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The South American Centolla Fishery Is Conducted Primarily for L Foreign Fishery Developments Table 1.-Sauth American centalla catch, 1975-84, in metric tans. Year Chile Argentina Uruguay Total 1970 400 200 600 The South American 1971 400 400 1972 400 400 Centolla Fishery 1973 400 400 1974 511 511 1975 609 362 3 974 1976 1,028 279 2 1,309 1977 1,306 322 10 1,638 1978 1,908 370 4 2,282 Introduction southern king crab. Another related 1979 2,265 62 21 2,348 1980 1,351 77 5 1,433 species, centolla espinuda, L. murrayi, 1981 1,280 174 8 1,462 1982 1,473 203 1 1,677 Chilean and Argentine fishermen also called Murray king crab, reportedly 1983 2,755 179 2 2,936 caught nearly 2,950 metric tons (t) of occurs in the southeastern Pacific, but 1984 2,746 200 NA 2,946 centolla, Lithodes antarcticus (Fig. 1) in no resource estimates have yet been Source: FAG "Yearbook of Fishery Statistics" 1984, about the same as in 1983 (Table compiled on it. (1970-83 data); Servicio Nacional de Pesca, "Anuario Estadistica Pesquero" (1984 Chiiean I). The species is also known as south­ The centolla is closely related to the data); Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Desar­ rollo Pesquero, unpubl. (1984 Argentine data). ern or South American king crab l . Alaskan golden king crab, L. aequis­ Most of that catch (almost 2,750 t) was pina, and its outward appearance is very taken by Chilean fishermen, although similar except for size and coloration. continued growth of the Chilean catch Sexually mature male centolla average Table 2.-Chile·s centollan cat"~. will be limited by the size of the about 10 em (shell length), and weigh 1978-84, in metric tons. resource. about 0.7 kg, which is somewhat smaller Year Catch Year Catch While no definitive Chilean stock than Alaskan king crab whose average 1978 637 1982 309 1979 952 1983 831 assessment estimates exist for the whole weight is about 2.5 kg. The average size, 1980 429 1984 851 range of the fishery, most observers do however, varies with the grounds. In 1981 310 not believe the resource will support Chile, the average weight in the major Source: Servicio Nacional de Pesea. significantly expanded fishing. The commercial grounds located in the south "Anuario Estadistico de Pesca," 1978-84. potential for increased centolla catches, is about 1.5-1.8 kg. No data are available however, may be greater off the coast on weight variation along the Argentine of Argentina because of the country's coast. In coloration, the centolla is and Alaskan red king crab gives the broad Patagonian shelf which may pro­ similar to its more distant cousin the animals a special appeal in the market­ vide excellent habitat for the crab. The Alaskan red king crab, Paralithodes place. Centolla differs from the Alaskan Argentine Government, however, has camtschatica, but the shade varies by red king crab, however, in that its body not yet assessed the centolla stock on depth, age, and stage of the spawning and legs are covered with sharp spines that shelf. cycle. The bright red color of centolla up to 1 em long. Argintine stock assessments con­ ducted in the Beagle Channel where the current fishery is based suggest a very limited stock. Developments in the cen­ Figure I.-South American centolla. tolla fishery are of interest to the United States because some observers view centolla as a possible competitor for Alaskan king crab, Paralithodes cam­ tschatica. U.S. imports of Chilean crab (primarily centolla) increased signifi­ cantly from 190 t in 1977 to 550 t in 1984. Species The South American centolla fishery is conducted primarily for L. antarc­ ticus. Smaller catches are also taken of a related species, centollon, Paralomis granulosa (Table 2), also called false 'The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has ruled that centolla cannot be labeled as "king crab" in the United States. 52 Marine Fisheries Review Habitat studies in the Beagle Channel have from 2,000 to 60,000 eggs. Larval devel­ The centolla is found along both the demonstrated that the crabs make no opment comprises three stages of zoea Pacific and Atlantic coasts of southern significant lateral migrations, but that and one of megalopa. The planctonic/ South America (Fig. 2). The crab pri­ they do move vertically in the water zoeallife cycle lasts less than a month, marily inhabits shallow water, usually column, primarily for reproductive pur­ with the actual time depending primar­ in areas extending from the intertidal poses. After mating they return to ily on water temperature. zone to depths of 150-200 m, although deeper water. The females carry the fer­ Male centolla molt later than the in some areas off northern Chile speci­ tilized eggs for about 280-300 days females, usually in March or April. The mens have been found as deep as 600 before the larvae hatch the following crabs move into shallow waters to molt m. The primary determining factor ap­ spring (mid-September to early Novem­ and, because they are vulnerable to pears to be water temperature which is ber). Young females produce about predators while their shells regenerate, why the crab occurs in deeper water at 5,000 eggs annually, while oldei" females they become less active and rarely ven­ the more northerly latitudes. The crab can produce 30,000 or more eggs. ture from their hiding places among the is found in areas with both rocky and Females have been observed carrying rocks. As a result, catches are usually sandy bottoms, but restricts itself pri­ low during this period. Immature males marily to the former during the molting usually molt twice a year, but this is period when it is most vulnerable to reduced to a yearly molt long before the predators and tends to remain well hid­ 38° males reach legal size. Large males of den in the rocks and crevices. 15 cm or more may go up to 2 years without molting. Centolla grow slowly. Life History Studies conducted by the Argentine In­ 40° Female centolla move into shallow stituto Nacional de Investigacion y water to molt and spawn during the Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP) deter­ j­ I mined that by the time the crab reaches southern hemisphere's spring and early I summer seasons (December and Janu­ a size large enough to be vulnerable to ary). Chilean tagging studies in the the traps, the growth rate of the carapace straits of Magellan and Argentine was an average of 9.3 mm per molt for males and 4.2 mm for females. Fishing Grounds Chile Centolla is found from Cape Horn (lat. 55°5'S) north to Valdivia (lat. 38°48'S), although it has occasionally been observed as far north as Talcahu­ ano. The primary Chilean fishery is located off the extreme southern coast from Canal Trinidad/Isla Wellington (lat. 500 S) to Cape Horn (lat. 55°40'S), a range of about 650 krn, which covers an area of about 132,000 krn (Fig. 2). The greatest known resource concentra­ 40° tion is off southern Chile in the Straits of Magellan and surrounding area2 and it is there where most of the commer­ 45 0 cial catch is taken. Until 1974, the fish­ ery was limited almost exclusively to the Straits of Magellan, but has since been extended to several new grounds in Region XII. Chile's southern administrative re­ 56° gions are shown in Figure 3. A much smaller and less productive fishery is centered around Puerto Montt in Region Figure 3.-Chile's southern adminis­ 'The grounds are located in Magallanes, Chile's Figure 2.-Centolla distribution. trative regions (IX-XII). XII RegIOn, where almost all of the catch is taken. 48(2), 1986 53 X, about 2,000 km to the north (Table Table 3.-Chile's centolla catch by admin­ yet substantiated this hypothesis. The istrative region, 1982·84, in metric tons. 3). Between those two areas are hun­ Patagonian continental shelf off Argen­ dreds of kilometers of rugged coastline. Catch (t) tina extends for hundreds of kilometers There are no roads linking southern Region 1982 1983 1984 into the Atlantic, beyond the Falkland Chile with the more populated central I-IX Islands. That broad shelf would appear X 30 21 47 area of the country. The south is isolated XI 2 46 17 to offer an excellent habitat for centolla by 400 nllies of mountains, glaciers, and XII 1,441 2,688 2,682 and other crabs. Test fishing conducted deeply indented coastline. Chilean biol­ Total 1,473 2,755 2,746 so far, however, has found no large, ogists believe that crabs occur along the Source: Servicio Nacional de Pesca. "Anuario commercially exploitable stocks. The entire coast south of Puerto Monu, but Estadistico de Pesca," 1982-84. Argentine Government has not made the size of the resource does not war­ centolla a priority research subject, but rant the investment necessary to conduct plans do exist for more frequent re­ fishing operations in the central area. search. The only indications of the size Table 4.-Chile's centolla catch per unit of effort in of the resource on the Patagonian shelf Argentina Region XII durin~ the main fishing seasons (July to January) 1979-84 . off Argentina comes from trawl fisher­ There is a small traditional centolla CPUE (crabs/trap) men who have reported incidental fishery located on the Argentine side of Area of 1979­ 1980­ 1981­ 1982­ 1983­ catches of centolla while fishing for the Beagle Channel on the southern Region XII 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 hake and other demersal species.
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