Survey of Trends in Australian Studies and Education in Japan Report

豪日交流基金助成

日本におけるオーストラリア研究・教育の動向に関する調査

報告書

Australian Studies Association of Japan／オーストラリア学会

February 2018／2018 年 2 月 Table of Contents／目次

English version／英語版 ...... 1

日本語版／Japanese version ...... 22

【English version／英語版】

Overview of Survey

This survey was conducted with a grant from the Australia-Japan Foundation (AJF), in order to understand how Australian Studies and education relating to Australia are currently carried out in Japanese universities; it will serve as basic information in order to stimulate Japanese-Australian research and educational exchanges. The following is an overview of the survey.

Survey period: September to November 2017

Survey method: questionnaire-type survey carried out online (using Google Forms) The questionnaire is included at the end of this paper (Appendix 1 on p.11).

Survey participants: The survey was aimed at members of academic societies thought to be directly linked to Australian Studies. Firstly, members were requested to give answers to the web survey through the member's mailing list of the Australian Studies Association of Japan. Following this, members of the Japanese Society for Oceanic Studies, the Society of Oceanian Education Studies, and the Australia and New Zealand Literary Society of Japan were also asked in a similar fashion.

Total number of replies: 43

Members of the survey/writing and division of labour

This survey was implemented by a working group of the Australian Studies Association of Japan. The following lists the members of the group and the division of labour:

Keiji Sawada (Waseda University): Public relations, supervision of work, creating the questionnaire

Yuka Ishii (University of Shizuoka): Supervision of work, creating the questionnaire, writing the report

Jun Tsutsumi (University of Tsukuba): Creating the questionnaire, creating and managing the web survey page, statistical processing, writing the report, creating the figures in the report

Tomoko Fujita (Kyushu University): Creating the questionnaire, writing the report

Overall analysis and discussions about the text were carried out by all members of the working group.

Survey Results

1．The academic societies with which the respondents are affiliated (academic societies related to Australian Studies only)

Figure 1: Please tell us which academic society you are affiliated with (academic societies related to Australian Studies only).

ASAJ (Australian Studies Association of Japan) JSOS (Japanese Society for Oceanic Studies) JAAE (Japanese Association for Asian Englishes) LSJ (Linguistic Society of Japan) JSOES (Japan Society of Oceanian Economic Studies) JSCA (Japanese Society for Cultural Anthropology) ANZLSJ (Australia and New Zealand Literary Society of Japan) JSSJMC (Japan Society for Studies in Journalism and Mass Communication)

Respondents were able to give multiple responses when asked which academic society they are affiliated with. Of those who responded, 34 (79.1%) replied that they are only members of the Australian Studies Association of Japan, and 3 (7.0%) said that they are only members of the Japanese Society for Oceanic Studies. In terms of memberships of other academic societies, one person (2.3%) gave the name of a single association (The Japan Society for Studies in Journalism and Mass Communication). Four respondents (9.3%) belong to multiple societies, with two (4.7%) belonging to both the Australian Studies Association of Japan and the Japanese Society for Oceanic

Studies. One person (2.3%) responded that they do not belong to any society. This result (that more people belong to the Australian Studies Association of Japan) may have been influenced by the fact that the survey was an Australian Studies Association of Japan survey, but it can also be said that there is a high level of awareness of the Australian Studies Association of Japan and the Japanese Society for Oceanic Studies as academic societies relating to Australian Studies, based on their names (Figure 1). Among the answers showing multiple societies to which respondents are affiliated, the Australia and New Zealand Literary Society of Japan, the Japanese Association for Asian Englishes, the Linguistic Society of Japan, the Japan Society of Oceanian Economic Studies, and the Japanese Society of Cultural Anthropology were included, in addition to the Australian Studies Association of Japan and the Japanese Society for Oceanic Studies. As the question limited answers to "academic societies related to Australian Studies only," there were few respondents who gave the names of multiple societies to which they belonged. However, Australian Studies is area study, simultaneously requiring multidisciplinary methods, and from these responses it is possible to glimpse the wide-ranging methodologies, and perceptions of the region, of those academic societies made up of interested people. (Yuka Ishii)

2．Courses including content relating to Australian Studies

When respondents were asked whether there are courses that include content relating to Australian Studies in either undergraduate or post-graduate programs of their universities, 20 people (46.5%) said “Yes,” and 23 people (53.5%) answered “No” (Figure 2). Those who had answered “Yes” were asked for the specific content and the course titles; courses which focus mainly on Australia with their titles including the term "Australia" were the most common (Appendix 2 on p. 14). Such courses included "Modern Australia," "Learning Australia," and "Australian Society and Culture." In addition, there were subjects that covered Australian culture such as "Theories of Australian Culture A," "Theories of Australian Culture B," "Australian Culture," and "Australian Minority Cultures and Education," and subjects seem to handle international relations between Australia and other regions such as "Australia and the International Community" and "Theories of Asia-Australia Relations." "Economic Theories of Australia," "Language Education Policies in Australia," and "The Study of Colonialism and Multiculturalism Through Cultural Expression in Australia and New Zealand" were also noted.

Figure 2: Are there any courses that include content relating to Australian Studies in either undergraduate or post-graduate programs of your university?

