ DMM $1160 DIGITAL STORAGE Pretrigger Output VC -5025 - 20MS /s Model Bandwidth Analog No. of Sampling Memory Internally MHz Sen (max) Channels Rate Cnannel Backed Up % DSO w/ DMM $935 Ves 0, 25, 50, 75 RS232 DS -303 30 1 mV /div 2 20MS /S 2K 2K Yes 0, 25, 50, 75 RS232 VC -6523 - Storage 20MS /s $1995 DS -603 60 1 mV /div 2 20MS /S V -252 $449

V -209 - Battery Operated . $1425 B &K Precision at Discount Prices Fluke Scopemeters 1541C 60MHz with 20MHz Analog Model Cursors readouts 40MHz and Dual Time Base 2120 - $389.95 $695 Model 2260 2125 - $539.95 $1225 Delayed Sweep Dual Trace Model 2160 Model 2190A ö 60MHz Dual Trace 100MHz 3 Channel $949 $1379 Dual Time Base Delayed Sweep Dual Time Base Delayed Sweep INC. 15 DAY MONEY BACK WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD C &S SALES, GUARANTEE UPS SHIPPING. 48 STATES 5 °° 150 W. CARPENTER AVENUE FULL FACTORY WARRANTY OTHERS CALL ($5 min. i $15 max ) WHEELING, IL 60090 PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE IL RES. 8 °o TAX FAX: (847) 541 -9904 (847) 541 -0710 119 CIRCLE 218 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

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1 - $3-.511 2 - S3`.50 3 - $37.50 4 - $37.50 29 - $72.50 30 - $75.00 31 - SO 32 - $80.00

- S3 .5() 6- 7 - $37.50 8 - $3750 33 - $82.50 34 - $85.00 3) - S8, 10 36 - $90.00

9 -$37.50 10-$3750 11- $37.50 12- $37.50 37 - $92.50 3$ - $fib0 97.50 40- $100.00

13 - $37.50 14 - $37.50 15 - $37.50 16 - $40.00 Total words $2.50 per word = $

17 - $42.50 18 - $45.00 19 - $ 47.50 20 - $50.00 Bold Face $0.40 per word = $

21 - $52.50 22 - $55.00 23 - $57.50 24 - $60.00 Special Heading $30.00 = $ co 25 - $ 62.50 26 - $65.00 27 - $67.50 28 - $70.00 Other $ Total classified ad payment $ enclosed : TOTAL COST OF AD S

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www.americanradiohistory.com There's No Easier Way to TROUBLESHOOT AND REPAIR Your Electronics! 900 -PAGE, MODULAR FORMAT MANUAL It's easy, fast and rewarding to do it yourself with the Electronics Repair Manual! TROUBLE ANALYSIS FLOWCHARTS TVs VCRs SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS HANDS-ON, DETAILED, Electronics Hi -Fi Stereo N Repair TROUBLESHOOTING Repair Electronics INSTRUCTIONS Amplifiers Manual "HOW TO" PRIMER Manual FOR TEST EQUIPMENT SUCH AS Turntables OSCILLOSCOPES, Specific Repair Instructions Schematic Diagrams FREQUENCY Basics Indices Electronic Repair COUNTERS, AND Speakers Test Equipment Componert..Manufacturer . and VIDEO ANALYZERS Tools and Maintenance . Troubleshooting Shortwave SAFETY PRECAUTION CHECKLISTS Radiose. COMPREHENSIVE REPLACEMENT PARTS Camcorders LISTS PREVENTIVE Decks MAINTENANCE Tape TECHNIQUES

