DOCSLIB.ORG

South Island Iwi

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
South Island Iwi Te Wai Pounamu: South Island iwi Whakapapa resources Anderson, A. Te Puoho's last raid. 1986. Te Puoho led a Ngati Tama (Marlborough) war-party from Golden Bay along the length of the West Coast, across the Southern Alps and through the Interior of Otago and Southland to storm the Kai Tahu (Ngai Tahu) villages on the shores and Islands of Foveaux Strait. Barratt, g. Queen Charlotte Sound, New Zealand. The traditional and European records, 1820. 1987. Includes aspects of traditional Māori history of Totaranui (Queen Charlotte Sound) Ngai Kuia, Ngati Kuri. Beattie, H. Māori place-names of Canterbury. 1995. Useful Māori background information with many names. (Waitaha). Beattie, H. Māori place-names of Otago. 1944. Useful Māori background information with many names. (Otakou). Buick, T. L. An old New Zealander: or, Te Rauparaha the Napoleon of the South. 1911; 1976 Chief of Ngati Toa. Burns, P. Te Rauparaha: A new perspective 1980. Whakapapa tables for both parents; Toa Rangitira of his father's iwi, and Ngati Raukawa of his mother's iwi. Cormack, S. Four generations from Maoridom: The memoirs of a South Island kaumatua and fisherman. 1997. See genealogy and Southern history, page 145. Includes whakapapa tables. Ngai Tahu, Kati Mamoe. Couch, A. Rapaki remembered: History and reminiscence. 1987. History, traditions and daily life of the village settlement Rapaki in Lyttelton Harbour. Ngai Tahu. Dacker, B. Te mamae me te aroha = The pain and the love: A history of Kai Tahu Whanui in Otago, 1844- 1994. 1994. Dunmore, J. The French and the Māori. 1992 Includes French Tipuna, French/Māori families. Garven, P. D. The genealogy of the Ngai Tahu 1974-1977. Whakapapa tables. Griffiths, G. Māori Dunedin. 1980. This book tells of the Māori contribution to Otepoti (Dunedin). It was published to coincide with the opening of the new Araiteuru Marae in Kaikorai valley. Ngati Mamoe. Howard, B. Rakiura: A history of Stewart Island, New Zealand. 1940. Includes census 1844 at Ruapuke and Rakiura; Ngati Mamoe and Ngai Tahu. Madwick, P. Aotea: A history of the South Westland Māori. 1992. This area has been home to a succession of tribes from the ancient Waitaha to Ngati Mahaki, a sub-tribe (hapu) of Ngai Tahu. This book recounts some of the traditions and battles of these people. Includes a census of Māori and European in Otago in 1851-1852, a census of Māori in Mahitahi (Bruce Bay) in 1879 and a census of Māori in Westland in 1892. Includes a whakapapa table for Kati Mamoe. Makitanara, T., Watson, M., & Orbell, M. Two Māori stories from Marlborough. 1983. Bi-lingual. Tuiti Makitanara of Rangitane descent wrote this manuscript in 1894. It contains two traditional July 2016 Arts, Māori and Pacific Team Libraries and Learning Services tales, an associated whakapapa table and three letters addressed to the Māori scholar Elsdon Best. Marlborough. Mikaere, B. Te Maiharoa and the Promised Land. 1988. This book looks at the impact that loss of the land had on the people of Te Waipounamu and tells the story of Hipa Te Maiharoa, the prophet who led his people to the promised land and found it flowing with tears. Kai Tahu, Ngati Toa, Ngati Tama. Shortland, E. The southern districts of New Zealand: A journal with passing notices of the customs of the aborigines. 1974. Whakapapa tables; Murihiku; Ngati Mamoe, Waitaha. Stack, J. W. South Island Maoris: A sketch of their history and legendary lore. 1898;1984 The material for this text was collected between 1859-1863, from Native chiefs residing in different parts of Te Wai Pounamu. Waitaha, Ngati Mamoe, Ngai Tahu. Taylor, W. A. Lore and history of the South Island Māori. 1952. Historical Māori information relating to Nelson, Marlborough, Canterbury, Kaiapoi, Otautahi, Rapaki, Otakou, Murihiku, Rakiura and other places. Thomson, J. Southern people: A dictionary of Otago Southland biography. 