Courses in which content relating to Australia is taught as part of Oceanian studies were the second-most prevalent. They were "Introduction to Oceanian Studies 1," "Introduction to Oceanian Studies 2," "Topics in Oceanian Studies," "Oceania and Japan," "Theories of Oceanian Culture and Society," and "Regional Studies (Oceania)," as well as "Pan-Pacific Immigration" and "Oceanian Security Studies" and others. In addition, Australia is covered as part of the English-speaking world in courses such as "International Relations between English-speaking Countries." Some content relating to Australia is covered even within subjects related to specific fields of study, such as cultural anthropology, sociology, earth sciences, and tourism. These courses include "Cultural Anthropology," "An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology," "Cultural Sociology," "Sociology of Cultures in Transition," "Earth Sciences," "Environmental and Geographic Information System Theories," "Urban Tourism," and "Theories of Cross-cultural Communication." Courses such as "Comparative Culture Theories," "Theories of Ethnicity," and "Foreign Journalism Ia" were also mentioned. In addition, some respondents answered that content relating to Australia is even covered in "Southeast Asian Geographical Features" and "Globalization and Culture," as well as in seminars and research for graduation. In terms of more specific topics addressed in these courses, indigenous people, immigrants and refugees, and multiculturalism were the most prevalent. Australian

5 nature, geography, history, tourism, education, and whaling issues were also given. Additionally, content that broadly covers Australia in general, such as history, economics, politics, culture, and society, was noted. (Tomoko Fujita)

3．Official partnerships with Australian Universities

When asked whether their affiliated university or research institution has an official partnership (e.g. international exchange agreement, joint degrees) with an Australian university, 27 (63%) of the 43 respondents said there is a partnership, and the remaining 16 (37%) answered that there is not a partnership (Figure 3). Looking at the responses that say there is a partnership, the majority are exchange agreements with universities/faculties (Appendix 3 on p. 16). In the main, these are agreements that focus on mutual student exchange between partner schools, such as mutual acceptance of students (including overseas exchange), joint degrees, and the acceptance of students for language training. There are many cases where there is only one partnered university in Australia. However, there are also cases where there are agreements with multiple universities, including agreements with three universities (University of Tsukuba, The University of Kitakyushu), seven universities (Otemon Gakuin University), and nine universities (Waseda University). (Jun Tsutsumi)

Figure 3: Does your university or research institution have an official partnership with an Australian university?

4．Accepting researchers from Australia based on official partnerships

When respondents were asked whether their affiliated university or research institution accepts researchers from Australia in an official context, such as a research or education exchange agreement, 9 (20.9%) answered yes (their university/institution does accept researchers), and 34 (79.1%) replied no (their university/institution does not accept researchers) (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Does your university or research institution officially accept researchers from Australia, such as a research/education exchange agreement?

In terms of the specific details of this acceptance, Table 1 shows only those responses that describe the particulars. There were few positive responses, and it is difficult to observe a general trend from the free descriptions given, but they do reveal a certain degree of research exchange and educational exchange. (Yuka Ishii)

Table 1: The specific details of acceptance We accept researchers from Australia (English education (Griffith University)). Two Australian sociology professors and one psychology professor are registered as cooperative researchers. We accept Australian sociologists as visiting professors, etc. Faculty members of Tourism in the Business School of The University of Queensland are affiliated with Wakayama University as Distinguished Professors. Each year, they hold intensive courses, and guide graduate students through research meetings.

Each faculty accepts researchers independently. Graduate students in the final stage of their doctorate study overseas for short periods.

5．Carrying out research projects relating to Australian Studies

When asked whether they had carried out any research projects in the last five years with content relating to Australian Studies, 25 of the respondents (58.1%) said "Yes," and 18 (41.9%) answered "No" (Figure 5).

Figure 5: Have you carried out any research projects in the last five years with content relating to Australian Studies?

Those who had answered "Yes" were asked what kind of research project they had carried out (Appendix 4 on p. 18). Firstly, in terms of finances/funding, a great number of the projects had received Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (including Grants-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellows). Respondents were also noted other types of funding such as an MHLW grant, an Australia-Japan Foundation Grant, grants from the Shibusawa Foundation for Ethnological Studies, and other grants from private foundations. The topics of the research were wide-ranging, but when broadly categorized, themes relating to immigration, tourism, indigenous peoples, and economics and trade were relatively numerous. Firstly, policies concerning ethnic minorities, Asian migrant professionals, multiculturalism, and Japanese communities in Australia are relevant to

8 the theme of immigration. Further, in terms of the theme of tourism, working holidays, social minorities and tourist attractions, and tourism policies were noted. Drinking issues, and ethic relations between indigenous people and refugees were given in relation to indigenous peoples. In terms of the theme of economics and trade, the Japanese-Australia trade relationship, local economic integration in the Asia-Pacific region, Australia and free trade agreements, and the Japanese food industry in Australia were mentioned. It is also understood that research relating to topics such as education, families, medicine, and even theater and movies is being carried out. The number of people involved in the projects ranged from one person to ten, and there were several projects that involved researchers from Australia. The researchers from Australia were said to be affiliated with the University of Sydney, The University of Queensland, Australian National University, Curtin University, and Edith Cowan University. Research periods varied from a single year to four years. Many of the projects that received funding from private foundations lasted for a single year. None of the respondents said that they were participating in an industry-academic-government collaboration project, but as described above, there were those who obtained funding from private foundations, and others who have participating in research groups run by public offices. (Tomoko Fujita)