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Address Keep Your Skills Up -to -Date! City State Zip The Electronics Repair Manual will be a valuable reference for years Shipping ace handling to Canada. 5101U S currencyl. Overseas. 5151toregn orders muss be prepadl. to come. Supplements, each containing 140 pages, add new repair CT resàe w add 6 °0 sales tax. Supplements nail be sent 4 -5 Ames a year on a fully-guaranteed, 30-day projects, valuable insights into new technologies, diagnostic and repair rnal basis. They may be cancelled al arty Ame techniques, and more schematic diagrams into your manual. Just $35 MAIL TO. WEKA Publishing, Inc. 32334 each plus shipping and handling. Supplements are sent 4 -5 times a 1077 Bridgeport Avenue, Shelton, Connecticut 06484 year and are fully guaranteed. Return any supplements you don't want 1- 800 -222 -WEKA FAX: 1- 203 -944 -3663 within 30 -days and owe nothing. Cancel anytime. 121 CIRCLE 211 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD www.americanradiohistory.com NRO W Many of our kits are available completely built FM STEREO WIRELESS TRANSMITTER FM MICROPHONE Small but mighty this little jewel Own your own FM radio will out perform most units station. Any stereo sig- many times its price. It really nal you plug into the FMST -100 will be transmitted stomps out a signal. The WM -2 kit to any FM radio tuneable from 76 to 108MHz FM. is a buffered wireless mike that Transmit a wireless link through an auditorium, operates from 80MHz to 120MHz from your car to your camper, listen to your CD's FM, the frequency of any broadcast FM radio. Includes a mini - while mowing the lawn, Play music on one channel electret mike. 6 to 12e DC. SIZE: 1.25' x 1' sing on the other. Clarity is excellent, aprox. 40d8 WM -2 KIT $14.95 stereo separation. Length of antenna determines the distance of transmission. Complete with stereo MICRO- MINIATURE input level controls & crystal for stereo separation. PHONE TRANSMITTER 9v battery operation. SIZE: 1.5" x 2.5" x 3* We haven't seen a smaller phone FMST -100 Cabinet $8.95 KIT $29.95 transmitter than the MMPT2 kit. Powered by the phone, it requires no PHONE battery. Transmits both sides of a TRANSMITTER The phone conversation to an FM radio up to a 1/4 mile away.Tunable from 88 to 108MHz FM. Attach it Small but mighty,it fits to one phone or add it to the line to pick up all incoming calls. anywhere. Phone line The MMPT2 is undetectable if properly installed. Unit has sur- powered, never needs PER H" face mounted parts, you install the leaded parts. Size .45'x .6' batteries. Transmits both With it's new and improved design it will MMPT2 KIT sides of a phone conver- $29.95 sation loud and clear, wireless, to any FM not only test your radar detector... BUT it's MICRO- MINIATURE radio at great distances. Variable tunes from tuned to the amateur radio band . WIRELESS MIKE 70MHz to 130MHz FM. You can also use it as While your out on American highways personally test So small you could hide this one on some a speaker phone. SIZE:1.25" x .6 ". yours and your fellow real bugs! It's the smallest we've ever travelers radar detectors. seen. With it's super sensitive mike it TEL -B1 BUILT $29.95 KIT $12.95 The "ZAPPER II" is a 10.450 GHz to 10.550 Transmitter transmits a whisper or a room of conversation to an FM radio, tunable from 88 to SUPER SNOOPER 108MHz FM. With a proper antenna it BIG EAR $40 95 transmits about 1/2 mile. The kit is made with surface mounted Listen through walls, KIT$39" BUILT parts, we have already mounted these parts. You install the tJ leaded parts. Power requirement 6 to 12v DC. Size .35'x.9' hear conversations MMWM5 Krr across the room. Add $34.95 This Manual contains schematics, a parabolic reflector STROBE LIGHT and hear blocks away. parts lists & P.C. board layouts for Do you need an attention getter, The BIG EAR can be hidden many of the Rainbow Kits. Use your about any- warning light,or flashing light for where. Makes an ultra sensitive intercom. own parts to construct our kits. ^fi model airplanes? Then this kit is for Can be used as a 1.5W AMP. We supply p1 you. Use it as an emergency light for a mini -electret mike in the kit. Power KIT BOOK $14.95 your auto, radio tower, even use it on requirement 6 to12v DC. SIZE:1.75 "x 1" $9.95 with the purchase your bicycle. Has a variable flash rate. Power of any kit. requirement 6 or 12v DC . Size 3.5N1.9' AA-1 BUILT 529.95 KIT $10.95 ST -1 KIT $11.95 .I, Press a button and Our TV filters learn every number TV NOTCH FILTERS eliminate unwanted TV dialed on your phone FOR CHANNELS channels or interference that alters both sound and Okay. Caller ID's tell you what num- 2 thru 22 video with a beep beep 121534262394325 ber is calling you. But what about the ONLY 610 1815432 1802 calls made from your phone? Now, beep. Works on cable return from work or vacation and channels 2 thru 22) only know the answer. The new NOTE All TV Filter Kits are sold for educational DTMF Recorder electronically logs purposes only. You must obtain permission from and saves every number dialed. This your local cable company before using these filters on is the same high -tech magic used by your cable system. detectives and government spies. DF -222 KIT Now yours. Does your wife or hus- $14.95 band make expensive long -distance calls and then deny it? Does your Please add sufficient postage First lb $5.00 Canada $7.00 son or daughter call that low -lde you Additional LB. Add $1.00 US FUNDS ONLY forbade them to talk to? Now know. We will accept telephone orders for Visa or Mastercard Decodes digits 0 thru 9, 8, ", A, B, C, on a 2 line 16 character LCD display. Clicks into your phone or extension in seconds, with no special wiring or hassles, or jack it to the incoming service panel in your garage. To Order Call Records all numbers dialed, including local numbers that don't appear on your bill. Records credit card numbers entered through your phone key -pad. 317- 291 -7262 Records Voice mailbox, answering machines, and modem access numbers. Records Cellular or repeater phone numbers heard over your phone. Even hook to a scanner, and learn scores of emergency phone numbers. Also decodes tones stored on a tape recorder. (ELECTRONIC RAINBOW =) Never before has such sophisticated gear been available to the public. And not at this price. Power requirement 9v DC.SIZE: 3.5" x4" x 1" BLACK ANODIZED ALUMINUM CABINET 6227 Coffman Rd. Indianapolis, IN 46268

