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ABOUT HISTORIOGRAPHY OF HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF NORTHERN BACTRIA KHOLIYAROV TULKINJON Senior lecturer, Termez State University +99 899 676 81 85 [email protected], [email protected]

Received: 16 March 2020 Revised and Accepted: 16 June 2020

Abstract This article summarizes the scientific research conducted by Uzbekistan and foreign scholars on the historiography of historical geography of Northern Bactria, which was carried out in the late XIX - until beginning of the XXI century. The study of these researches makes it possible to localize the names given in anthropological landscapes, archaeological sites, trade routes and written sources in the territory of Northern Bactria.

Keywords: Northern Bactria, historical geography, historiography, Surkhan oasis, Northern Tokharistan, Termez, Chaghanian, Dar-i Ahanin, Boysun mountain, Budrach, Paretaka, Arianam Vaedja, frurion, Kharali, Markhashi.

1. Introduction The study of the historiography of the historical geography of ancient Central Asia, especially ancient Bactria, is one of the scientific directions that has been in the focus of archaeologists and historians. The first researches on a number of issues of historical geography of Northern Bactria were carried out by scientists working in the 70s of the XIX-early XX centuries. 2. Materials and Methods Based on the available cartographic data, V.Tomashek in his work gave information about the Paretaka region, which is mentioned in the works of the authors who dealt with ancient Termez and ancient period. In particular, he considered Paretaka a mountainous region and belived it to be in the territory of Badakhshan [1, pp. 34-35, 40-46, 52]. V.V.Grigorev considers Paretaka to be a common name meaning “mountainous region” and places it in the oases of Surkhandarya, Surkhob and Kofirnihon, ie in the middle and northern parts of the Gissar mountain range [2]. I.Markwart calls Paretaka a “river-washing land” and places it in what is now the Surkhandarya region and southern Tajikistan [3, p. 25]. Also, the historical geography of Northern Bactria was first reported in the second half of the 19th century by European historians V.Geiger, T.Nyoldeke, J.Prashek [4] in the early twentieth century and S.Tolstov [5] in the 1940s on the basis of reports by ancient Greek historians. Academician V.V.Bartold made the most significant contribution to the study of the historical geography of Northern Bactria-Tokharistan. He has researched this problem in a number of his works and in a number of articles included in the Islamic encyclopedia [6]. V.V.Bartold wrote special essays in the Islamic encyclopedia “Termez”, “Chaghaniyon” and “Dar-i Ahanin” based on excerpts from the first sources of the East [7, pp. 431-432, 504-508, 558- 559]. These essays, which have not lost their significance, were later supplemented by Uzbek archeologist-numismatist, orientalist-historian E.V.Rtveladze, B.D.Kochnev, Sh.Kamaliddinov on the basis of numismatic, historical and geographical data [8]. The researches listed above were written decades ago and the main focus was only on data from written sources. The researches were often based solely on a comparison of travelogues and geographical maps written in Arabic and Persian in the Middle Ages. There were no archeological artifacts or other types of information to confirm