Conclusion

The characteristics of trends in Australian Studies and education in Japan, made clear through this survey, are summarized as follows:

1． When looking at the academic societies with which the respondents are affiliated, it is apparent that, to a certain degree, academic societies specializing in certain areas, such as the Australian Studies Association of Japan and the Japanese Society for Oceanic Studies, function as places that attract Japanese researchers studying Australia. 2. Courses relating to Australia are carried out in close to 20 universities, slightly less than half the responses. Australia-related content is covered in a wide range of subjects, including subjects focusing on Australia itself, subjects relating to Oceania and English-speaking countries, and subjects relating to individual fields of study. The themes and content covered are also varied. 3. Approximately two of every three respondents noted official partnerships with Australian universities, with almost 30 universities having official partnerships. Agreements centered on student exchange are the main type of agreement. In terms of research, there are few cases where researchers from Australia are accepted, and the relationship is limited. 4． In terms of research projects relating to Australian Studies, 25 respondents (around 60%) answered that they had carried out projects over the past five years. Many used Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research as their main funding. There was a wide range of research themes, but it is apparent that themes relating to society, culture and economics, such as immigrants, tourism, indigenous peoples, and economics and trade, are relatively numerous. Joint research with researchers from Australia is carried out, but there are not many cases of this occurring.

The trend is for Australian Studies and education in Japan to be centered on interest in society, culture and economics, trying to deepen understanding of Australia through varied methodologies. In terms of education, there are substantial numbers of universities with classes involving Australia, offering education centered on official partnerships with Australian universities. On the other hand, there are limited numbers of research exchanges. At the same time as education relating to Australia is further enhanced, the promotion of research exchanges between Australian universities and researchers can be seen as a problem for the future.

Appendix 1: Survey Questionnaire

Q1．Please tell us which academic society you are affiliated with (academic societies related to Australian Studies only). (If it is not listed in the following options, or you are affiliated with multiple societies, please give details in the space after "other.")  Australian Studies Association of Japan  Japanese Society for Oceanic Studies  Other: ( )

Q2．Are there any courses that include content relating to Australian Studies in either undergraduate or post-graduate programs of your university?  Yes  No

Q3．If you answered "Yes" to Question 2, please tell us the titles of these courses, the faculty or graduate school that holds them, and what content relating to Australian Studies they include. If there are multiple courses, please give details for all of them. Example answer 1) Research on Australian national defense policy is included in the course called "Regional Security" (Graduate School of Political Science). Example answer 2) In the course called "An Introduction to Cross-cultural Communication" (Faculty of Intercultural Communication), we cover indigenous people and multiculturalism.

Q4．Does your university or research institution have an official partnership with an Australian university (e.g. international exchange agreement, joint degrees)?  Yes  No

Q5．If you answered "Yes" to Question 4, what kind of relationship is present? Please give details.

Q6．Does your university or research institution officially accept researchers from Australia, such as a research/education exchange agreement?  Yes  No

Q7．If you answered "Yes" to Question 6, what is the expertise of the researchers, and in what context are they accepted? Please give details. Example answer 1) An Australian Law Professor is researching as a visiting scholar in the Center for Regional Research. Example answer 2) An Australian Political Science Professor is holding a short-term intensive course in the Faculty of International Relations as part of an exchange agreement for professors.

Q8．Please tell us about your own research. Have you carried out any research projects in the last five years with content relating to Australian Studies?  Yes  No

Q9．If you answered "Yes" to Question 8, what sort of research project was it? Please enter the research topic, number of people involved in the project (and whether this includes researchers from Australia), funding, whether there was industry-academic-government cooperation, and the time period. If there were multiple projects, please give details for each one.

Example answer 1) Five people carried out a three-year project on the topic of "Tourism Policies in Queensland" with Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research. Two of the five researchers were researchers from The University of Queensland. Example answer 2) An investigation commissioned by company x regarding Australian resource development policies was carried out.

Q10．Would you like to be sent notifications via email relating to Australian Studies from the Australian Embassy or the Australia-Japan Foundation (AJF) in the future?  Yes  No

There are no more questions. Please make sure to send your questionnaire by clicking the "send" button below. Thank you for your cooperation.

Appendix 2: Classes offered that involve content relating to Australian Studies

University Subject Content Faculty of Law, Keio Modern Australia. University Waseda University We offer courses on Australian Minority Cultures and Education, the Multicultural Symbiotic Society of Australia, "Australian Culture," and "Language Education Policies in Australia." National Defense Regional Studies (Oceania): A compulsory elective cultural subject in Academy years three and four; Modern Regional Studies VII: A compulsory elective cultural subject in the Department of International Relations during the fourth year; Oceanian Security Studies: A compulsory elective for graduates. Each of these subjects are handled with a focus on trends in current diplomacy and security policies, and we cover wide-ranging content, such as geography, history, politics, and society, offering a perspective on immigration policy as a part of security. Dokkyo University Classes on "International Relations between English-speaking Countries" (Faculty of Foreign Languages) cover Australian history. Sophia University Foreign Journalism Ia (Asia/Oceania), in the Department of Journalism, Faculty of Humanities, covers media and journalism in Australia. Kanda University of Introduction to Oceanian Studies 1 (tourism, working holidays), International Studies Introduction to Oceanian Studies 2 (indigenous peoples, history of immigration, anti-whaling issues), Topics in Oceanian Studies (issues relating to refugees, the development of mines), Theories of Cross-cultural Communication (Australian immigrants). University of Tsukuba In International Area Studies in the Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Tsukuba, "Southeast Asian Geographical Features" is one credit in both the Spring Semester and the Fall Semester. There are a wide range of lectures covering Australian nature, culture, economics, politics and industry from a geographical perspective. Shizuoka University 1) Australia's natural environment is covered in "Earth Sciences" (subject for all undergraduates) and "Environmental and Geographic Information System Theories" (elective in the Faculty of Informatics). 2) "Globalization and Culture" (elective in the Faculty of Informatics) covers multiculturalism.

