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Toponimika.Qorayev S.Pdf S. QORAYEV TOPONIMIKA 0 ‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi Muvoflqlashtiruvchi Kengashi tomonidan nashrga tavsiya etilgan 0 ‘zbekiston faylasuflari milliy jamiyati nashriyoti Toshkent — 2006 S. Qorayevning «Toponimika» qo‘llanmasi toponimikaning ilmiy-nazariy asoslariga hamda 0 ‘zbekiston toponimiyasiga bag‘ishlangan va shubhasiz, ijtimoiy hamda gumanitar fanlaming eng dolzarb, bir-biriga tutashib ketgan muhim masalalari majmuidan bahs etadi. Soha bo'yicha ko‘p yillik ilmiy-tadqiqot t^jri- basiga ega bo‘!gan muallif toponimikaning asosiy qonuniyatlari va tadqiqot yo'nalishlari kabi muhim muammolariga o‘ta sinchkovlik bilan yondoshgan. Ko‘p qatlamli va nihoyatda boy daliliy materiallar to'plagan va ularni ma’lum bir qolipgasolib umumlashtirgan hamda o'quv qo'llanmasi shakliga keltirgan. Bu asar shubhasiz, 0 ‘rta Osiyo, xususan 0 ‘zbekistonda toponimika fanining rivojiga qo‘shi!gan arzugulik hissadir. Muallif haqida ikki og‘iz so‘z. Suyun Qorayev sinchkov, zaxmatkash va serqirra olim. Muallif yarim asrdan beri toponimika bilan shug‘tiHanib, bir necha lug‘at, monografiya va risola, ikki yuzdan ortiq ilmiy maqolalar chop etgan. Taniqli topaniniist olim T.Nafasov aytganidek, S.Qorayevnmg toponimik lug‘atlari, risolalari, maqolalari xalq mul- kiga aylangan. 0 ‘zbekistonda toponimika fani bo^yicha dastfabki o‘quv qoMlanmasjga respublikaning yetakchi toponimisti S.Qorayevning muallif bo'Irshi qonuniy bir holdir. Maxsus mitharrir, akademik A.R. Muhammadjonov. Qo‘Ffanmada toponimikaning umumiy qonuniyatlari bay on etilgan. Hududiy toponimlar, geografik nomlami hosil qiladigan so‘zIar izohlangan, amaliy topo­ nimika haqida tushuncha berilgan hamda ayrim yozma yodgorliklar toponimik jihatdan tahlil qilingan. O'qituvchilar, shuningdek, etfmologrya havaskcdari ushbu kitobdan tabay qiziqarli ma’lumotlar topa oladilar, degan umiddamiz. 81.2Узб Q 59 Qorayev S. Toponimika: 0 ‘quv qo‘ff./ S. Qorayev. — X : «0*zbekis*on faylasufbri milliy jamiyati nashriyoti», 2006. — 320 b. ББК 80Узб-2 © «■O^zbdtistow feytasuftari гшШу jamiyati nashriyoti», 2006. SO ‘ZBOSHI Kishilar oq-qorani tanib tirikchilik qila boshlashibdiki, tevarak- atroflaridagi yerlarni, daryo-ko'llarni, tog'laru qir-adirlami, o‘tloq- yaylovlami ma’lum bir nom bilan atab kelganlar. Dastlabki topo­ nimlar oddiy turdosh otlardan farq qilmaydigan sodda nomlar edi. Atrof tabiiy muhiti haqidagi tasawur kengayib, bir buloqni ikkin- chisidan, bir o‘tloqni boshqasidan, yaqindagi tepalikni narigisidan farqlash ehtiyoji tug‘ila boshladi. Shundan so‘ng Kattabuloq — Kichik- buloq, Qiziltepa — Ко ‘ktepa, Tuyayaylov — Echkiyaylov singari mu- rakkabroq joy nomlari paydo boMgan. Ijtimoiy ong rivojlangan sari tushunchalar soni ortib geografik nomlar grammatik va semantik ji­ hatdan murakkablasha borgan. Hali yozuv paydo bo‘lmagani sababli ibtidoiy zamondagi geografik nomlar bizgacha yetib kelmagan. 