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ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 18, 2020 or deny them. In addition, more medieval historical geography of the region was covered, while the ancient geography of Northern Bactria was relatively less covered. Extensive archeological excavations and rich sources based on them, which began in the second half of the 1920s, played an important role in the study of the historical geography of northern Bactria. Comparison of the research with written source data allowed to further determine the location of settlements and to determine the boundaries of historical and cultural areas. This research was initiated by the 1927–1928 expedition of the Moscow Museum of Oriental Cultures led by B.P.Denike. The expedition traced the date of Termez architectural monuments and also found that Karatepa and Zurmala referred to Buddhism monuments. He began excavations in the palace of the rulers of Termez, decorated with ganch carving patterns. The results of the expedition were published in many articles and books [9]. In 1930, BN Kastalsky's work on the historical and geographical interpretation of the Surkhandarya and Sherabad oases was published [10]. The author describes the ruins of Old Termez and states his personal observations and comments. The Termez Archaeological Complex Expedition (TACE), which operated in ancient Termez from 1936 to 1938, made a significant contribution to the study of Termez's past, including its historical geography. The results of the expedition were published in a two-volume book and in many articles [11]. In 1938, excavations by A.P. Okladnikov in the Teshiktash cave in the Boysun Mountains revealed that the process of human occupation of Northern Bactria began in the Middle Paleolithic and the formation of anthropogenic landscapes started [12]. Amir Temur cave is located near Teshiktash. In 1939, A.P.Okladnikov conducted archeological excavations in this cave [13, pp. 3-76]. There are three layers, the upper two belonging to the Neolithic period and the lowest to the Middle Paleolithic period. Remains of a kiln and charcoal were found in the layers of Amir Temur's cave. This place was considered a temporary shelter for Neanderthal hunters due to its low density and scarcity. Several findings were found from the cave such as, large coarse-grained scrapers, plates, flat nucleus, and fragments of stone removed out of them, similar to those in the Teshiktash cave. However, various animal bone remains were also found in the cave as here people lived in groups, engaged in hunting and gathering. G.I.Savitsky commented on the information provided by the authors of ancient times about Ancient Bactria [14]. In 1940, a collection of opinions of ancient authors on Central Asia in written sources was published [15]. In 1941, in an article by V.Tarn on the ancient history of Termez [16, pp. 84-94], based on written sources, Alexandria in Oxus replaced the present Termez. The daily activities and creativity of the people of Termez, combined with general information on its history, is reflected in the compilation essay of B.V. Lunin [17, p. 100-103]. I.M. Dyakonov analyzed the list of 16 countries and regions listed in the “Videvdat” part of the sacred book of Zoroastrianism “Avesta” [18]. A.M. Mandelshtam’s work on the historical geography of the Pamirs and Pamir foothills serves as an important source in illuminating the historical geography of the northeastern regions of Northern Bactria [19]. The list of Achaemenid satrapies in Central Asia quoted in ancient Persian writings is studied in V.M. Masson's monograph on ancient Margiana [20]. The work of I.M. Dyakonov plays an important role in the study of the historical geography of Northern Bactria during the invasion of Iran Achaemenids [21]. Employees of the Uzbekistan Art Research Institute, which began its work in 1959, launched a large-scale scientific expedition to Dalvarzintepa, located in the middle reaches of the Chaganrud (Surkhandarya), the second largest center in northern Bactria after Termez. The head of the expedition G.A. Pugachenkova set a goal for the members of the expedition of not only archeological research of Dalvarzintepa and Kholchayan, which are monuments of antiquity, but also of studying the historical geography of the whole region. The members of the expedition carried out archeological excavations in the ancient city of Budrach, 6 km south-east of Denau, at the confluence of the Surkhan and Kizilsu rivers [22, p. 59]. In 1973, A.A.Askarov’s work on the Sapallitepa archaeological site of the Bronze Age provided information on the dynamics of development of anthropogenic landscapes in the Bronze Age [23]. Archaeologist U. Islamov informed about the formation of anthropogenic landscapes in the Machay Cave of the Mesolithic period in the mid-70s of the XX century [24]. A. Askarov's and B. Abdullaev's work on the monument to Jarkutan contains valuable information on the emergence of two-part cities and the formation of the first states, that can be a comprehensive study of the historical geography of these states [25]. Archaeologist T.Shirinov enriched this information in his research [26].