University of Shizuoka "Theories of Australian Culture A," "Theories of Australian Culture B," "Practicum 1A" "Practicum 2A" "Practicum 1B" "Practicum 2B" "Research for Graduation" (including History and Sociology in all subjects in Australian Studies in the School of International Relations). Nagoya University of "Australian Society and Culture" (cultural subject shared with the Commerce and Faculties of Commerce, Management, Economics and Communication). Business Sugiyama Jogakuen Cultural Anthropology, Comparative Cultural Theories, Theories of University Ethnicity. All of these touch upon indigenous peoples and multiculturalism. Doshisha University The study of colonialism and multiculturalism through cultural expression in Australia and New Zealand. Ryukoku University In "Oceania and Japan" and "Pan-Pacific Immigration," we are developing classes that focus on Australian and Japanese indigenous peoples and immigrants, and foreigners. Otemon Gakuin "Study Australia," "Economic Theories of Australia," "Theories of University Asia-Australia Relations," and "Australia and the International Community" are offered. In the spring vacation around 80 of the first-year students in my department, the Department of International Education, Faculty of International Liberal Arts, go on a short-term study abroad program for four weeks in Australia, and for this reason we have preparatory study lectures for the trip, which give a general overview of Australia over six months. Kwansei Gakuin Classes on "Theories of Culture and Society" and "Sociology of University Cultures in Transition" (School of International Studies) cover the processes involved in Australia's shift to multiculturalism, and Japanese immigrant communities. Tezukayama Gakuin "Australian Society and Culture" (Faculty of Liberal Arts). University Konan Women's 1) Classes on "Theories of Oceanian Culture and Society" (Faculty of University Letters) cover indigenous peoples and multiculturalism. 2) Classes on "An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology" (general education) cover indigenous peoples. Faculty of Tourism, We cover city tourism in Sydney in classes on Urban Tourism. Wakayama University (According to the AJF survey)

Appendix 3: Australian universities and official partnerships

University Details of Cooperation Faculty of Law, Keio Joint degree program, overseas exchange agreement, etc. University Waseda University Agreements with nine Australian universities. Dokkyo University Academic exchange agreement. Sophia University Faculty/student research and educational exchange. Seijo University University of Newcastle (overseas exchange agreement). Kanda University of Partnership agreement with Queensland University of Technology International Studies (mutual acceptance of students). University of Tsukuba Exchange programs with many universities, including Griffith University. University of Shizuoka Overseas exchange agreement with Queensland University of Technology. Nagoya University of Overseas exchange system with Monash University, James Cook Commerce and University, and Murdoch University (mutual tuition waiver). Business Sugiyama Jogakuen Overseas exchange. University Nanzan University Short-term English Program for students. Doshisha University Study overseas/language study overseas. Kyoto Sanygo Short-term study abroad. University Otemon Gakuin Griffith University (international exchange agreement), University of University the Sunshine Coast (international exchange agreement), Deakin University (international exchange agreement), Curtin University (international exchange agreement), The University of Queensland (international exchange agreement), Swinburne University of Technology (international exchange agreement), University of Tasmania, and other exchange agreements for researchers. Kwansei Gakuin Overseas exchange students, language exchange students, and research University exchange agreements with universities. Faculty of Business International exchange agreement (overseas exchange students). Administration, Kindai University

Tezukayama Gakuin Overseas training alliance with Griffith University. University Konan Women's International exchange agreements with three Australian Universities, University and overseas exchange. Mukogawa Women's Overseas exchange agreements and general exchange agreements. University The University of Student study abroad (overseas exchange): The University of Kitakyushu Queensland, University of Tasmania; Language courses: University of Tasmania, Newcastle University. Kyushu University ANU (Australian National University), University of Sydney, University of Technology Sydney, The University of Queensland and others (student exchange agreement). (According to the AJF survey)

Appendix 4: Research on Australia carried out in the last five years by researchers of Australia

With a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, we are investigating tourism policies and the facts surrounding them, in "Empirical International Comparative Research on the Many Facets of 'Omotenashi'." With an MHLW grant, we are carrying out a survey in Australia concerning issues that fall under "Research Relating to the Development and Adaptation of the Japanese Version of the 'Simple Surgical Safety Assessment System' Using the WHO Checklist."

With a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, research is advancing on policies concerning ethnic minorities in Australia.

Using a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, I am undertaking research on the identities of indigenous peoples expressed in theater and movies. I am also researching globalism and multiculturalism in modern Australian theater. I have researched the former for three years, the latter for four.