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PAN-COM INTERNATIONAL, Nominal Specificatons: Operating PO Box 130 Paradise, CA 95967. -F05 voltage: 1V, 5A. Electrical resistance: 0.2 UNIVERSAL remote control systems infrared. Ohms. Pull in cycle: 2 sec. Relax cycle: 8 RF, miniature transmitters, receivers. Items for sec. De- energized length: 100mm. Ener- novice, technician or educator. Combine your 63 home and vehicle control. Automate anything gized length: 75mm. Diameter: 9mm. FREE catalog. INVENTIVE SOLUTIONS, PO Stroke: 20mm. Self- activating tempera- Box 8, Stratford, NY 13470. 8 ture: 165 °F. FASCINATING electronic devices! Tazer! Dazer! Model 1010 Synthesized 95T001 $7.95 each Super Spy Microphone! Vocal truth detector! Uni- versal IC tester! Radar and laser jammers! Sur- Sweep/Function Generator $395 Send $2.00 for our Latest Catalog! veillance! Countermeasures! Ultrasonic! Tesla! $4.00 Foreign. Refundable on First Order. High voltage! More! Plans and kits catalog $2.00. DC te 12 Ana (opt 2) - .005 Fla min. step QUANTUM RESEARCH, 17919 -77th Avenue, size Edmonton, Alberta, T5T 2S1. O ioeerwl ALLTRONICS 100 Leading -Edge kits. K1, PIC. alltaastiltaalsdalita wine 2300-D Zanker Road San Jose, CA 95131 FREE Catalog. synthesized moduWioe source Full instructions, source code. 1 (800) 875 -3214. Voice (408) 943 -9773 Fax (408) 943 -9776 SCIENCE FIRST, 95 Botsford Place, Buffalo, NY or linear (reooencr awecoiot with World Wide Web: http : //www.alltronics.com 14216. Loa calibrated marken On -Une Ordering: (408) 943 -0622 14400- N- 9 -1 -24 Hrs. a of from 25 m to 100 sec. User can 030596 specify independent repetition frequeocy CABLE TV TURN -ON CHIPS O or saurere garst mode (1 to 85535 TV "Test Chips ". Provides full sine SUPER Cable pubes per burst) - Internal synthesized service activation. Excellent; Instructions & il- burst rate generator Robot Explorer Newsletter lustrations. Jerrold Starcom: DP(V)5..DP(V)7.. DPBB7..CFT -2000 Series. Pioneer: BA -5000 Nano -ants, flying robots, Martian explorers. o Trilode i Sawtooth CW or triggered thru BA -6700 Scientific Atlanta: 8500 thru 8600. Explore an entire universe of exciting robots. Tocom: 5503- VIP..5507. Zenith: ST-1000 thru f 2 ppm acaurmy, 8 packed issues for only $14.95. ST-5000. Call Now!! MASTER COMPONENTS. information- RS232 interface with Windows/DOS now! MasterCard /Visa Accepted. 1 (800) 233-0570. software, Labview VI coming soon, Call OEM boards available 1 -(800) GO -ROBOT or 1- (800)467 -6268 © AQigifaioY: Hobbyist, Techoiciao, Engineer, Education, Circuit desip lab, Uectrosin or Biomedial research Trees Make a World ofDifarence PWI/MobileFax !!! BROADCAST FARTHER !!! 2533 North Carson St. Solee 1956 Find out how trees can make a world of difference The model 025 is a 75- 110MHz RF amplifier that connects to mono or Canoa City, NV 89706 stereo FM transmitters and produces a powerful I S-20 watt signal which For your free for you, and your neighborhood. could broadcast up to 5 miles or more! Requires 75 -250 mW driva. (805) 379-9447 brochure write: Trees For America, The National (800) 910-4099 FAx Step by step plans complete with part source / PLUS S2 S & H No C.0.0., Arbor Day Foundation, Nebraska City, NE 68410. information and antenna designs ... ONLY l'4 Progressive Concepts I ® The National BOX 586 STREAMWOOD. IL 60107 - r Arbor Day Foundation (708)736 -9822 FAX: (708)736 -0353 135