1998. Syd Cormack, the Ellison family, and the Karetai family are just of few of the whanau mentioned in this publication. Ngai Tahu. Travers, W. T. L. The stirring times of Te Rauparaha, chief of the Ngati Toa with the sacking of Kaiapohia by J. W. Stack. 1906. Waite, F. Maoris and settlers in South Otago: A history of Port Molyneux and its surrounds. 1980. The history of Māori and Pakeha in South Otago. Includes a whakapapa table of Tuhawaiki who became paramount chief of Te Waipounamu. Kati Mamoe. Wilson, E. Titi heritage: The story of the Muttonbird Islands. 1979. Dedicated to the descendants of all Rakiura (Stewart Island) Māori. The names of the chiefs who owned the Islands, and signed for them in 1864, and the names of all those Māori entitled to go there are in this book. Ngai Tahu. Ngati Mamoe. July 2016 2 Te Wai Pounamu Whakapapa Resources Libraries and Learning Services Arts, Māori and Pacific Team The University of Auckland .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Unsettling a Settler Family's History in Aotearoa New Zealand
    genealogy Article A Tale of Two Stories: Unsettling a Settler Family’s History in Aotearoa New Zealand Richard Shaw Politics Programme, Massey University, PB 11 222 Palmerston North, New Zealand; [email protected]; Tel.: +64-27609-8603 Abstract: On the morning of the 5 November 1881, my great-grandfather stood alongside 1588 other military men, waiting to commence the invasion of Parihaka pa,¯ home to the great pacifist leaders Te Whiti o Rongomai and Tohu Kakahi¯ and their people. Having contributed to the military campaign against the pa,¯ he returned some years later as part of the agricultural campaign to complete the alienation of Taranaki iwi from their land in Aotearoa New Zealand. None of this detail appears in any of the stories I was raised with. I grew up Pakeh¯ a¯ (i.e., a descendant of people who came to Aotearoa from Europe as part of the process of colonisation) and so my stories tend to conform to orthodox settler narratives of ‘success, inevitability, and rights of belonging’. This article is an attempt to right that wrong. In it, I draw on insights from the critical family history literature to explain the nature, purposes and effects of the (non)narration of my great-grandfather’s participation in the military invasion of Parihaka in late 1881. On the basis of a more historically comprehensive and contextualised account of the acquisition of three family farms, I also explore how the control of land taken from others underpinned the creation of new settler subjectivities and created various forms of privilege that have flowed down through the generations.
    [Show full text]
  • 92467102. Robertson
    Edinburgh Research Explorer Chapter 15:Construction of a Paleozoic–Mesozoic accretionary orogen along the active continental margin of SE Gondwana (South Island, New Zealand): summary and overview Citation for published version: Robertson, AHF, Campbell, HJ, Johnston, MR & Palamakumbra, R 2019, Chapter 15:Construction of a Paleozoic–Mesozoic accretionary orogen along the active continental margin of SE Gondwana (South Island, New Zealand): summary and overview. in Introduction to Paleozoic–Mesozoic geology of South Island, New Zealand: subduction-related processes adjacent to SE Gondwana . 1 edn, vol. 49, Geological Society Memoir, Geological Society of London, pp. 331-372. https://doi.org/10.1144/M49.8 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1144/M49.8 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Introduction to Paleozoic–Mesozoic geology of South Island, New Zealand: subduction-related processes adjacent to SE Gondwana Publisher Rights Statement: ©2019TheAuthor(s).ThisisanOpenAccessarticledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0Li cense(http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/). Published by The Geological Society of London. Publishing disclaimer: www.geolsoc.org.uk/pub_ethics General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Te Reo Māori and Ta Re Moriori in Taxonomy