The Seijo University Institute of Economic Studies carried out research on the spread of economic diplomacy in Pacific Rim countries, not limited to but including Australia: "Small to Medium Enterprise Funding and Government Support in the Pacific Rim (FY2012-2013)." The same Institute is continuing research activities based on the progress of globalization in the Asia-Pacific regions, including Australia. Outside of the University (where I teach full time), I am part of a research group connected with government administration and governance in public offices (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications "Research group for the investigation of basic questions concerning the decentralization of power (yearly)"), focusing on the governance of the administration and financial affairs of Australia as a federation. A research report (on the topic of "An Economic-political Study of the GST Reform: The Case of the Federation of Australia," scheduled to be published on November 17, 2017) is ongoing.

Received a Publication Award from the Australia-Japan Foundation, and published "Parental Care and Childcare Outside of School in Australia."

Carried out on-site surveys with a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Scientific Research B Overseas) on "A geographical study on the changing social structure of Asian metropolitan areas focusing both on the impacts of Neo-liberalism reform and Asian engagement" (five members), and with a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Scientific Research C) "Study of the land resource management of indigenous peoples and the coordination of tourism development using WebGIS" (three members).

1) Research on working holidays, alone (not including any researchers from Australia), grant from a private foundation, no industry-academic-government collaboration, 1 year. 2) Survey research relating to the Japanese food industry in Australia, alone (not including any researchers from Australia), grant from a private foundation, no industry-academic-government collaboration, 1 year.

I participated in a three-year project with a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research titled: "A Structural Comparative Study on Test Governance," and was responsible for Australia. I carried out a two-year project with a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on my own, on the topic of "Multiculturalism and the Cultural and Social Activities of Asian Migrant Professionals: The Case of Australia."

For three years ten people carried out joint research on the topic of "Dynamism of Transborder Migration in the Arafura Sea Region: Customary Knowledge Across the National Boundaries" (FY2014-FY2016) with a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research. Of the ten researchers, two were from ANU and The University of Queensland. Further, the same group members are carrying out a joint project with a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research for three years from FY2017: "Maritime Borders Seen From The 'Frontiers' of Neighboring Countries: Dynamism of Regionalization and Transborder Migration in Australia's Northern Waters."

Continuing with analysis of the labor market using panel data from HILDA with a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research. One research project with a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research was completed last year, and I am now part of a new project from this year. My fellow researchers are also Japanese.

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research for "Australia's Strategies for the Development of Regional Economic Integration and Free Trade Agreements (TPP, RCEP, etc.) in the Asia-Pacific Region."

An Australian literary translation project.

Research relating to the indigenous peoples of Australia, with a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research. An international workshop was held, and researchers of indigenous peoples, and indigenous artists, were invited from Australia.

Research on multiculturalism and whiteness since I was doing my Master's.

As a staff member at the Institute of Australian Studies at this university (Waseda University), I was active until 2015, and carried out a factual investigation centered on the trade relationship between Western Australia and Japan. There were six participating researchers from our university, in addition to two research collaborators from Australia, one from Curtin University, and one from Edith Cowan University. In addition, three researchers (including myself) are scheduled to carry out an individually funded project on the subject of "International Comparative Research on Global Innovation Driven by Operation Management." One of the three researchers is from The University of Queensland.

Interviews in weekend schools linked to Japan.

Analysis of the Pidgin English of the Republic of Nauru and its history from Japanese and Australian sources.

1) I carried out a two-year investigation by myself on the theme of "The Ethnography of Problem Drinking" with a Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellow. 2) I carried out an investigation over a year with a grant for research activities for post-graduate students, etc. from the Shibusawa Foundation for Ethnological Studies on the theme of "Anthropological Research on the Drinking Practices of Indigenous Peoples in Australia's Northern Territory."

I carried out an individual research project over four years from FY2012 with a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, on the theme of "Urban Tourism in Sydney: Using Cultural, Social and Political Activities of Social Minorities as Tourist Attractions."

I carried out research relating to interethnic relationships between indigenous peoples and refugees in South Australia for three years by myself with a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research.

1) April 2016 to March 2017: "An Empirical Study Based On Quantitative Surveys Concerning the Societal Integration of Middle-class Immigrants in Australia: The Case of Communities of Permanent Japanese Residents", Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Fostering Joint International Research project selected research; research representative: Shinsuke Funaki (Faculty of Nursing and Social Welfare Sciences, Fukui Prefectural University): total funding: 9 million yen; joint researchers: Ruth Phillip (School of Education and Social Work, University of Sydney) and Takeshi Hamano (Faculty of Humanities, The University of Kitakyushu). 2) April 2017 to March 2019, Project receiving funding in FY2017 from Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI (Multi-Year Fund)) (Scientific Research C (General)): "The Development of Community Culture and Multicultural Social Work in Immigration Support," Research representative: Shinsuke Funaki (Faculty of Nursing and Social Welfare Sciences, Fukui Prefectural University), Co-investigator: Takeshi Hamano (Faculty of Humanities, The University of Kitakyushu)

Research on the theme of "A Social History of Australian Families and the 'Life': From the Perspective of Reproductive Technology and Family Planning"; research was carried out with a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellows). (According to the AJF survey)

【日本語版／Japanese version】

調査の概要

本調査は、日豪の研究・教育交流を活性化するための基本情報として、現在の日本の大学においてオーストラリア研究およびオーストラリアに関する教育がどのように行われているのかを知るために、豪日交流基金（Australia-Japan Foundation: AJF）の助成金を得て実施したものである。調査の概要は次の通りである。

