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NETWORKS of PRINT, PATRONAGE and RELIGION in ENGLAND and SCOTLAND 1580-1604: the CAREER of ROBERT WALDEGRAVE by REBECCA JANE

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NETWORKS of PRINT, PATRONAGE and RELIGION in ENGLAND and SCOTLAND 1580-1604: the CAREER of ROBERT WALDEGRAVE by REBECCA JANE University of Plymouth PEARL https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk 04 University of Plymouth Research Theses 01 Research Theses Main Collection 2013 Networks of Print, Patronage and Religion in England and Scotland 1580-1604: The Career of Robert Waldegrave Emmett, Rebecca Jane http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/3352 Plymouth University All content in PEARL is protected by copyright law. Author manuscripts are made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the details provided on the item record or document. In the absence of an open licence (e.g. Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher or author. NETWORKS OF PRINT, PATRONAGE AND RELIGION IN ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND 1580-1604: THE CAREER OF ROBERT WALDEGRAVE By REBECCA JANE EMMETT A thesis submitted to Plymouth University in partial fulfillment for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Centre for Humanities, Music and Performing Arts Research September 2013 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without the author's prior consent. 1 Rebecca Jane Emmett NETWORKS OF PRINT, PATRONAGE AND RELIGION IN ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND 1580-1604: THE CAREER OF ROBERT WALDEGRAVE This thesis seeks to examine the nature of the intertwined networks of print, patronage and religion that existed within and across England and Scotland between 1580 and 1604, through the career of the English printer Robert Waldegrave. Multifaceted and complex, Waldegrave’s career spanned two countries, four decades and numerous controversies. To date scholars have engaged in a teleological narrative of his career, culminating in his involvement with the Marprelate press between April 1588/9. This focus on Waldegrave as a religious radical has coloured accounts of his English business and resulted in his Scottish career being disregarded by many. This thesis adds to the growing body of scholarship concerning printers and the print trade, illustrating the varied role Waldegrave played, both in relation to the texts he produced and within a broader trans-national context of print There are three major thematic areas of enquiry; whether Waldegrave’s characterization by contemporary commentators and subsequent scholars as a Puritan printer is accurate; what his career in Scotland between 1590 and 1603 reveals about the Scottish print trade, and finally the role and significance of the various networks of print, patronage and religion within which he operated in regards to his own career as well as in the broader context of early modern religious and commercial printing. Challenging the reductive interpretation of Waldegrave’s life and career, this thesis places the Marprelate episode within the wider framework of his English and Scottish careers, enabling traditional assumptions about his motivation and autonomy to be questioned and reevaluated. It will be shown that the accepted image of Waldegrave as a committed Puritan printer, developed and disseminated by his representation within the Marprelate tracts was actually a misrepresentation of his position and that the reality was far more nuanced. His choices were informed by commercial concerns and the various needs of the networks of print, patronage and religion within which he worked, which often limited his ability to promote the religious beliefs he held. The study of Waldegrave and his English contemporaries within the Scottish print trade expands our knowledge of the relationship between the print trades of England and Scotland and highlights how intertwined they were during this period. Waldegrave’s Scottish career, and the significance of his complicated relationship with his royal patron, James VI will be established and the wider impact and significance of Waldegrave’s appointment as Royal printer demonstrated. As he worked as a minor jobbing printer, a fugitive on a clandestine press and as the Royal Printer in Scotland Waldegrave is one of a small number of stationers whose career was extremely varied. Through the study of Waldegrave’s unique and multifaceted career it is therefore possible to trace and analyse the complex networks within which he, and his fellow stationers operated during the late-sixteenth century. 