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In the late 70s of the XX century, an expedition consisting of archaeologists E.V.Rtveladze and M.Is’hakov conducted research in the ruins of the city of Budrach and found that settlements were built here between the first centuriy BC and the first century AD and developed during the reign of the whole Kushan Empire [27]. At the same time, the work of the Termez archeological group headed by Sh.R.Pidaev began in Old Termez, and two stratigraphic wells were dug in the Old Termez fortress. As a result, information on the gradual stratigraphic exchange of cultural strata was obtained, excavations were carried out in some buildings in Shahristan and Rabod, as well as the defense system of Old Termez. As a result, it was possible to determine the dynamics of the city's development. Sh.R.Pidaev tried to clearly substantiate the location of Alexandria in Oxus, the place of Termez, based on archeological materials [28]. In 1977, Stavisky considered the archeological monuments of the Kushan period in his work, taking into account the geographical features of Bactria, and studied the historical geography of North and South Bactria on the basis of archeological materials available at that time [29, pp. 84-95]. In 1977, in the journal “Fan va turmush” (Science & Life) archaeologist T.Annaev in an article on the Buddhist monuments of Old Termez justified the geographical location of Buddhist temples in Northern Bactria, in particular in Old Termez [30, pp. 24-25]. This information was further supplemented in the materials of the conference held in Termez on April 20-21, 2006 [31, pp. 235-236]. A.S. Sagdullaev suggested that the formation of settlements in Mirshodi and than later in Bandykhan in the last Bronze Age was connected with the process of settlement of peasants from the north-east [32, pp. 30-36]. In 1981, E.V.Rtveladze published an article on the historical and geographical location of the countries mentioned in the works of Greco-Roman authors [33, pp. 96-100]. In it, the scientist located the region of Paretaka in the foothills of Boysuntau and Kugitang in northern Bactria. The scientist also noted that 11 Bronze Age settlements along the territory of North-West Bactria (Surkhandarya oasis) were located in Ulanbulaksay, Sherabad, Bandikhan and Mirshodi, additionally, at the beginning of the first millennium, another area was formed on the slopes of the Gissar mountain range, which was reported to be Sartepa [34, pp. 285-286]. I.N. Khlopin’s contribution to the study of the historical geography of Northern Bactria is great. His work, published in 1983, focuses on the historical geography of the southern regions of Central Asia in the historical periods when they were part of various state structures - Achaemenid Iran, Parthia and the Sassanids. As a result of a systematic analysis of historical sources, the author suggests the localization of a number of places and areas of ancient population belonging to these periods of history. Maps are attached to the book [35]. M.A. Dandamaev in his work gives Prashek's hypothesis that Bactria and Margiana were two independent states by separate dynasties until it became part of the Achaemenid Empire and concludes that Cyrus II united these states into a single administrative unit [36, p. 29]. The first special book prepared by the staff of the Museum of Local Lore of Surkhandarya region in collaboration with scientists from Tashkent and Samarkand was published in 1989 and contains a number of information on the historical geography of Northern Bactria [37]. In 1990, Sh.B. Shaidullaev interpreted Gabaza, Paretayka and Bubakena as Bactrian regions [38]. After the independence of Uzbekistan, a new stage in the study of the history and geography of Northern Bactria began. It is a characteristic feature of this period that many historians, writers and local historians have written various works on this problem. For example, in 1991 the work of T.Annaev and P.Juraeva [39] and in 1997 the works of T.Annaev and Sh.Shaydullaev on the history of Surkhandarya were published [40]. These works provide information on the historical geography of Northern Bactria. In a number of scientific articles and works, S.Sh.Kamoliddinov gave information about the cities and villages in the Surkhandarya oasis in the IX-XIII centuries, their names and components, available in Arabic sources. In particular, the work of Sh.S. Kamoliddinov, serves as an important source in the study of the historical geography of Northern Bactria-Tokharistan [41]. In the play, the author used many types of sources: written, archeological, epigraphic, numismatic, cartographic and ethnographic sources. The research focuses on historical geographical works of the IX- early XIII centuries. The great achievement of the author is that he was able to locate the historical place mentioned in the source on the site of a separate archeological monument of Northern Tokharistan. In general, this work provides valuable information on the formation and development of many settlements in the territory of Northern Tokharistan, the identification and placement of toponyms, hydronyms. T.Annaev, B.Tilovov, Sh.Khudoiberdiev's work on Boysun archeological monuments, published in 1999, provides information about the archeological sites in Baysuntau and adjacent areas [42].