調査時期：2017 年 9 月～11 月

調査方法：ウェブを利用した調査票調査調査票は巻末に掲載している（30 頁の付録 1）。

調査対象者：オーストラリア研究に直接に関わると思われる学会の会員を対象とした。まず、オーストラリア学会の会員用メーリング・リストで、ウェブ調査への回答を会員に依頼した。また、オセアニア学会、オセアニア教育学会、オーストラリア・ニュージーランド文学会にも会員への同様の呼びかけをお願いした。

総回答数：43 件

調査・執筆メンバーおよび作業分担

本調査は、オーストラリア学会のワーキング・グループにより実施された。ワーキング・グループのメンバーおよび作業分担は次の通りである。

佐和田敬司（早稲田大学）─渉外、作業統括、調査票作成石井由香（静岡県立大学）─作業統括、調査票作成、報告書執筆堤純（筑波大学）─調査票作成、ウェブ調査ページ作成・管理、統計処理、報告書執筆、報告書図作成藤田智子（九州大学大学院）─調査票作成、報告書執筆

全体の分析および文章の検討は、全員で行った。

調査結果

1．回答者の所属する学会（オーストラリア研究に関する学会のみ）

回答者がどのような学会に所属しているのかについて、複数回答可でたずねた。34 名（79.1％）がオーストラリア学会のみ、3 名（7.0%）がオセアニア学会のみの所属であると回答した。さらに他の学会の所属として、単独の学会名（日本マス・コミュニケーション学会）をあげた者が 1 名（2.3%）いた。複数の学会に所属しているのは 4 名（9.3%）で、このうちオーストラリア学会とオセアニア学会の両方に所属していると回答した者が 2 名（4.7 ％）ある。また、非学会員であるという回答も 1 名（各 2.3％）あった。オーストラリア学会に所属する者が多いという結果は、本学会による調査であることも影響しているだろうが、オーストラリア学会、オセアニア学会はその名称から、オーストラリア研究に関する学会として意識される度合いが高いと言えるのではないか（図 1）。

図 1 あなたの所属する学会（オーストラリア研究に関する学会のみ）をお答えください

複数の所属学会があるとの回答であげられた学会としては、オーストラリア学会、オセアニア学会のほかに、ニュージーランド・オーストラリア文学会、日本「アジア英語」学会、日本言語学会、大洋州経済学会、日本文化人類学会があった。設問で「オーストラリア研究に関する学会のみ」と限定したため、複数の所属学会名をあげた回答者は少ない。しかし、オーストラリア研究は地域研究であると同時に分野横断的な手法を必要とする研究であり、これらの回答からは、関心を持つ人々の学会の地域のとらえ方、方法論が多岐にわたることが垣間見える。（石井由香）

2．オーストラリア研究に関わる内容を含む授業

所属大学で、学部・大学院を含めてオーストラリア研究に関わる内容を含む授業を開講しているかとたずねたところ、開講していると回答したのは 20 名（46.5%）、開講していないと回答したのは 23 名（53.5％）であった（図 2）。

図 2 あなたの所属の大学では、学部・大学院を含めて、オーストラリア研究に関わる内容を含む授業を開講していますか。

オーストラリア研究に関わる内容を含む授業を開講していると答えた人に、その具体的な科目名や内容をたずねたところ、科目名に「オーストラリア」が入った、オーストラリア自体を主題とする授業が最も多かった（33 頁の付録 2）。そのような科目としては、「現代オーストラリア論」、「オーストラリアを学ぶ」、「オーストラリアの社会と文化」などがある。また、「オーストラリア文化論」や「オーストラリアの文化」、「オーストラリアのマイノリティ文化と教育」などオーストラリアの文化を取り上げた科目や、「オーストラリアと国際社会」や「オーストラリア・アジア関係論」などオーストラリアと他地域との国際関係を扱っていると思われる科目もみられた。その他、「オーストラリア経済論」、「オーストラリアの言語教育政策」、「オーストラリア・ニュージーランドの文化表現を通じて学ぶ植民地主義と多文化主義」なども挙げられた。次に多かったのは、オセアニア論、オセアニアの地域研究の一部としてオーストラリアに関わる内容が教えられている科目である。「オセアニア研究入門 1」、「オセアニア研究入門 2」、「Topics in Oceanian Studies」、「オセアニアと日本」、「オセアニア文化社会論」、「地域研究（大洋州）」、さらには、「パンパシフィッ

クの移民」、「大洋州安全保障研究」などである。さらに、「英語圏の国際関係」という科目も挙げられており、英語圏の一部としてもオーストラリアが取り上げられていることが分かった。文化人類学や社会学、地球科学、観光学などの各学問領域に関する科目のなかでも、オーストラリアに関する内容が一部取り上げている。そのような科目としては、「文化人類学」、「文化人類学への招待」、「文化社会学」、「Sociology of Cultures in Transition」、「地球科学」、「環境・地理情報システム論」、「Urban Tourism」、「異文化コミュニケーション論」などがある。さらに、「比較文化論」、「エスニシティ論」、「外国ジャーナリズム Ia」なども挙げられた。その他、「東南アジア人文地理学研究」、「グローバリゼーションと文化」、さらには演習科目や卒業研究などでもオーストラリアに関連する内容を取り上げていると回答した人がいた。これらの授業の中で扱われているより具体的なテーマ・内容であるが、多かったのは、先住民や移民・難民、多文化主義などであった。さらに、オーストラリアの自然や地理、歴史、観光、教育、捕鯨問題なども挙げられた。歴史、経済、政治、文化、社会などオーストラリア全般について幅広く取り上げているという回答もみられた。以上から、オーストラリアに関連する内容は、オーストラリア自体を主題とする科目においてはもちろんのこと、オセアニアや英語圏に関する科目、さらには、個別の学問領域に関する科目においても取り上げられ、教えられていることが分かった。（藤田智子）