    VealeNew Zealand et al.: Te Journal reo Ma- oriof Ecologyin taxonomy (2019) 43(3): 3388 © 2019 New Zealand Ecological Society. 1 REVIEW Using te reo Māori and ta re Moriori in taxonomy Andrew J. Veale1,2* , Peter de Lange1 , Thomas R. Buckley2,3 , Mana Cracknell4, Holden Hohaia2, Katharina Parry5 , Kamera Raharaha-Nehemia6, Kiri Reihana2 , Dave Seldon2,3 , Katarina Tawiri2 and Leilani Walker7 1Unitec Institute of Technology, 139 Carrington Road, Mt Albert, Auckland 1025, New Zealand 2Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, 231 Morrin Road, St Johns, Auckland 1072, New Zealand 3School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland CBD, Auckland 1010, New Zealand 4Rongomaiwhenua-Moriori, Kaiangaroa, Chatham Island, New Zealand 5Massey University, Private Bag 11222 Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand 6Ngāti Kuri, Otaipango, Ngataki, Te Aupouri, Northland, New Zealand 7Auckland University of Technology, 55 Wellesley St E, Auckland CBS, Auckland 1010, New Zealand *Author for correspondence (Email: [email protected]) Published online: 28 November 2019 Auheke: Ko ngā ingoa Linnaean ka noho hei pou mō te pārongo e pā ana ki ngā momo koiora. He mea nui rawa kia mārama, kia ahurei hoki ngā ingoa pūnaha whakarōpū. Me pēnei kia taea ai te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ā-pūtaiao nei. Nā tēnā kua āta whakatakotohia ētahi ture, tohu ārahi hoki hei whakahaere i ngā whakamārama pūnaha whakarōpū. Kua whakamanahia ēnei kia noho hei tikanga mō te ao pūnaha whakarōpū. Heoi, arā noa atu ngā hua o te tukanga waihanga ingoa Linnaean mō ngā momo koiora i tua atu i te tautohu noa i ngā momo koiora. Ko tētahi o aua hua ko te whakarau: (1) i te mātauranga o ngā iwi takatake, (2) i te kōrero rānei mai i te iwi o te rohe, (3) i ngā kōrero pūrākau rānei mō te wāhi whenua.
    [Show full text]
  • The Colonial Reinvention of the Hei Tiki: Pounamu, Knowledge and Empire, 1860S-1940S
    The Colonial Reinvention of the Hei Tiki: Pounamu, Knowledge and Empire, 1860s-1940s Kathryn Street A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Victoria University of Wellington Te Whare Wānanga o te Ūpoko o te Ika a Māui 2017 Abstract This thesis examines the reinvention of pounamu hei tiki between the 1860s and 1940s. It asks how colonial culture was shaped by engagement with pounamu and its analogous forms greenstone, nephrite, bowenite and jade. The study begins with the exploitation of Ngāi Tahu’s pounamu resource during the West Coast gold rush and concludes with post-World War II measures to prohibit greenstone exports. It establishes that industrially mass-produced pounamu hei tiki were available in New Zealand by 1901 and in Britain by 1903. It sheds new light on the little-known German influence on the commercial greenstone industry. The research demonstrates how Māori leaders maintained a degree of authority in the new Pākehā-dominated industry through patron-client relationships where they exercised creative control. The history also tells a deeper story of the making of colonial culture. The transformation of the greenstone industry created a cultural legacy greater than just the tangible objects of trade. Intangible meanings are also part of the heritage. The acts of making, selling, wearing, admiring, gifting, describing and imagining pieces of greenstone pounamu were expressions of culture in practice. Everyday objects can tell some of these stories and provide accounts of relationships and ways of knowing the world. The pounamu hei tiki speaks to this history because more than merely stone, it is a cultural object and idea.
