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O'zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Va O'rta Maxsus Ta'lim

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O'zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Va O'rta Maxsus Ta'lim O’ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI OLIY VA O’RTA MAXSUS TA’LIM VAZIRLIGI TOSHKENT MOLIYA INSTITUTI ABDALOVA ZULXUMOR TOIROVNA TOJIEVA ZULXUMOR NAZAROVNA IQTISODIY VA IJTIMOIY GEOGRAFIYA O’quv qo’llanma Toshkent- 2013 1 Mualliflar: Abdalova Z.T., Tojieva Z.N. Taqrizchilar: Geografiya fanlari doktori, professor. T.Jumaev iqtisod fanlari nomzodi, dotsent X.Asilov Ma’sul muharrir: geografiya fanlari nomzodi, dotsent SH.A.Azimov O’quv qo’llanma Toshkent Moliya instituti O’quv­metodika bo’limi tomonidan nashrga tavsiya etilgan IQTISODIY VA IJTIMOIY GEOGRAFIYa O’quv qo’llanma Mazkur o’quv qo’llanmada iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy geografiyaning nazariy asoslari, dunyo iqtisodiy geografiyasi va undagi o’zgarishlar, O’zbekistonining iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy rivojlanishining hozirgi holati, tabiiy sharoiti va resurslari, aholisi va demografik vaziyati, transport va infrastrukturasi, tashqi iqtisodiy aloqalari va iqtisodiy rayonlariga har tomonlama baho berilgan. O’quv qo’llanma Oliy o’quv yurtlarining iqtisodiyot va geografiya fakulьtetlari bakalavr, magistr va aspirantlariga, shuningdek, mintaqaviy iqtisodiyot va ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy geografiya kafedralari o’qituvchilari hamda mintaqaviy iqtisodiyot bilan bog’liq muammolarni hal etish va tadqiq etish bilan shug’ullanadigan qator mutaxassis va tadqiqotchilarga mo’ljallangan. 2 MUNDARIJA SO’Z BOSHI.......................................................................................................... 1-MAVZU. IQTISODIY GEOGRAFIYa FANINING NAZARIY ASOSLARI......................................................................................................... 1.1. «Iqtisodiy geografiya» fanining ob’ekti, predmeti va vazifalari. 1.2. Iqtisodiyotni modernizatsiyalashtirish sharoitida ishlabchiqarishni joylashtirishni va rivojlantirishni tashkil etish asoslari .......... 2-MAVZU. DUNYo GEOGRAFIYaSIGA UMUMIY TA’RIF.................... 2.1. Dunyo siyosiy xaritasi................................................................................. 2.2. Dunyo aholisi............................................................................................... 2.3. Dunyo xo’jaligi geografiyasi...................................................................... 2.4. Dunyo sanoati............................................................................................. 2.5. Dunyo qishloq xo’jaligi geografiyasi........................................................ 2.6. Dunyo transporti....................................................................................... 3-MAVZU. O’ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI VA UNING MINTAQALARI RESURS SALOHIYaTINI BAHOLASH..................... 3.1. Respublika tabiiy sharoiti va tabiiy resurslarini iqtisodiy geografik baholash..................................................................................... 3.2. Aholisi va mehnat resurslari.................................................................. 3.4. O’zbekiston Respublikasning transport va infrastruktura salohiyati....................................................................................................... 4-MAVZU. O’ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI XO’JALIK TARMOQLARI VA IQTISODIY RAYONLASHTIRISH..................... 4.1. Respublika sanoat tarmoqlari majmui................................................... 4.2. O’zbekiston qishloq xo’jaligi geografiyasi............................................. 4.3. Tashqi iqtisodiy aloqalari...................................................................... 4.4. O’zbekiston Respublikasi ma’muriy-hududiy bo’linishi va iqtisodiy rayonlashtirish....................................................................... GLOSSARIY (TAYАNCH SO’ZLAR)................................................................... FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR............................................................ 3 SO’Z BOSHI XX asrning oxiri, XXI asrning boshida dunyoda qator iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy va siyosiy o’zgarishlar ro’y berdi. Bu esa jahon iqtisodiyotiga, aholi geografiyasiga, mintaqalar rivojlanishiga juda katta ta’sir etdi. Yer shari xaritasida ko’plab mustaqillikka erishgan davlatlar paydo bo’ldi, internatsionallashuv, globalllashuv, integratsiyalashuv jarayonlari kuchaydi. Siyosiy vaziyat, dunyo xo’jaligi va uning tarkibi, ixtisoslashuvining sifat va miqdori ko’rsatkichlari o’zgarib bordi. Jahon mamlakatlari integratsiyasi kuchayib, yangidan-yangi siyosiy va iqtisodiy ittifoqlar, birlashmalar, bloklar vujudga keldi. Ko’pgina davlatlar iqtisodiyotida yangilanish, modernizatsiyalashuv amalga oshirila boshlandi. Tavsiya etilayotgan ushbu o’quv qo’llanmada iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy geografiyaning, jahonning