3．オーストラリアの大学との公的な連携関係

回答者の所属する大学や所属研究機関で、オーストラリアの大学と公的な連携関係（例：国際交流協定、共同学位）を結んでいるかどうか尋ねたところ、 43 件の回答中 27 件（63％）が連携関係あり、残りの 16 件（37％）が連携関係なしとの回答であった（図 3）。連携関係ありとの回答をみると、大学間・学部間の交流協定を結んでいるケースが大半である（34 頁の付録 3）。交流の種類は、学生の相互受け入れ（交換留学を含む）や共同学位、語学研修受け入れなど、協定校同士での学生交流に主眼を置くものが主流である。オーストラリアの提携先は 1 校のみのケースが多いが、中には 3 校（筑波大学、北九州市立大学ほか）、7 校（追手門学院大学）、 9 校（早稲田大学）など、複数の大学間と協定関係にあるケースも散見される。（堤純）

図 3 あなたの所属大学・所属研究機関は、オーストラリアの大学と公的な連携協定を結んでいますか。

4．公的な連携関係に基づくオーストラリアの研究者の受け入れ

回答者の所属大学・所属研究機関で、研究・教育交流協定など公的な形でオーストラリアの研究者の受け入れを行っているかどうかたずねたところ、はい（受け入れを行っている）が 9 名（ 20.9％）、いいえ（受け入れを行っていない）が 34 名（79.1％）だった（図 4）。

図 4 あなたの所属大学・所属研究機関は、研究・教育交流協定など公的な形でオーストラリアの研究者の受け入れを行っていますか。

受け入れの具体的な内容については、詳細についての記述があった回答のみ表にした（表 1）。「はい」の回答が少なく、自由記述での回答から一般的な傾向

を見出すことは難しいが、研究交流、教育交流が一定程度あることがうかがえる。（石井由香）

表 1 受け入れの具体的な内容オーストラリアの研究者の受け入れを行っている（英語教育（グリフィス大学））。オーストラリアの社会学教授 2 名、心理学教授 1 名が協力研究者として登録されているオーストラリアの社会学者を招聘教授として受け入れるなどしているクイーンズランド大学の観光・ビジネス学部の教員が、和歌山大学の主幹教授として所属している。毎年、集中講義を実施し、研究相談会を通じた大学院生の指導も行っている。各箇所で独自に研究者を受け入れている。博士後期課程の院生が短期留学している

5．オーストラリア研究に関わる研究プロジェクトの実施

過去 5 年の間にオーストラリア研究に関わる内容の研究プロジェクトを実施しているかたずねたところ、「はい」と回答した人が 25 名（ 58.1％）、「いいえ」と回答した人が 18 名（41.9％）であった（図 5）。

図 5 あなたご自身の御研究についておたずねします。オーストラリア研究に関わる内容の研究プロジェクトを過去 5 年間の間に実施していますか。

次に、「はい」と答えた人にどのような研究プロジェクトであったかをたずねた（35 頁の付録 4）。まず、財源／ファンドについては、科学研究費（特別研究員奨励費を含む）が圧倒的に多かった。それ以外の財源としては、厚生労働科学研究費、豪日交流基金、澁澤民族学振興基金、その他民間財団資金などが挙げられた。研究テーマは多岐にわたるが、大きく分けると、移民、観光、先住民、経済・貿易などに関連するテーマが比較的多かった。まず、移民に関連するテーマとしては、エスニック・マイノリティ政策やアジア系専門職移民、多文化主義、オーストラリアにおける日本人コミュニティなどが該当する。また、観光に関連したテーマとしては、ワーキングホリデー、社会的マイノリティと観光資源、観光政策などがあった。先住民に関わっては、飲酒問題や先住民と難民の民族関係などが挙げられた。経済・貿易関連のテーマとしては、日豪の貿易関係、アジア太平洋地域における地域経済統合や自由貿易協定とオーストラリア、さらにはオーストラリアにおける日本食産業などがあった。その他、教育、家族、医療、さらには演劇や映画などのテーマに関する研究も行われていることが分かった。プロジェクトに関わる人数は、1 人から 10 人まで幅があり、なかにはオーストラリアの研究者が含まれるプロジェクトもいくつかあった。オーストラリアの研究者の所属については、シドニー大学やクイーンズランド大学、オーストラリア国立大学、カーティン大学、エディスコーワン大学が挙げられた。研究期間についても単年のものから 4 年というものまであった。民間財団資金をファンドとするものは単年のものが多かった。産学官連携のプロジェクトに参加していると回答した人はいなかったが、既に述べたように、民間財団の資金を得たとした人、さらに官公庁が行う調査研究会に参加していると回答した人もいた。以上から、オーストラリアに関連する研究プロジェクトは、多くの場合、科学研究費を用いて行われており、そのテーマは社会や文化、経済に関わるものが多いことが分かった。また、オーストラリアの研究者が参加するプロジェクトもあるが、その数はあまり多くないことが分かった。（藤田智子）