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The Zoroastrian holy book, the Avesta, mentions twice that Vishtasp prayed on the banks of the Vakhvii-Datii (“Yasht” 17.49,61). Wahvi-Datiya [43] was in Arianam Vayja. Many researchers consider this river to be undoubtedly the Amudarya [44, pp. 67-79]. As for Arianam Vayja, N. Khodjaeva came to the conclusion that it includes the territories of present-day Central Asia, Eastern Iran (Khorasan) and Afghanistan [45, pp. 9-18]. N. Khodjaeva speculates that the kingdom of Kavi Vishtasp was part of Arianam Vaija, the place where the rivers flowed from Wahvi-Datiya and Fraz, probably his kingdom located in Bactria. Researcher T.Karimov in his work “In the footsteps of the Holy Avesto” was the first place where Zoroaster preached monotheism (Ahura Mazda), the lands inhabited by peoples and nations along the Amu Darya, which is mentioned in the book “Avesta” as Arianem Vij (or Arianam Vayja). It means “Paradise on earth for the Aryans” or “Aryan flat lands” [46, pp. 9-18]. It is also noted that the name of the author Arianem Vaijah was later used in the Pahlavi language of the Achaemenids and Parthians as “Kho-oriy-zamin” or “Kho-oriy-zem”. The above data allow us to conclude that the memoirs reflected in the Avesta, Pahlavi sources and the Shahnameh are not imaginary, but completely real. Studies once again show that these sources are even more important for the study of the history of Central Asia from the Bronze Age to the early Middle Ages. It should be noted that many studies have confirmed the authenticity of many of the events described in the “Avesta”. A comparison of Kavi Vishtasp’s activities with the geographical location of the “Avesta” from other sources suggests that this king was a real historical figure, not a fictional one. Legends about the Kayanian dynasty kings also show that the geographically ancient Kavi-kings lived in what is now Central Asia, Eastern Iran (Khorasan), and Afghanistan. Shaydullaev’s work “Northern Bactria in the Early Iron Age” describes in detail the archeological monuments of the first Iron Age in Northern Bactria [47]. In 2002, E.V.Rtveladze's historical geographical essay about the march of Alexander the Great to Bactria and Sogdiana in 329-327 BC was published [48]. It contains valuable insights into the Oxus (Amu Darya) crossings in ancient written sources, the characteristics of archeological monuments along the Amu Darya from Termez to Kelif, the road from Oxus to Maracand, the localization of various areas such as Sisimitra fortresses, Paretakena, Bubakena. An article by L.M.Sverchkov was published in the collection of the Boysun scientific expedition [49, pp. 66- 68]. He points out that Paretaka is a high-flowing region of the upper reaches of the Surkhandarya, later called the Chaghanian in the Middle Ages, mainly in the right tributaries, and that the fortress of Horien should probably be sought from the village of Sina. A.Sagdullaev’s and U.Mavlonov’s textbook “History of public administration in Uzbekistan (from ancient times to the middle of the XIX century)” contains information about written and archeological sources, historical geography of Northern Bactria [50, pp. 5-23]. In 2009, the author of this study published an article on the historical geography of the Boysun Mountains. [51, pp. 25-30]. In his research, Sh.Shaydullaev placed monuments of ancient Bactrian culture in eleven agricultural oases [52]. In 2012, E.V.Rtveladze’s book on the great Indian trade route, which played an important role in the history of Eurasia, was published [53]. The work reveals the importance of cities and castles such as Termez, Dalvarzintepa and Kampirtepa in the great Indian trade route. Sh.B.Shaydullaev and A.Sh.Shaydullaev localized “Harali” in northeastern Iran with areas of Anau, Namazga and Sapalli cultures. Harali was presented by E.V.Antonova, who studies cultural and economic relations of Mesopotamia with Eastern countries in the III millennium [54, pp. 53-58]. The Sumerian words “Arali”, Akkadian “Arallu”, Dravidian “(H) arali”, Greek “Khorasmiya”, “Khorezm” belonging to the Eastern Iranian language group are transparent words and mean “sunny country”. Thus, the historical name of the Oxus civilization is Harali (“Arali”, “Arallu”, “(H) arali”), which the authors hypothesized that the Khorasmians took with them when they moved to the Lower Amudarya. However, no artifacts related to the material culture of this period were found in Khorezm. The monograph “Oxus Civilization”, published by researchers of Termez State University and the National University of Uzbekistan Anvar Bakiev, Alisher Shaydullaev and Zubayda Yuldasheva, speculates that in recent years the region of Oxus civilization was called as “Kharali” [55]. Of course, although this hypothese are not fully accepted by the scientific community, it should have been included in the monograph as a history of the study of the Oxus civilization [56, p. 71]. In 2017, N.D.Khodjaeva published a comprehensive study on the historical geography of Central Asia before the Islamic era [57]. In addition to written sources, the monograph explores the historical geography of Central Asia in ancient and early medieval times, using new archaeological, cultural, linguistic, ethnographic and epigraphic materials, toponymic data, palaeography and memoirs of Russian researchers of the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries.