    [Show full text]
  • Creating an Online Exhibit
    CREATING AN ONLINE EXHIBIT: TARANAKI IN THE NEW ZEALAND WARS: 1820-1881 A Project Presented to the faculty of the Department of History California State University, Sacramento Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in History (Public History) by Tracy Phillips SUMMER 2016 © 2016 Tracy Phillips ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii CREATING AN ONLINE EXHIBIT: TARANAKI IN THE NEW ZEALAND WARS: 1820-1881 A Project by Tracy Phillips Approved by: __________________________________, Committee Chair Patrick Ettinger, PhD __________________________________, Second Reader Christopher Castaneda, PhD ____________________________ Date iii Student: Tracy Phillips I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this project is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the project. __________________________, Graduate Coordinator ___________________ Patrick Ettinger, PhD Date iv Abstract of CREATING AN ONLINE EXHIBIT: TARANAKI IN THE NEW ZEALAND WARS: 1820-1881 by Tracy Phillips This thesis explicates the impact of land confiscations on Maori-Pakeha relations in Taranaki during the New Zealand Wars and how to convey the narrative in an online exhibit. This paper examines the recent advent of digital humanities and how an online platform requires a different approach to museum practices. It concludes with the planning and execution of the exhibit titled “Taranaki in the New Zealand Wars: 1820- 1881.” _______________________, Committee Chair Patrick Ettinger, PhD _______________________ Date v DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this paper to my son Marlan. He is my inspiration and keeps me motivated to push myself and reach for the stars.
    [Show full text]
  • Oldman Maori.Pdf
    [499] Mummification Among the Maoris. Following recent newspaper discussions, Mr. H. D. Skinner sends the following extract from a private letter from Mr. George Graham, 26th July, 1935: “I have myself seen (in situ) human bodies in the urupā (burying-place) in a perfectly preserved condition, in a sitting posture, as originally arranged after death; probably not more than a century or so in age (Kaipara, Arawa, and Kawhia). I am sure mummifying was not a Maori art, the necessary processes would be derogatory from the Maori point of view. “The nearest approach to mummification in New Zealand I ever heard of was connected with the death of Rangitihi (Arawa ancestor of Ngatirangitihi). His body was encased or folded in eight (waru) wrappings (pu), and after some years of retention for wailing over, - 190 at last consigned to the urupā. Hence the pepeha (motto) of that clan: 1. E waru nga pu-manawa a Rangitihi or 2. Rangitihi pu-manawa waru i.e.— 1. Eight were/are the bowel-bindings of Rangitihi. 2. Rangitihi (of the) eight bowel-bindings. “Why Rangitihi was thus provided for after his death is another story—but it seems to have been a historical incident—though unique of its kind. Of course there is another alleged interpretation of the term pumanawa. “The bodies I saw at a cavern urupā at Kaipara (1883 about) were all sitting around the sides of a spacious cavern vault, clothed and bedecked with feather plumes, and the tattooing (all were men) as clear and perfect as can possibly be imagined.
    [Show full text]
  • He Atua, He Tipua, He Tākata Rānei: an Analysis of Early South Island Māori Oral Traditions
    HE ATUA, HE TIPUA, HE TAKATA RĀNEI: THE DYNAMICS OF CHANGE IN SOUTH ISLAND MĀORI ORAL TRADITIONS A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Māori in the University of Canterbury by Eruera Ropata Prendergast-Tarena University of Canterbury 2008 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgments .............................................................................................5 Abstract..............................................................................................................7 Glossary .............................................................................................................8 Technical Notes .................................................................................................9 Part One: The Whakapapa of Literature..........................................................10 Chapter 1......................................................................................................... 11 Introduction......................................................................................................12 Waitaha.........................................................................................................13 Myth and History .........................................................................................14 Authentic Oral Tradition..............................................................................15 Models of Oral Tradition .............................................................................18 The Dynamics
    [Show full text]
  • Maori Cartography and the European Encounter