おわりに

本調査によりあきらかになった日本におけるオーストラリア研究・教育の動向の特徴は、次のようにまとめられよう。

1．調査回答者の所属学会を見ると、オーストラリア学会、オセアニア学会などの地域学会は、オーストラリアを研究する日本の研究者を引きつける場として一定程度機能していることがうかがえる。 2．オーストラリアに関する授業は、回答の半数弱、20 近くの大学で実施されている。オーストラリア自体を主題とする科目、オセアニアや英語圏に関する科目、個別の学問領域に関する科目など、幅広い科目でオーストラリア関連の内容が取り上げられている。取り上げられるテーマ・内容も多様である。 3．オーストラリアの大学との公的な連携関係は、回答の約 3 分の 2、30 近い大学で連携関係がある。学生交流を中心とする協定が主流である。研究に関しては、オーストラリアからの研究者の受入れ件数は少なく、関係は限定的である。 4．オーストラリア研究に関わる研究プロジェクトについては、回答の約 6 割、 25 件が過去 5 年間に研究プロジェクトを実施していると答えている。科学研究費を中心的な財源とするものが多い。研究テーマは多岐にわたるが、移民、観光、先住民、経済・貿易など、社会、文化、経済に関わるテーマが比較的多いようである。オーストラリアの研究者との共同研究はあるが、それほど数が多くない。

日本におけるオーストラリア研究・教育は、社会、文化、経済に関心の中心を置きつつ、多様な方法論により、オーストラリア理解を深めようとする傾向がある。教育については、かなり多くの大学で授業があり、オーストラリアの大学との公的な連携関係の中心も教育である。一方、研究交流については、限られた数にとどまっている。オーストラリアに関する教育をより一層充実させるのと同時に、オーストラリアの大学、研究者との研究交流の促進が、今後の課題といえよう。

付録 1 アンケート調査票

Q1．あなたの所属する学会（オーストラリア研究に関する学会のみ）をお答え下さい（下記に選択肢がない、あるいは複数の学会に所属されている場合は「その他」欄に具体的にお書き下さい）。  オーストラリア学会  オセアニア学会  その他：（）

Q2．あなたの所属の大学では、学部・大学院を含めて、オーストラリア研究に関わる内容を含む授業を開講していますか。  はい  いいえ

Q3．Q2 で「はい」を選択された方は、その授業名と開講学部・研究科、オーストラリア研究に関するどのような内容が含まれているかを教えてください。複数の授業がある場合は、すべてお答えください。回答例 1）「地域安全保障」（大学院政治学研究科）という授業のなかに、オーストラリアの国防政策研究が含まれる。回答例 2）「異文化コミュニケーション概論」（国際文化学部）という授業で、先住民や多文化主義について取り上げている。

Q4．あなたの所属大学・所属研究機関は、オーストラリアの大学と公的な連携関係（例：国際交流協定、共同学位）を結んでいますか。  はい  いいえ

Q5．Q4 で「はい」を選択された方は、どのような関係か、詳細を教えてください。

Q6．あなたの所属大学・所属研究機関は、研究・教育交流協定など公的な形でオーストラリアの研究者の受け入れを行っていますか。  はい  いいえ

Q7．Q6 で「はい」を選択された方は、どういった専門の研究者をどういう形で受け入れているか、詳細を教えてください。回答例 1）オーストラリアの法学教授が地域研究センターで客員教授として研究している。回答例 2）オーストラリアの政治学教授が交換教授の協定で国際関係学部で短期集中講義を実施している。

Q8．あなたご自身の御研究についておたずねします。オーストラリア研究に関わる内容の研究プロジェクトを過去 5 年間の間に実施していますか。  はい  いいえ

Q9．Q8 で「はい」を選択された方は、どのような研究プロジェクトであるのかを教えてください。研究テーマ、プロジェクト人数（オーストラリアの研究者を含むかどうか）、ファンド、産官学の連携の有無、期間等をお書きください。複数ある場合は、それぞれお書きください。回答例 1）科学研究費で、「クイーンズランド州の観光政策」という題目で、5 名で 3

年間のプロジェクトを実施した。5 名のうち 2 名は、クイーンズランド大学の研究者であった。回答例 2）オーストラリアの資源開発政策について、x 社からの委託調査を実施した。

Q10．今後、オーストラリア大使館および豪日交流基金（AJF）からオーストラリア研究に関するお知らせをメールでお送りしてよろしいですか。  はい  いいえ

質問は以上です。必ずこの下の「送信」ボタンをクリックし、送信を完了してください。ご協力ありがとうございました。

付録 2 オーストラリア研究に関わる内容を含む授業の開講状況

（AJF アンケートによる）

付録 3 オーストラリアの大学と公的な連携関係の状況

（AJF アンケートによる）

付録 4 オーストラリア研究者による過去 5 年間のオーストラリア研究状況

（AJF アンケートによる）

本報告書作成にあたり、豪日交流基金より助成をいただきました。記して感謝の意を表します。

For inquiries relating to this survey: Office of the Australian Studies Association of Japan Australian Studies Association of Japan C/o Academy Center 358-5 Yamabuki-cho, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo, 162-0801 JAPAN FAX: +81-3-3368-2822 E-mail: [email protected]

本調査に関する問い合わせ先オーストラリア学会事務局〒162-0801 東京都新宿区山吹町 358-5 アカデミーセンターオーストラリア学会担当 FAX：03-3368-2822 E-mail： [email protected]