0 ‘rta Osiyoning, jumladan 0 ‘zbekistonning xorazmiy, sug‘diy, qadimgi turkiy yozuvlarda yetib kelgan toponimlari ko‘p emas. Yu- non manbalarida tilga olingan geografik nomlarimiz ham sanoqli. Milodning birinchi ming yilligi oxiri — ikkinchi ming yilligi boshlari mintaqamiz uchun yozma manbalarda ko'hna toponimlar ko‘plab qayd qilingan davr edi. «Devonu lug‘otit-turk», «Buxoro tarixi», «Hudud ul-olam», «Arab geograflari kutubxonasi» jildlari so‘zsiz, benazir toponimik manbalardir. Bu yodnomalarda tilga olingan geografik nom- larning anchasi hamon o‘zining shakl-shamoyilini saqlab qolgan. 0 ‘rta asming oxirlari toponimik materiallarni qamrab olishda ik­ kinchi oltin davr bo'ldi. Xususan, Amir Temur va Temuriylar tarixi, birinchi galda Sharafiddin Ali Yazdiy va Nizomiddin Shomiyning «Zafamoma»lari, Zahiriddin Boburning xotiralari — «Boburnoma», Shayboniylar tarixi, Hofiz Tanishning «Abdullanoma» asari va boshqa yodnomalarda ko‘plab shahar va qishloqlar, daryo, soylar, mavze va maskanlar tilga olingan. Abulg‘ozi Bahodirx^nning «Shajarai taroki- ma», «Shajarai turk» asarlarida bir qancha geografik nomlar bilan birga ko‘plab etnonimlar — qabila-urug‘ nomlari keltirilganki, bu materiallar toponimchilar uchun bebaho manbalardir. Xiva, Buxoro, va Qo‘qon xonliklari hujjatlarida, vaqfnomalarda, vasiqalarda ko‘plab joy nomlari, shuningdek toponimlarning kaliti bo‘lib xizmat qiladigan talay geografik, ijtimoiy-siyosiy va boshqa materiallar uchraydiki, bunday boy manbalarni o‘rganmasdan turib, 0 ‘zbekiston toponimikasi haqida fikr yuritish ko‘ngildagidek samara bermaydi. Xiva, Samarqand, Buxoro, Qo‘qon, Toshkent hujjatlarining 'ponimik va terminologik xazinalarini o‘rganishda Ya. G‘.G‘ulomov, *1. Yoidoshev, V. V. Bartold, P. P. Ivanov, V. L. Vyatkin, A. A. - myonov, O. D. Chexovich, O. A. Suxareva, A. B. Ahmedov, A. R. vluxamadjonov, R. G. Muqminova kabi olimlar katta ishlami amalga -shirgan. Qo‘Ilanmada ana shu boy tarixiy meros hamda m oi toponimik Material zamonaviy toponimik tadqiqot «tegirmonidan» o'tkazildi, Yuqorida aytilganlardan ko'rinadiki, toponimika, xususan < )‘zbekiston toponimikasi oson soha emas. Shuning uchun boisa kerak, Respublikamizdagina emas, balki butun Hamdo‘stlik mamlakatlarida ham toponimikadan bironta turg‘un darslik yaratilgani yo‘q. Faqat Belarus Respublikasida A. V. Juchkevichning oliy o‘quv yurtlarining geografiya fakultetlari uchun moijallangan «Obqaya toponimika» («Umumiy toponimika») o‘quv qoilanmasi (Minsk, 1968, 429 s.)bir necha marta nashr etildi. Qoiingizdagi qoilanmaning arxitektonikasiga qarang: toponimik tadqiqot tarixi va asosiy toponimik qonuniyatlar qisqacha yoritilgach, har bir viloyat (shuningdek Qoraqalpogiston Respublikasi) uchun oikashunoslik materiali boiib xizmat qiladigan hududiy toponimi- yaga, so‘ngra toponimlaming «qurilish materialllari» hisoblangan toponimik leksikaga, undan keyin amaliy toponimikaga boblar ajra- tilgan. Oxirgi bobda ayrim yozma yodgorliklar toponimik jihatdan tahlil qilingan. Kitobxon matndan toponimika haqida har taraflama maiumot topa oladi deb ishonamiz. Shu bilan birga u geografik, lingvistik va tarixiy yo‘nalishlardagi toponimika bo‘yicha birinchi qoilanma bo‘lgani bois maium bir kamchiliklar boiishi tabiiy, Mazkur qoilanma jamoatchilik nazaridan o<tib, tegishli fikrlar to‘plangach, toponimikadan maxsus darslik yaratish uchun negiz boiib xizmat qilishi mumkin deb umid qilamiz. I-bob TOPONIMIKANING UMUMIY QONUNIYATLARI KIRISH Har bir kishining o‘z nomi — ismi bor. Bir xil ismli kishilai