hamda O’zbekiston iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy geografiyasining ko’pgina dolzarb muammolari, masalalari o’z aksini topgan. Kitobda O’zbekiston Respublikasi iqtisodiyotidagi islohotlar, tabiiy sharoiti va resurslari, demografik vaziyati, sanoati, qishloq xo’jaligi, transport aloqalari va tashqi iqtisodiy faoliyati, ma’muriy – hududiy tarkibidagi o’zgarishlar, iqtisodiy rayonlashtirish va uning zamonaviy muammolariga alohida to’xtalib o’tiladi. O’quv qo’llanmani tayyorlashda 200 ga yaqin manbalardan, ya’ni turli adabiyotlar, statistik to’plamlar, Davlat dasturlari va qator xujjatlardan foydalanildi. O’quv qo’llanma beshta qismdan iborat: So’z boshi, iqtisodiy geografiyaning nazariy asoslari; dunyo geografiyasiga umumiy ta’rif; O’zbekiston Respublikasi va uning mintaqalari resurs salohiyatini baholash; O’zbekiston Respublikasi xo’jalik tarmoqlari va iqtisodiy rayonlashtirish. Kitobda ayrim masalalar mualliflar nazaridan chetda qolgan bo’lishi mumkin. SHu boisdan, o’quv qo’llanmani kelajakda yanada yaxshilash maqsadida bildirgan taklif va maslahatlaringizni kutamiz. Mualliflar 4 1-MAVZU. IQTISODIY GEOGRAFIYa FANINING NAZARIY ASOSLARI 1.1. «Iqtisodiy geografiya» fanining ob’ekti, predmeti va vazifalari Reja: 1. Iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy geografiya fanining vujudga kelishi 2. Fanning tadqiqot ob’ekti va predmeti 3. Fanning tadqiqot metodlari 4. Iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy geografiyaning fanlari tizimidagi roli 1. Iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy geografiya fanining vujudga kelishi. Geografiya fanining rivojlanishi qadimgi Antik davrida mamlakatlar o’rtasida hududiy (geografik) mehnat taqsimoti, ya’ni har bir hududni o’ziga xos tabiiy sharoiti va resurslari, iqtisodiy geografik o’rni, xalqlarning urf-odatlari va an’anlari asosida ma’lum bir tovarlarni ishlab chiqarish va xizmatlar ko’rsatishga ixtisoslashi va ular o’rtasida tovar ayirboshlash jarayonining shakllanishi davriga borib taqaladi. Mamlakatlar o’rtasida hududiy mehnat taqsimotining shakllanishi geografiya fanlari tizimida dastlab iqtisodiy-geografik tadqiqotlarni vujudga kelishiga olib keladi. Qadimgi yunon olimi Strabon o’zining o’n yetti tomlik «Geografiya» deb nomlangan asarida, aholining hududiy joylashuvi, mamlakatlar va hududlar o’rtasidagi tovar ishlab chiqarish va savdo sotiq aloqalarini yoritadi. O’rta asrlarda, jahon mamlakatlarida natural xo’jalik xukm surgan davrda, antik davrda olib borilgan iqtisodiy geografik izlanishlar bir oz sustlashadi. Ma’lumki, Buyuk Geografik kashfiyotlar xalqaro savdo va ilk kapitalistik munosabatlarning rivojlanishiga olib keladi. Bu davrda hududiy mehnat taqsimotining chuqurlashishi va jahon xo’jaligining shakllanishi, o’z navbatida, iqtisodiy geografiya fanini rivojlanishini talab etadi. Mamlakatlar va ularning hududiy birliklari haqidagi iktisodiy geografik tavsif g’arbiy yevropalik olimlarning asarlarida o’sha davrlarda juda chuqur talqin etilgan. Ayniqsa, ilk geografik bilimlarning nazariy jihatlari, mamlakatning rivojlanishida alohida 5 ahamiyatga ega bo’lgan iqtisodiy-geografik o’rin, yerning ustki tuzilishi, aholining tarkibi, shaharlar, siyosiy tuzum masalalariga qaratilgan. Bozor iqtisodiyoti munosabatlarining kirib kelishi ishlab chiqarish jarayonini rivojlanishiga olib keladi. Ishlab chiqarish kuchlarini rivojlantirish va uni joylashtirish mamlakat hududlari to’g’risida ma’lum bilimlarni va ma’lumotlarni to’plashni talab etadi. Ayniqsa, ishlab chiqarish korxonalarini samarali va oqilona joylashtirishda hududning xo’jalik jihatdan o’zlashtirilganlik darajasini, uning tabiiy, demografik, moddiy shart-sharoitlarini va imkoniyatlarini o’rganish ehtiyoji iqtisodiy geografiya fanini geografiya fanidan ajralib chiqishiga va alohida mustaqil fan sifatida rivojlanishiga olib keladi. Agar “Tabiiy geografiya” fani geografik qobiqda kechayotgan tabiiy jarayonlarni va hodisalarni o’rgansa, “Iqtisodiy geografiya”fani esa ishlab chiqarishni, ayniqsa, ishlab chiqarish kuchlarini hududiy rivojlanish xususiyatlarini va qonuniyatlarini o’rganadi. «Iqtisodiy geografiya» atamasini fanga dastlab rus olimi M.V. Lomonosov tomonidan 1760 yillarda kiritiladi va keyinchalik butun dunyoda e’tirof etiladi. Olimning asosiy g’oyasida e’tibor, iqtisodiyotni rivojlanishida mamlakatni iqtisodiy geografik nuqtai-nazardan tadqiq qilish g’oyat muhim va zarurligiga qaratiladi, shuningdek hududlarning xo’jaligini o’rganganda davriylik jihatdan o’rganish va tabiiy resurslarni o’zlashtirish masalalariga alohida e’tibor beradi. G’arbiy Evropa mamlakatlarida XYIII asrning yarmida iqtisodiy geografiya fanining ilmiy maktablari Germaniya, Frantsiya, Buyuk Britaniyada shakllanadi va rivojlanadi. Bu bejiz emas albatta, chunki bu mamlakatlarda fan-texnika sohasining taraqqiy etishi, sanoat inqilobining ro’y berish va dastlab bozor iqtisodiyoti munosabatlarini shakllanishi ishlab chiqarishni va buning natijasida, mamlakat hududlari to’g’risidagi iqtisodiy bilimlarni rivojlanishiga olib keladi. O’sha davrlarda iqtisodiy geografiya faniga nemis olimi A.Gumbolьd,
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