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The Historic and Contemporary Pounamu

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The Historic and Contemporary Pounamu NTRC: CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH DIVISION – CRD0000 SERIES: INDIGENOUS SOCIAL, ECONOMIC & POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT THE HISTORIC AND CURRENT POUNAMU AND TĪTĪ TRIBAL ECONOMIES MATTHEW ROUT AND JOHN REID ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED: NTRC Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................. 4 Kaupapa Māori and the Māori Economy ..................................................................... 6 The traditional Māori economy ................................................................................... 7 Settler colonialism...................................................................................................... 15 Neoclassical economics .............................................................................................. 16 Institutional economics .............................................................................................. 19 Economic development .............................................................................................. 23 Culturally-matched institutions .................................................................................. 25 DevelopinG an analytical framework ......................................................................... 27 Method ...................................................................................................................... 30 Tītī Economy............................................................................................................... 30 Tītī cultural institutions ..................................................................................................... 34 Tītī political institutions ..................................................................................................... 38 Tītī legal institutions .......................................................................................................... 44 Tītī economic institutions .................................................................................................. 48 The tītī institutional framework ................................................................................. 51 Pounamu industry ...................................................................................................... 69 Pounamu cultural institutions ........................................................................................... 71 Pounamu political institutions........................................................................................... 73 Pounamu legal institutions ................................................................................................ 83 Pounamu economic institutions ........................................................................................ 89 Pounamu institutional framework ............................................................................. 95 Solutions for pounamu industry offered by stakeholders ............................................... 116 Summary .................................................................................................................. 128 Tīti ................................................................................................................................... 128 Pounamu ......................................................................................................................... 131 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 136 Final Thoughts ................................................................................................................. 142 BiblioGraphy ............................................................................................................. 143 Introduction From the 1980s iwi (Maori tribes) across New Zealand began to receive negotiated settlements from the Crown for past breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi. These settlements provided iwi with assets (including land, property, fishing quota, and cash) as a means of supporting independent economic development. From a business perspective, this process has been an unquestionable success, with most tribes significantly growing their asset base over the past two decades. The success may in large-part be attributed to the corporate-beneficiary model, where tribal assets are consolidated and managed by Holdings Corporations on behalf of the tribal constituents – a model the Crown required as part of its settlement negotiations. However, this model conflicts with the traditional economic approach where tribal assets were owned and managed at whānau (extended family) and hapū (subtribe) scales and the economy was embedded within wider social, cultural, political and legal institutions. This conflict is played-out today in political tensions within iwi as many whānau and hapū seek to decentralise asset ownership and reclaim the relative economic independence they had before colonisation. In this research report we provide an in-depth analysis of two iconic Maori economies found within the South Island iwi, Ngāi Tahu. The first case study, the tītī (muttonbird) economy, provides an example where Ngāi Tahu have managed to maintain a traditional economy – in particular an economy where the ownership and management of assets has been maintained at the whānau and hapū scale. In contrast, the second case study, the pounamu (jade) economy, provides an example where the ownership and control of pounamu was unjustly acquired from whānau and hapū by the Crown then returned through settlement as a consolidated asset to the Ngāi Tahu iwi. However, rather than adopting a corporate-beneficiary model for the management of pounamu, an attempt has been made to establish an institutional structure that resembles traditional configurations where the control of pounamu for economic development purposes sits with hapū. Both case studies provide interesting examples of alternative economic approaches to the orthodox corporate-beneficiary model and as such may offer insights and alternative frameworks for thinking about and supporting whānau, hapū, and iwi economic development in a way that is both congruent with traditional institutions whilst also fitting within the current institutional framework of the settler state. In the first sections of this report we explain the theoretical approach for our study, outlining our adoption of institutional economics. We then explore each case study, beginning with the tītī economy followed by the pounamu economy. With each case study we follow a similar format, exploring the cultural, political, legal and economic institutions of each economy and how they have evolved from pre-contact era through to today. We undertake this analysis through drawing upon a combination of current and historical literature, as well as data from extensive interviews with Ngāi Tahu actively involved in the current tītī and pounamu economies. The analysis for each case study ends with a critical discussion exploring structural problems with each economy, as well lessons and insights for supporting whānau, hapū, and iwi economic development. A summary of this discussion can be found in the last chapter of this report, where a framework for future economic development is extrapolated from the two case studies, arguing that when issues lie at the executive level the solutions will generally related to governance structures while for operational level issues the solutions are generally found in leadership styles. Kaupapa Māori and the Māori Economy Most economic theories and approaches have their origin in different schools of economics that are underpinned primarily by Western ontological and epistemological assumptions. For example, key underpinnings of neoclassical economics, the current economic orthodoxy, are built upon the notion of humans as individual self-maximising actors that has its roots in Western ideas of individual disembodied selves and consciousness. This means that the Māori economy is predominantly approached and viewed through the prism of these assumptions, which leads to a distorted picture or view of what the Māori economy was, or could be in the future. There is an attempt in this study to step clear of these underlying assumptions with the goal of gaining a clear picture of the Māori economy from both a historical and contemporary perspective. Ironically, to achieve this goal we have drawn upon the theory of institutional economics (IE), which has its roots in Western studies of political economy. We consider that this economic theory is transcultural and provides a framework for investigating and revealing the different economic structures of diverse cultures (Stanfield 1980). At its most basic, institutional economics makes two simple assumptions, both which show why it is transcultural. The first is that economies operate through culturally-specific institutions. These institutions include social norms, rules of conduct, modes of exchanges, and methods of governance. The second assumption is that different cultures have different institutions, and as such the way they work will be different. Consequently, to reveal the way in which the economy of a particular culture operates it is necessary to explore the rules of acting and doing that the culture follows when engaging in economic activity. This is essentially what a kaupapa Māori approach to research demands – the explication of Māori ways of understanding, seeing, and doing to
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