    14 · Maori Cartography and the European Encounter PHILLIP LIONEL BARTON New Zealand (Aotearoa) was discovered and settled by subsistence strategy. The land east of the Southern Alps migrants from eastern Polynesia about one thousand and south of the Kaikoura Peninsula south to Foveaux years ago. Their descendants are known as Maori.1 As by Strait was much less heavily forested than the western far the largest landmass within Polynesia, the new envi­ part of the South Island and also of the North Island, ronment must have presented many challenges, requiring making travel easier. Frequent journeys gave the Maori of the Polynesian discoverers to adapt their culture and the South Island an intimate knowledge of its geography, economy to conditions different from those of their small­ reflected in the quality of geographical information and island tropical homelands.2 maps they provided for Europeans.4 The quick exploration of New Zealand's North and The information on Maori mapping collected and dis- South Islands was essential for survival. The immigrants required food, timber for building waka (canoes) and I thank the following people and organizations for help in preparing whare (houses), and rocks suitable for making tools and this chapter: Atholl Anderson, Canberra; Barry Brailsford, Hamilton; weapons. Argillite, chert, mata or kiripaka (flint), mata or Janet Davidson, Wellington; John Hall-Jones, Invercargill; Robyn Hope, matara or tuhua (obsidian), pounamu (nephrite or green­ Dunedin; Jan Kelly, Auckland; Josie Laing, Christchurch; Foss Leach, stone-a form of jade), and serpentine were widely used. Wellington; Peter Maling, Christchurch; David McDonald, Dunedin; Bruce McFadgen, Wellington; Malcolm McKinnon, Wellington; Marian Their sources were often in remote or mountainous areas, Minson, Wellington; Hilary and John Mitchell, Nelson; Roger Neich, but by the twelfth century A.D.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Drawings and Signatures of Moko by Mäori in the Early 19Th Century
    KI TÖ RINGA KI NGÄ RÄKAU Ä TE PÄKEHÄ? 1 DRAWINGS AND SIGNATURES OF MOKO BY MÄORI IN THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY NGÄRINO ELLIS (Ngäpuhi, Ngäti Porou) University of Auckland Ko Räkaumangamanga te maunga, Ko Ipipiri te moana, Ko Te Räwhiti te marae, Ko Ngäti Kuta te hapü, Ko Ngäpuhi te iwi, Ko Te Nana te tupuna, Ko Ngä Taiapa Rino o Te Poka o Whata Paraua ahau. Räkaumangamanga is my mountain, Ipipiri is my sea, Te Räwhiti is my marae, Ngäti Kuta is my sub-tribe, Ngäpuhi is my tribe, Te Nana is my ancestor, Ngä Taiapa Rino o Te Poka o Whata Paraua (Ngärino) is my name. In May 2013, on a beautiful Monday morning, around 150 members of hapü ‘sub-tribes’ from around the Bay of Islands, including Ngäti Manu and Te Kapotai and the two hapü of Te Rawhiti (Ngäti Kuta and Patu Keha), boarded a hired ferry at Opua. Along with members of the Waitangi Tribunal and their retinue, the group visited sacred and important hapü sites. We began on our precious moana ‘ocean’ and ended up travelling by bus inland to marae ‘ancestral community hubs’ at Waikare and Karetu. This was to be a historic moment as we heard from our kuia ‘female elders’ and kaumätua ‘male elders’ about the effects of Te Tiriti o Waitangi (the Treaty of Waitangi) 1840 and its insidious legacies for us today. The next day our kaikörero ‘speakers’ began four days of hearings, in which they frequently referred to documents which our tüpuna ‘ancestors’ had signed. In their Briefs of Evidence, they referred to the sacred marks their ancestors had made from their moko ‘tattoo’ on those documents, especially Te Tiriti and Te Wakaputanga (the Declaration of Independence) 1835.
    [Show full text]
  • Blueskin Newsjune 2021
    BLUESKIN NEWS COMMUNITY NEWSLETTER Est. 1985 JUNE 2021 Seacliff • Warrington • Evansdale • Waitati • Doctors Point • Purakaunui In this issue... Farewell to Dave page 3 Beau Heather page 13 Grants for insulation and heating page 5 Wild Things page 14 Eggs for undies page 9 Poem – Public Transport page 17 Little Blue Penguins page 10 plus lots more ... Editor’s Note Blueskin Bay Community Spaces Well, it does seem that winter has arrived, and in several different variations. After a week of beautiful, clear, Warrington Hall freezing weather I sit now listening to the sound of the Available for birthdays, family gatherings, exercise rain on the roof and feeling for the poor people evacuated classes, dances and do’s etc at reasonable rates. from their homes in Canterbury. For those of you feeling Hire includes a fully equipped kitchen and tables the cold and with no fixed heating appliance or insulation and chairs. check out the article on Grants for Insulation and Heating. Contact Lyn 482 2896 or Rowena 482 2667 The Waikouaiti Community Coast Board have been Waitati Hall making submissions on our behalf – particularly of Suitable for large meetings, weddings, parties, interest to some is for the implementation of a better bus concerts, dances etc. (up to 120) features kitchen, service especially in the evenings and at weekends. Two toilets, stage, sound system and large projection international film festivals will take place in Dunedin in June – French and Italian, unfortunately our bus service screen. will only allow you to go to the French films! Contact Blueskin Nurseries on 482 2828 Little Blue Penguins have been a hot topic of conversation Waitati Hall Meeting Room among residents of Waitati and Doctors Point – please Suitable for committee meetings, small gatherings, keep your dogs on a lead and well away from nesting birds.