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Gernsback Publications, Inc. Free Information Number Page Free Information Number Page 500 Bi- County Blvd. A &A Engineering 132 IEC 128 Farmingdale. NY 11735 -3931 212 Ace Communications 98 - Index Publishing Group 131 14516) 293 -3000 Active Micro 125 Information Unlimited 86 Fax 1 -(516) 293 -3115 Advance Circuit Design 133 126 Interactive Image Tech. 15 213 Alfa Electronics 108 Intronics, Inc. 128 Larry Steckler 214 All Electronics 101 130 Island Logix 24 publisher (ext. 201) All Phase Video Security 128 318 IVEX Design International .. 103 Allen Engineering 97 J &M Microtek, Inc 128 Christina Estrada Allison Technology 96 Learn Inc. 9 assistant to the publisher (ext. 209) Al!star Electronics 127 M2L 133 Arline Fishman Alltronics 135 304 M.D. ELectronics (Everquest). 129 advertising director (ext. 206) AlphaLab 106 M &G Electronics 79 231 AMC Sales 127 223 Mark V Electronics 88 Adria Coren 317 American Eagle Publications.. 112 Merrimack Valley 110 credit manager (ext. 208)) Andromeda 100 251 Mendelson Electronics Surplus 126 ARC Sales 110 Mental Automation 124 334 Basic Electrical Supply 116 224 Micro 2000 81 For Advertising ONLY Baylin Publications 123 230 Micro Code Eng CV4 EAST /SOUTHEAST BC Electronics 133 - Micro Engineering Labs 132 335 Beige Bag 97 Midwest Laser Products 123 Stanley Levitan Eastern 297 Bel -Merit 84 Modern Electronics 126 Advertising 1 Overlook Ave. Black Feather 93 Mondo- tronics Inc 132 Great Neck, NY 336 Brigar Electronics 82 Motron Electronics 123 11021-3750 1- 516 -487 Bsoft Software, Inc. 100 MWK Industries 97 -9357 Fax 1- 215 Butterworth Heinemann 102 National Cable Brokers 130 516- 487 -8402 218 C &S Sales 118 257 Needham Electronics 104 MIDWEST/Texas /Arkansas /Okla. Capital Electronics 116 NRI Schools 71 Ralph Bergen Cellular Masters 112 Oatley Electronics 102 Midwest Advertising CGC 129 262 Parts Express Inc 105 One Northfield Plaza, Suite 300 216 Circuit Specialists 95 PC Boards 124 Northfield, IL 60093 -1214 Cleveland Inst. of Electronics .. 37 325 Phillips Tech Electronics 131 1- 847 -559 -0555 Command Productions 102 225 Prairie Digital 103 Fax 1- 847 -559 -0562 217 Computer Monitor Maint 131 264 Print (Pace) 99 226 Consumertronics 96 129 Protek 23 PACIFIC COAST 310 Conway Enginering Inc. 107 PWI /Mobile Fax 135 Blake Murphy 58 Cook's Institute 13 78 Radio Shack I Pacific Advertising 228 Cool Amp Conducto Lube 80 RC Distributing Co 132 Hutch Looney 8 Associates, Inc. 319 CTG 100 RF Parts 104 6310 San Vicente Blvd. Cybermation 133 269 Sescom Inc. 110 Suite 360 D.A.T.A. Business Publishing .. 13 Show -Time 133 Los Angeles, CA 90048 -5426 234 Dalbani 89 270 Sky vision Inc..... - 87 1- 213 -931 -3444 (ext. 224) 235 Dan bar I 1 1 232 Square I Electronics 127 Fax 1- 213 -931 -7309 241 Electronic Goldmine 85 227 Sun Equipment 117 Electronic Rainbow 122 Sycard Technology 106 Electronics Tech Today CV3 Tab Books 7 16 Electronic Shopper Emac Inc. 98 197 Tech Systems 83 Joe Shere Fair Radio 125 92 Tektronix, Inc. 5 National Representative P.O. Box 169 121 Fluke Corporation CV2 Tektronix, Inc. 11 331 Foley -Belsaw Co 126 Test Equipment Sales 114 Idyllwild, CA 92549 -0169 1- 219 Fotronic 115 275 Timeline 94 909 -659 -9743 Fax 1 rn220 Gateway Products 106 229 Toronto Surplus & Scientific ... 90 -909- 659 -2469 General Device Instruments 132 - U.S. Cyberlab 114 Megan Mitchell Get -Tech 103 Universal Electronics, - Inc..... 104 National Representative 122 Global Specialties 27 321 Visitect Inc. 126 1201 N. Rainbow Blvd., #50 o Grantham College 10 Visual Communications 23 - Las Vegas, NV 89128 221 Graymark International 127 98 Wavetek Corp 20 1- 702 -259 -7043 c H -Q Products 98 Weeder Technologies 79 0 - Fax 1- 702 -259 -7043 Halcyon Group 114 211 Weka Publishing 121 a Hameg 27 World College 55 w - Home Automation 123 WPT Publications 123 Subscriber Customer Service Home Controls 125 281 Xandi Electronics 112 1- 800 -288 -0652 136 222 Howard Electronics 113 7:00 AM - 6:00 PM M -F MST

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