2 CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES 6 ACKOWLEDGEMENTS 7 AUTHOR’S DECLARATION 8 CHAPTER ONE 9 INTRODUCTION: NETWORKS OF PRINT, PATRONAGE AND RELIGION IN ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND 1580-1604: THE CAREER OF ROBERT WALDEGRAVE PART ONE: ARGUMENT, CONTENT, SCOPE AND METHODS 9 I. Structure and Key Questions 16 II. Primary Sources and Research Methodology 23 i: The History of the Book 25 ii: The History of Printers and Printing 26 iii: Networks 28 PART TWO: HISTORIOGRAPHY 35 I: HISTORY OF PRINT IN ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND 35 i: The ‘Public Sphere’ Debate 37 ii: ‘Popular’ Printing in Sixteenth Century England 42 iii: The ‘Popular Culture’ Debate 45 iv: Polemics and Pamphlets 49 II: PRINT AND RELIGION 54 i: English Protestant Printing 54 ii: Catholic and Clandestine Printing 65 iii: The Puritans and Print up to 1588 72 iv: The Reformation and the Scottish Print Trade 82 CONCLUSION 88 CHAPTER TWO 93 THE WORLD OF ROBERT WALDEGRAVE AND HIS LONDON BASED PRINTING NETWORK PART ONE: THE WORLD OF ROBERT WALDEGRAVE 95 I. The London Stationers’ Company and the ‘Making’ of a Printer 96 i: Apprenticeship 98 ii: Journeymen 100 iii: Master and Beyond 104 II. The Journey from Pen to Press 106 III. Waldegrave the Master Printer of London 116 PART TWO: WALDEGRAVE’S LONDON BASED PRINTING 132 NETWORK I. Waldegrave’s Collaborators 132 i: Thomas Dawson 133 ii: Thomas Man 134 iii: William Brome 139 3 iv: Edward White 140 v: William Ponsonby 140 vi: Thomas Woodcock 141 II. The Topography of Print 143 III. The Significance of Networks for Waldegrave and the Wider Book 147 Trade CONCLUSION: IDEOLOGY OR COMMERCIAL SUCCESS? 154 CHAPTER THREE 159 ROBERT WALDEGRAVE AND THE MARPRELATE PRESS 1588- 1589 I. Context and Historiography of the Marprelate Controversy 162 II. Printing ‘Martin’ 173 i: Marprelate Typography 178 ii: Portraying Waldegrave 186 III. Finance and Distribution 192 IV. Desertion 196 CONCLUSION 202 CHAPTER FOUR 205 TRANS-NATIONAL NETWORKS OF RELIGION AND PRINT PART ONE: NETWORKS OF PURITAN PATRONAGE IN ENGLAND 207 PART TWO: PURITANS AND PRESBYTERIANS: A TRANS- 220 NATIONAL RELIGIOUS NETWORK? I. Scottish Exiles in England 225 PART THREE: THE TRANS-NATIONAL PRINTING NETWORK 231 I. ‘English’ Printers in Scotland Pre 1590 232 II. Relations Between the Edinburgh & London Printing Networks 236 III. The Significance of the Trans-National Printing Network 245 CONCLUSION 248 CHAPTER FIVE 251 SCOTTISH PRINTING, JAMES VI AND ROBERT WALDEGRAVE PART ONE: PRINTING IN EDINBURGH 252 I. The Edinburgh Printing Network 253 II. The Topography of Printing in Edinburgh 262 PART TWO: WALDEGRAVE IN SCOTLAND 267 I. Royal Printer to James VI 273 II. Scottish Bibliography 291 i: Official Texts 296 ii: Succession Literature 299 iii: The ‘Castalian Band’ 307 iv: Miscellaneous Commercial Printing 313 4 CONCLUSION: INSTRUMENT OR AGENT? 319 CHAPTER SIX 325 CONCLUSION: THE CAREER OF ROBERT WALDEGRAVE WITHIN NETWORKS OF PRINT, PATRONAGE AND RELIGION APPENDICES Appendix One: Transcript of Merchant Taylors’ Company Indenture 1611 344 Appendix Two: COVENANTS OF AN INDENTURE OF 346 APPRENTICESHIP, Familiarly explained and enforced by SCRITURE for the Use of the APPRENTICES of the CITY of LONDON Appendix Three: Robert Waldegrave’s Annotated Bibliography 1578-1604 348 Appendix Four: Puritan Patronage within Waldegrave’s Dedications 385 Appendix Five: Robert Waldegrave’s License to act as Royal Printer 386 BIBLIOGRAPHY 387 5 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: British Library, model of a Gutenberg style printing press, 2012. 113 Figure 2: Three examples of Waldegrave’s letter frames. From: James Bisse, Two 118 Sermons preached, the one at Paules Crosse, (London, 1585), Pierre Viret, The Schoole of Beastes, intituled, the good Housholder, or the Oeconomickes, (London, 1585) and Theodore Beza, A discourse, of the true and visible markes of the Catholique Churche, (London, 1582). Figure 3: EEBO examples of Waldegrave’s emblem from 1580, 1583 and 1585 120 Figure 4: Ornamental detail from: John Udall, Amendment of Life, (London, 1584) 137 unknown printer & The Combate betwixt CHRIST and the Devill, (London, 1587) Robert Waldegrave acknowledged as printer & Border details, one inverted, from: John Udall, Obedience to the Gospell & Amendment of Life, (London, 1584) unknown printer, The Combate betwixt CHRIST and the Devill, (London, 1587) Robert Waldegrave acknowledged as printer. Images all from EEBO. Figure 5: The Topography of Waldegrave’s London Printing Network 145 Figure 6: William Fulke, A Briefe and Plaine Declaration, (London, 1584) & John Udall, 157 The State of the Church of England, (London, 1588), EEBO. Figure 7: Vincent Tandem Veritas Woodcut in Robert Rollock, In Epistolam Pauli 258 Apostoli ad Ephesios, Roberti Rolloci Scoti, ministri Iesu Christi in Ecclesia Edinburgensi, commentarius, (Edinburgh, 1590), EEBO & reproduction of the Swan Emblem used by Waldegrave on his London bibliography Figure 8: The Topography of the Edinburgh based Print Trade 1530-1621 263 Figure 9: Title pages from John Penry, A Treatise Wherein is manifestlie proved that 269 Reformation and those that sincerely favour the same are unjustly charged to be enemies unto hir Maiestie and the state, An humble motion vvith submission vnto the right Honorable LL. of Hir Maiesties Priuie Counsell and A briefe discouery of the vntruthes and slanders (against the true gouernement of the Church of Christ), (Edinburgh, 1590), EEBO Figure 10: Cover pages of James VI, His Maiesties poeticall exercises at vacant houres, 280 (Edinburgh, 1591), EEBO. Figure 11: Various border details found within James VI, His Maiesties poeticall 282 exercises at vacant houres, (Edinburgh, 1591), EEBO. The top two images were new to Waldegrave in 1590, whereas the others can be found within his English bibliography.
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