“Chance favours the prepared mind”

Louis Pasteur 1854 in lecture at Univ. of Lille

Gunnar Ingelman @ TT-UU Symposium 2016-09-12 The importance of open-ended research and how valuable discoveries can turn up where no one ever thought to look 1850’s: British finance minister Gladstone asked Faraday about the benefits of his research on electricity and got the answer

”One day, sir, you may tax it”

Today: We pay tax on electricity and are grateful for Faraday’s free research Nobel

Alfred Nobel’s prepared mind → inventions 1893 Nobel Honorary Doctor at Uppsala University Nobel’s testament → Nobel Prizes

… have conferred the greatest benefit to mankind.

… the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics

… the most important chemical discovery or improvement

The prizes for physics and chemistry shall be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

Ten ”classes”/sections 1. Mathematics 5. Geosciences 9. Social sciences 2. Astronomy 6. Biosciences 10. Humanities & 3. Physics 7. Medical sciences outstanding services 4. Chemistry 8. Engineering sciences The 2015 Nobel committee for physics Nobel Prize Announcement The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014

Isamu Akasaki Hiroshi Amano Shuji Nakamura Meijo University, Nagoya, Nagoya University, University of California, Nagoya University, Japan Japan Santa Barbara, CA, USA

”for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources”

© Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien New quantum physics for blue LED

° Preparation of high-quality galliumnitrid (GaN) crystal

° Preparation of p-layer of GaN Inventions within ° Preparation of alloy of GaN with indium or aluminium nanoscience

° double hetero-structures

”… conferred the greatest benefit to mankind ”

° 30% of world population today using kerosene lamps, candles and open fire

° Inefficient light sources with large risk of fire

° Expensive: 10-25% of mean income The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015

Takaaki Kajita Arthur B. McDonald Super-Kamiokande Collaboration Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Collaboration University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan Queen’s University, Kingston, Kanada

”for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass”

© Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien SUPER -KAMIOKANDE

νµ

νµ

νµ ν e νµ ν e

© Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien Large → huge collaboration ATLAS @ CERN

∼ GI 3000 co-authors in 12-page appendix16 Large collaborations becoming common

LETTER paper in Nature doi:10.1038/nature09750 Femtosecond X-ray protein nanocrystallography Henry N. Chapman 1,2 , Petra Fromme 3, Anton Barty 1, Thomas A. White 1, Richard A. Kirian 4, Andrew Aquila 1, Mark S. Hunter 3, Joachim Schulz 1, Daniel P. DePonte 1, Uwe Weierstall 4, R. Bruce Doak 4, Filipe R. N. C. Maia 5, Andrew V. Martin 1, Ilme Schlichting 6,7 , Lukas Lomb 7, Nicola Coppola 1, Robert L. Shoeman 7, Sascha W. Epp 6,8 , Robert Hartmann 9, Daniel Rolles 6,7 , Artem Rudenko 6,8 , Lutz Foucar 6,7 , Nils Kimmel 10 , Georg Weidenspointner 11,10 , Peter Holl 9, Mengning Liang 1, Miriam Barthelmess 12 , Carl Caleman 1, Se ´bastien Boutet 13 , Michael J. Bogan 14 , Jacek Krzywinski 13 , Christoph Bostedt 13 , Sa ˇsa Bajt 12 , Lars Gumprecht 1, Benedikt Rudek 6,8 , Benjamin Erk 6,8 , Carlo Schmidt 6,8 , Andre ´ Ho¨mke 6,8 , Christian Reich 9, Daniel Pietschner 10 , Lothar Stru¨der 6,10 , Gu¨nter Hauser 10 , Hubert Gorke 15 , Joachim Ullrich 6,8 , Sven Herrmann 10 , Gerhard Schaller 10 , Florian Schopper 10 , Heike Soltau 9, Kai-Uwe Ku¨hnel 8, Marc Messerschmidt 13 , John D. Bozek 13 , Stefan P. Hau-Riege 16 , Matthias Frank 16 , Christina Y. Hampton 14 , Raymond G. Sierra 14 , Dmitri Starodub 14 , Garth J. Williams 13 , Janos Hajdu 5, Nicusor Timneanu 5, M. Marvin Seibert 5, Jakob Andreasson 5, Andrea Rocker 5, Olof Jo¨nsson 5, Martin Svenda 5, Stephan Stern 1, Karol Nass 2, Robert Andritschke 10 , Claus-Dieter Schro¨ter 8, Faton Krasniqi 6,7 , Mario Bott 7, Kevin E. Schmidt 4, Xiaoyu Wang 4, Ingo Grotjohann 3, James M. Holton 17 , Thomas R. M. Barends 7, Richard Neutze 18 , Stefano Marchesini 17 , Raimund Fromme 3, Sebastian Schorb 19 , Daniela Rupp 19 , Marcus Adolph 19 , Tais Gorkhover 19 , Inger Andersson 20 , Helmut Hirsemann 12 , Guillaume Potdevin 12 , Heinz Graafsma 12 , Björn Nilsson 12 & John C. H. Spence 4 88 author-collaboration in molecular biology Wall Street Journal

GI Science organisation in modern society

• International collaborations – e-communications • Join forces based on common interests/goals • Each research group has its own funding ↓

• No central budget → no central boss/chief • Elected spokesperson as leader – primus inter pares

• Flat, academic, collegial structure (≠ industry or authority) Evaluations of research quality and renewal at UU

2017: Evaluation of processes for research quality and strategic renewal Result is coherent sum of contributions

Result =

→ 2 Random phase angles Result = N R (with all R m=R for simplicity)

Full coherence → all in phase → Result = N2 R2

Max incoherence → all out of phase → Result = 0 Magna Charta Universitatum

Defines the fundamental values and principles of universities. Founded 1988 in Bologna – signed by 900 university rectors. Annual conference in Bologna, first time elsewhere 2014 at UU

Rationale for academic freedom of publically funded universities: create new knowledge & unexpected discoveries and inventions → big impact on human life & society !