    [Show full text]
  • 23 June 2021 Mr Matt Allan Chair of the Northbrook Wanaka Retirement
    23 June 2021 Mr Matt Allan Chair of the Northbrook Wanaka Retirement Village Expert Consenting Panel c/- Environmental Protection Authority Te Mana Rauhī Taiao Private Bag 63002 Waterloo Quay Wellington 6140 Via email: [email protected] Tēnā koe Mr Allan, Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu comments on Northbrook Wānaka Retirement Village I set out below comments on the proposal by Winton Property Limited (the applicant) to establish a retirement village in Northbrook, Wānaka under the Covid-19 Recovery (Fast-track Consenting) Act 2020. 1. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu and Papatipu Rūnanga 1.1 This response is made on behalf of Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu (Te Rūnanga) which is the statutorily recognised representative tribal body of Ngāi Tahu whānui (as provided by section 15 of the Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu Act 1996 (TRONT Act)) and was established as a body corporate on 24 April 1996 under section 6 of the TRONT Act. 1.2 Te Rūnanga encompasses five hapū, Kati Kurī, Ngāti Irakehu, Kati Huirapa, Ngāi Te Ruahikihiki, Ngāi Tūāhuriri and 18 Papatipu Rūnanga, who uphold the mana whenua and mana moana of their rohe. Te Rūnanga is responsible for managing, advocating and protecting, the rights and interests inherent to Ngāi Tahu as mana whenua. 1.3 Notwithstanding its statutory status as the representative voice of Ngāi Tahu whānui “for all purposes”, Te Rūnanga accepts and respects the right of individuals and Papatipu Rūnanga to make their own responses. 1.4 Papatipu Rūnanga who have shared interests across the Queenstown Lakes District are: Waihōpai Rūnanga; Te Rūnanga o Awarua; Te Rūnanga o Ōraka Aparima and Te Rūnanga o Hokonui (collectively referred to as Ngāi Tahu ki Murihiku) and Te Rūnaka o Ōtākou, Kati Huirapa ki Puketeraki Rūnaka and Moeraki Rūnaka (collectively referred to a Kāi Tahu ki Ōtākou).
    [Show full text]
  • Me Tā Tāua Mokopuna
    New Zealand Journal of History, 49, 1 (2015) Me Tā Tāua Mokopuna THE TE REO MĀORI WRITINGS OF H.K. TAIAROA AND TAME PARATA THE TITLE OF THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN TAKEN from a letter between Tame Parata and Hori Kerei Taiaroa (H.K), two influential southern Māori leaders of the later nineteenth century.1 The letter acknowledges with affection their shared grandchild, ‘me tā tāua mokopuna’, Te Matenga Taiaroa. Both men were important figures in both tribal and parliamentary politics whose legacies endure through their descendants, their political careers and their written work. Parata and H.K. left a considerable archive of writings in their native language, te reo Māori, and those texts are the focus of this essay. H.K. and Parata were born in the early nineteenth century, so their lives straddled the old Māori world and the modern world. As influential figures in a new generation of leaders they skilfully confronted the challenges posed by colonial rule, which was a fundamental element of their political reality, but they were both heavily influenced by the previous generation. Their fathers, who were veterans of tribal battles like that with Te Rauparaha in Ōraumoanui, were dominant forces in their lives. H.K. and Parata each took up the mantle of leadership, acting as rakatira (chiefs) and representing their people within the colonial political system. Both established extensive relationships amongst Māori and Pākehā and became skilful political and cultural negotiators. Exploring their writing in te reo, especially their correspondence, adds depth to our understanding of these key figures in tribal history and in the politics of southern New Zealand.
    [Show full text]