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Frurion, one of the distinctive sites in Bactria and Sogdiana mentioned in the works of the ancient historian Arrian, according to E.V.Rtveladze, meant “watchtower”, “fort”, and was located near mountain gorges and river crossings on the borders of various historical and cultural lands. Pandakheyon, mentioned by ancient historians, was localized by the scientist at the place of the Kampirtepa monument [58, p. 144]. In 2018, Sh.B.Shaydullaev and A.Sh.Shaydullaev published an article on the localization and historical geography of the Markhashi and Kharali regions [59, pp. 143-151]. N.Dvurechenskaya conducted research at the Uzundara monument on the hillside of the village of Sayrob, as a result this location proved that the northern border of Bactria crossed the Boysun Mountains, not the ancient Amu Darya for several reasons as this place has served as a road connecting Bactria and Sogdiana in the past, artifacts from the reign of Alexander the Great of Macedonia serve as an important source of information about Hellenic culture, the castle, built in the shape of an elongated egg, is a strong defensive fortress on the border of ancient Bactria and Sogdia [60, pp. 19-21]. In 2015-2016, on the slopes of Kugitang, historical and geographical monuments of the Bronze Age Nomsiztepa, Tulkitepa, Kushtepa, Gazakutan and the Early Iron Age Kyzylboytepa were discovered [61, pp. 41-45]. As a result, in the foothills, the presence of several oasis-districts was determined such as Pashkhurd, Zarabag, Karabag – Maidan [62, pp. 13-14]. In his thesis, K. Rapen put forward the idea that Alexander the Great and Roxana of Macedonia had a wedding in Gazaba in the Kyzyltepa region of present-day Surkhandarya, and that the southern border of Sogdiana extended to the Oxus-Amudarya [63, p. 257]. In his thesis, O.A.Khamidov provided new information on the geography of the distribution of the Kuchuk I culture in Northern Bactria [64, pp. 99-101]. In the article published by A.S. Sagdullaev and J.E. Togaev, the Bronze Age migrations in Central Asia, in particular, BC. At the end of the 3rd millennium - beginning of the 2nd millennium BC in the foothills of the Kopetdag in southern Turkmenistan, the lower reaches of the Murgab (Margiyona) River The development of the territories of Afghanistan, the north-eastern regions of Afghanistan and the lands of southern Uzbekistan (Bactria) was analyzed. [65, pp. 86-91]. In her thesis, G.Ch.Kattaeva gave scientific informations about the monuments and jewelry of Sapalli culture in Nothern Bactria and its relations with Margiana and The Ancient Near East [66]. Valuable information about the geography and cartography of the historical and geographical sites of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages of North Bactria are studied in the textbook edited by A.S.Sagdullaev [67]. This book analyzes the processes of development of Northern Bactria, the development of economic and cultural types and migration problems. It also includes maps of the Stone Age monuments in Surkhandarya (Figure 1), Bronze Age monuments in Surkhandarya (Figure 2), Late Bronze and Early Iron Age monuments in Surkhandarya (Figure 3) and the historical geography of Harali and Marxashi (Figure 4).

