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Additional Vertebrate Remains from the Early Miocene of Kutch, Gujarat

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Additional Vertebrate Remains from the Early Miocene of Kutch, Gujarat SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF THE PALAEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA No. 5; February, 2014; ISBN: 978-81-926033-2-2; pp. 335-351 ADDITIONAL VERTEBRATE REMAINS FROM THE EARLY MIOCENE OF KUTCH, GUJARAT RAJEEV PATNAIK1*, K. MILANKUMAR SHARMA1, LALIT MOHAN1, BLYTHE A. WILLIAMS2, RICHARD KAY2 and PRITHIJIT CHATRATH2 1DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, PANJAB UNIVERSITY, CHANDIGARH-160014 2DEPARTMENT OF EVOLUTIONARY ANTHROPOLOGY, BOX 90383, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES BLDG. DUKE UNIVERSITY, DURHAM, NC 27708-0383 *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] ABSTRACT We present here a list of the vertebrate fauna collected during fieldwork carried out in Kutch between 2010-2011from several early Miocene localities in the Lower Miocene. We describe and comment on fossil remains of fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes), reptiles (tomistomid crocodiles) and mammals (Deinotherium sp., Gomphotheriidae indet. and Brachypotherium sp.) from an early Miocene ferruginous Khari Nadi Formation exposed at localities Jangadia, Samda, Pasuda and Baadra. We report for the first time a shark, Megaselachus chubutensis from India and a batoid Rhinoptera from Kutch. A fossil latid fish has also been recorded for the first time from India. Our findings indicate that these fossils were deposited under tropical-subtropical conditions. The present terrestrial and freshwater fauna has common elements in North Africa and Europe and supports hypotheses of faunal exchange between these regions caused by the opening of land route between Afro-Arabian plate and Eurasia in the early Miocene time. However, this land connection might have been disrupted intermittently by marine incursions as appears by the presence of similar shark fauna in all of these areas. Key words: Early Miocene, Vertebrates, Kutch, Palaeoecology, Palaeogeography. INTRODUCTION A diverse fish assemblage was recovered by Kutch Tertiary sequences divided into Sahni and Mishra (1975) from the early Miocene of Matanomadh, Naredi, Harudi, Fulra Limestone, Kutch belonging to cartilaginous (Class: Maniyara Fort, Khari Nadi, Chhasra and Sandhan Chondrichthyes; sublclass: Elasmobranchii) and bony Formations are exposed circumferentially outwards from fishes (Class: Osteichthyes; subclass: Actinopterygii). the Deccan volcanics, dipping very gently due SSW (Fig. Several taxa of cartilaginous fish belonging to the 1.). Right at the boundary of Maniyara Fort and Khari families Charcharinidae, Isuridae, Alopiidae, Sphyrnidae Nadi Formations there exists a ferruginous conglomerate and Carchariidae were recovered by these authors. that has yielded an extensive vertebrate fauna including Among the bony fishes perciformes assigned to fishes, reptiles and both marine and terrestrial mammals Diodontidae, Sphyraenidae and Scombridae were also (Wynn, 1872; Prasad, 1964; Mishra, 1976; Sahni and reported (Sahni & Mishra, 1975). Mishra, 1975; Bajpai and Domning 1997; Bajpai et al. We carried out fieldwork in 2010-2011 covering 2006; Thewissen and Bajpai, 2008; 2009; Bhandari et almost all of the geologic formations of Kutch. We al., 2009). These fossils belong to Khari Nadi Formation present here our findings from the early Miocene that has been considered to be of Aquitanian (23-20 Ma) ossiferous ferruginous conglomerate exposed at (Biswas and Raju, 1973; Biswas, 1992; Kumar et al., Jangadaia, Samda, Pasuda and Baadra. We also discuss 2009) or Aquitanian to Burdigalian (Sahni and Mishra, the palaeobiogeographic significance of our findings. 1975) age. Bhandari et al. (2009), based on a “proboscidean datum” argued that these deposits are around 16.5 Ma old. 336 RAJEEV PATNAIK and OTHERS Fig. 1. A. Broad geological map of Kutch and Kathiawar (Gujarat), showing the distribution of Deccan Volcanics (green) and Tertiary deposits (yellow) and the Early Miocene fossil locality of Pasuda, B. Location and geological map of the study area, Kutch (modified after Biswas, 1992), C. stratigraphic section near Matanomadh showing the vertebrate-bearing horizon (modified after Sahni and Mishra, 1975), D and E exposure of ossiferous ferruginous sandstone and conglomerate near Jangadia and Samda respectively. Table 1: Partial list of the Miocene vertebrate fossils collected MATERIAL AND METHODS from different localities of Kutch, Gujarat. List of fossil vertebrates reported here is given Locality Latitude and Specimens Age in Table 1. Enamel samples were prepared for Longitude collected observation under the SEM (JEOL-JSM6490) at Baadra N 230 26. 494"/ Shark tooth Lower Miocene Department of Geology, Panjab University. The E 680 56. 