ya’ni adashlar ko‘p bo'lgan holda, ulami laqab bilan farq qilganlai Familiyalar ham aslida kishilami bir-biridan farq qilishga xizma' qiladi. Umuman, inson narsalarga nom qo'ymasdan yashay olmaydi Dunyodagi hamma narsaning nomi bor. 0 ‘simlik va hayvonlarnin^ mahalliy nomlaridan tashqari ilmiy, lotincha nomlari ham mavjud Har qanday o‘simlik va hayvonni lotincha nomiga qarab turli millat mutaxassislari darrov bilib oladilar. Demak, nomlar bir narsani ikkinchi narsadan farq qilishga yordam beradi. Bir joyni ikkinchisidan, bir jilg'ani boshqa bir jilg‘adan, bir ko‘chani yonidagi ko'chadan, tog‘-adirlami, shahar va qishloqlarni bir-birlaridan farq qilish uchun ham kishilar nomlar o‘ylab chiqar gan. Joy nomlari, geografik nomlar yoki toponimlar deb ataladi Toponimlarni toponimika fani o‘rganadi. Toponimika yunoncha topos — joy va onoma (yoki onima) — nom so'zlaridan tarkib topgan. Joy nomlari, ya’ni toponimiya bir necha turga bo'linadi. Bular. gidronomiya (yunoncha gidro — suv), ya’ni daryolar, ko‘llar, den- gizlar, soylar, kanallar, qo‘ltiqlar, bo‘g‘ozlar, sharsharalar nomlari; oronimiya (yunoncha oros — tog0, ya’ni yer yuzasining relef shakl ■ lari — tog‘lar, cho‘qqilar, qirlar, vodiylar, tekisliklar nomlari; oyko- nimiya (yunoncha oykos — uy), polinimiya (yunoncha polis — sha­ har) yoki urbanonomiya (lotincha urbos — shahar), ya’ni qishloq hamda shaharlaming nomlari, mikrotoponimiya (yunoncha mikros - kichik), ya’ni kichik obyektlar: buloqlar, quduqlar, dalalar, o‘tloqlar daraxtzorlar, jarlar, yo'llar, ko'priklar va hatto atoqli otga ega bo‘lgari ayrim daraxtlar nomlari. Bundan tashqari, turli xalq, urug'-aymoq nomlari bilan atalgan toponimlar etnotoponimlar (yunoncha etnos - xalq) deyiladi. Kishi ismlari bilan yuritiladigan toponimlarni esn antropotoponimlar (yunoncha antropos — odam) deb atash mumkin. Toponimikani qaysi fanlar qatoriga kiritish kerak, degan muno- zara uzoq davom etdi. Toponimika shaharlar, qishloqlar, daryolar, ko‘llar, togiar kabi geografik nomlarni, ularning kelib chiqishini, tarixini o‘rganar ekan, bu fan tilshunoslarga ham, tarixchilarga ham boy ilmiy material beradi. Geografik nomlar, ya’ni toponimlar til lug‘at tarkibining bir qismi boiib, til qonuniyatlariga bo'ysunadi. Albatta, so‘zni tilshunos- lik — lingvistika fani o‘rganishi kerak. Demak, toponimika atoqli otlarni o‘rganadigan onomastika fanining bir qismi bo‘lib, tilshunos- lik fanlari qatoriga kiradi. Ikkinchi tomondan, geografik nomlar xaritaning eng muhim elementi sifatida biron mamlakat yoki oika tabiatining xususiyatlarini aks ettiradi. Ana shu nuqtai nazardan toponimikani geografik fanlar jumlasiga kiritish mumkin. Shu bilan birgalikda, joy nomlari jamiyat tarixi bilan chambar- chas bogiiq. Joylarga qanday nom berish awalo jamiyatning muay­ yan bosqichdagi ehtiyojlari bilan belgilanadi. Joy nomlari tarixini bilmasdan turib toponimika bilan shug'ullanish kutilgan natijani bermaydi. Ana shuning uchun ham toponimika tarix fanlari qatoridan o‘rin oladi. Demak, toponimika uchta katta soha: tilshunoslik, geografiya, tarix oralig‘idagi fandir. Shu bois toponimikaning talaygina faktlari xarakter jihatdan xilma-xil boigan lingvistik, tarixiy va geografik
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