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Figure 1. Monuments of the Stone Age in Surkhandarya. Source: Bronza va ilk temir davri yodgorliklarining geografiyasi va kartografiyasi [Matn]: o'quv qo'llanma // mas'ul muharrir A.S.Sagdullaev. – Toshkent: “TURON- IQBOL”, 2019. – 52 b.

Figure 2. Monuments of the Surkhandarya Bronze Age. Source: Bronza va ilk temir davri yodgorliklarining geografiyasi va kartografiyasi [Matn]: o'quv qo'llanma // mas'ul muharrir A.S.Sagdullaev. – Toshkent: “TURON- IQBOL”, 2019. – 52 b.

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Figure 3. Monuments of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages in Surkhandarya. Source. Bronza va ilk temir davri yodgorliklarining geografiyasi va kartografiyasi [Matn]: o'quv qo'llanma // mas'ul muharrir A.S.Sagdullaev. – Toshkent: “TURON-IQBOL”, 2019. – 52 b.

Figure 4. Historical geography of Harali and Marxashi. Source: Bronza va ilk temir davri yodgorliklarining geografiyasi va kartografiyasi [Matn]: o'quv qo'llanma // mas'ul muharrir A.S.Sagdullaev. – Toshkent: “TURON- IQBOL”, 2019. – 52 b.

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The author of the article, published in 2019, describes the research conducted by Uzbek and foreign historians on the historical geography of Northern Bactria and their summary in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. [68, pp. 77-82]. In an article published in 2020, J. Togaev studied the issue of historical reconstruction of social relations in Bactria in the Bronze and Early Iron Ages. [69, pp. 1579-1584]. The article published by A.Sagdullaev, F.Ochildiev, A.Khalikulov, A.Shaydullaev, J.Togaev studies the problems of cartography of ancient ethno-cultural processes in Central Asia. [70, pp. 745-748]. It also provides a map of the ancient roads connecting the Indian Valley, the Middle East, and Central Asia (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Ancient roads connecting the Indian Valley, the Middle East and Central Asia.

The author's article, published in 2020, clarifies the debate among researchers over the Northern Bactria region by comparing the results of archaeological data with written sources, as well as the geography of the formation and distribution of anthropogenic landscapes in Northern Bactria. [71, pp. 601-604]. 3. Conclusions In summary, new research on the historical geography of Northern Bactria can be studied and analyzed in two groups: First, localization of anthropological landscapes, archeological monuments, trade routes and their place names mentioned in written sources, formed in the territory of Northern Bactria in the works, articles and research of scientists and researchers of the Republic of Uzbekistan, including Sh.S.Kamaliddinov, E.V.Rtveladze, A.S.Sagdullaev, U.Mavlonov, Sh.B.Shaydullaev, T.Annaev and others; Second, some important concluding studies conducted by foreign historians on the historical geography of Northern Bactria. Based on the above scientific research, it can be concluded that the territory of Northern Bactria has a historical geography with many unique features related to antiquity. The study of the locations in this region in new research will shed light on many issues that need to be addressed in the historiography of the historical geography of the ancient period of Central Asia.

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Acknowledgements I would like to thank Academician A.Sagdullaev, doctor of historical sciences Sh.Shaydullaev, candidate of historical sciences T.Annaev, my supervisor professor Z.Saidboboev, researchers O.Khamidov, J.Togaev, G.Kattaeva, U.Isarov, translator G.Togaev and M.Khamidov for his valuable information and support.

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