420" (KF-66) procedure includes sawing/grinding according to various Pasuda N 230 15. 284"/ Gomphotherid Lower Miocene planes of observation, polishing with abrasive powder, E 700 12. 76" tooth (KF-76) etching with 5% HCl for 60 seconds, cleaning Jangadia N 230 27. 636"/ Sirenian vertebra Lower Miocene ultrasonically and sputter-coating with gold-palladium. (KF-1) Description of the enamel microstructure was done at Brachypotherium hierarchically increasing levels of complexity (see dentition (KF-9) Koenigswald and Clemens 1992). Abbreviations: KF- Shark teeth (KF-5, KF-17) Kutch Fossils, deposited in the Vertebrate Palaeontology Fish skull (Latid) Laboratory, Department of Geology, Panjab University, (KF-30) Chandigarh, India. Samda N 230 29. 058"/ Deinotherium Lower Miocene E 680 51. 016" dentition (KF-27) SYSTEMATIC PALAEONTOLOGY Crocodile snout Class Chondrichthyes ( KF -40) ADDITIONAL VERTEBRATE REMAINS FROM THE EARLY MIOCENE OF KUTCH, GUJARAT 337 Order Lamniformes Berg, 1958 Material, Horizon and Locality: An isolated tooth, KF- Family Ottodontidae Glickman, 1964 17E from the Lower Miocene conglomerate bed exposed Genus Megaselachus Glickman, 1964 at Jangadia, Kutch. Megaselachus chubutensis (Ameghino, 1906) Comments: Incomplete tooth is of medium size, (Pl. 1, figs. 1, 2) triangular, higher than broad and the crown is slanted Material, Horizon and Locality: Four isolated distally. Lingual face of the crown is convex, the labial incomplete teeth bearing nos. KF-17A, KF-17B, KF- face of the crown is slightly concave, the root is not 17C, KF-17D from the Lower Miocene conglomerate preserved and the apex is deflected strongly. Both the bed exposed at Jangadia, Kutch. mesial and distal edges are serrated and serration at the Description: KF 17a and KF 17b (Plate 1: fig. 1-2) are upper part of the mesial edge is stronger and decreases large, median cusps are broad and triangular; apex of in size towards the base. Hemipristis serra was the teeth is nearly pointed, crown higher than the root; distributed worldwide during the Miocene and Pliocene labial face of the teeth is flat while the lingual face is (Portell et al., 2008). It has also been described from smooth and convex. Both of the cutting edges bear fine both the eastern and western coasts of India including and regular serrations right from the apex to the crown the Late Miocene Baripada Beds in the eastern coast foot. The median cusp is flanked by a weakly developed (Modak, 1952: Ghosh, 1959: Mohanty, 1966, 1980; lateral cusp. The lingual neck is well developed in both Mishra, 1985; Mondal et al., 2009; Milankumar, 2013) the specimens and is thickest at the median region. The and the Lower Miocene shale of Matanumadh and roots are robust and bilobate; lingual protuberances are Lakpat (Mehrotra et al., 1973; Sahni and Mehrotra, feebly developed, median nutritive groove is well 1981) in the western coast. Occurrence of Hemipristis developed. serra has also been noted from the Late Eocene-Early Remarks: The present specimen is the first report of Oligocene of Balochistan (Adnet et al., 2007) and from Megaselachus chubutensis from India. Teeth of the Lower Miocene deposits of Moghra, Egypt (Cook Megaselachus are widely distributed and have been et al., 2010). reported from the Miocene and Pliocene deposits of Europe, North and South America, Africa, Australia and Galeocerdo cuvieri Le Sueur, 1822 Asia (Cappetta, 2006; Cook et al., 2010). Earlier, (Plate 1, fig. 12) Megaselachus chubutensis was described as Material, Horizon and Locality: An isolated tooth, KF- Carcharodon chubutensis from the Miocene of 66 from the Lower Miocene shale bed of Baadra, Kutch. Argentina (Ameghino, 1906). Megaselachus Comments: Teeth of the genus Galeocerdo have been chubutensis has also been reported from the Miocene described earlier by various workers from the Tertiary deposit of Moghra, Egypt (Cook et al., 2010). It is of Kutch, Gujarat (Mehrotra et al., 1973; Mishra, 1980; difficult to differentiate Megaselachus chubutensis from Sahni and Mehrotra, 1981). Previous records of fossil the juvenile teeth of M. megalodon as the later teeth species of Galeocerdo described from Kutch include also bear a lateral cusplet (Purdy et al., 2001; Ward and Galeocerdo cuvieri (Mishra, 1980; Mehrotra et al., Bonavia, 2001) and both species have also been found 1973), G. aduncas (Mishra, 1980), Galeocerdo cf. in the same deposits (Kent, 1994). The present specimen semilivis (Sahni and Mehrotra, 1981), Galeocerdo from Kutch is identical to those of Megaselachus wynnei (Mehrotra et al. 1973). Galeocerdo cuvieri has chubutensis from the Lower Miocene deposits of also been reported from the Miocene deposit of Baripada Moghra, Egypt (Cook et al., 2010) in having a pair of Beds (Mondal et al., 2009; Milankumar, 2013) and G. weakly developed lateral cusplets flanking the median aduncus has been described from the Bhuban Formation, cusp and the size of the specimens are also quite Surma Group of Mizoram
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