Rhinacanthus Nasutus (Linn.) Kurz

JNROnline Journal Journal of Natural Remedies ISSN: 2320-3358 (e) Vol. 21, No. 4(S2), (2020) ISSN: 0972-5547(p) AN INTENDED REVIEW ON PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY OF RHINACANTHUS NASUTUS (LINN.) KURZ G. Akilandeswari*1, A. Vijaya Anand2, K. M. Saradhadevi3, R. Manikandan4 and V. Bharathi5 1Research Scholar, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India 2Department Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India 3Department of Biochemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India 4Department of Biochemistry, M.I.E.T Arts and Science College, Trichirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India 5Biological and Bioinformatics Research Centre, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India * Corresponding author ABSTRACT The present review of Rhinacanthus nasutus (Linn.) Kurz provides knowledge on the morphology and phytopharmacological aspects. It is commonly known as Rangchita “Nagamalli” is a perennial shrub which belongs to the family Acantheacea. Many numbers of chemical compounds have been isolated, like flavonoids, benzenoids, cumarin, quinine, anthraquinone, naptha-quinone, glycosides, carbohydrates, triterpenes, and sterols etc. All parts of the plants have been used in folk medicine for treating skin diseases, liver disorders, diabetes, cancer, scurvy, helminthiasis, inflammations and obesity. The bioactive components extracted from the plant have the properties of antifungal, antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, antibacterial, and hepatoprotective activity, etc. Hence, the present review article includes the details of R. nasutus is an attempt to provide a route for further research. KEYWORDS: Rhinacanthus nasutus, Phytochemicals, Pharmacological activity. 1. INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants are the backbone of traditional medicine, which means more than 3.3 million people in the less developed countries utilized medicinal plants on a regular basis. The term medicinal plants include various types of plants used in Herbalism and they have medicinal activities1. Herbal medicines are an integral component of research and development in the pharma industry, such research focus on the isolation and direct use of active medicinal constituents or the development of semi-synthetic drugs. In present days, focuses on medicinal plant research has increased all over the world, and the large number of evidence has collected to show the tremendous potential of medicinal plants used in various traditional systems2. Rhinacanthus nasutus (Linn.) Kurz. is widely distributed in India and China3. It is typically found wild in the road bushes, and it is a shade-loving perennial shrub commonly known as Rangchita. 1.1. Morphology 35 Journal of Natural Remedies Vol. 21, No. 4(S2), (2020) The plant is a slender, erect, branched, somewhat hairy shrub 1-2 m in height (Fig. 1). The leaves are oblong, 4-10 cm in length, and narrowed and pointed at both ends. The inflorescence of the plant is a widening, leafy, hairy panicle with the flowers usually in clusters. The calyx is hairy, green, and about 5 mm long. The corolla-tube is greenish, slender, cylindrical, and about 2 cm long. The flowers are 2- lipped; the upper lip is white, erect, oblong or lance-like, 2-toothed at the apex, and about 3 mm in both length and width; and the lower lip is broadly obovate, 1.1-1.3 cm in both measurements, 3-lobed, and white, with a few, minute, brownish dots near the base. The fruit is clavate and it contains 4 seeds. 1.1. Taxonomy Kingdom: Plantae - Plants Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants Class: Magnoliopsida Family: Acanthaceae Subfamily: Acanthoideae Genus: Rhinacanthus Species: nasutus - (L.) (Fig. 1) 2. PHYTOCHEMISTRY Studies on phytochemical of R. nasutus species have demonstrated flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, anthraquinones, lignans and especially naphthoquinone analogues as major constituents. Rhinacanthins A, B, C, D, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q are the Napthoquinones were isolated and characterized from the leaves and roots of R. nasutus4-6. The rhinacanthone from leaves and stems7-8 and dehydro-α- lapachone from roots were also isolated 4-5. In aerial parts of R. nasutus the lignans rhinacanthin-E and -F were isolated9. The benzenoids compounds, p-hydroxy-benzaldehyde, vanillicacid, syringic acid, 2 methoxy- propionolphenol, methyl valinate and syringaldehyde were isolated from leaves, roots and stems10,5. Wu et al.10 isolated 1,2-methyl anthraquinone from leaves and stem. The Triterpenoids compounds of β- amyrin, glutinol and lupeol were isolated from roots10,5. Subramanian et al.11 and Wu et al.5 reported wogonin, oroxylin-A, rutin compounds from roots and flowers. The sterols compounds like stigmasterol and β-sitosterol from roots12 and chlorophyll are methyl pheophorbide-A from leaves and stems were identified10. The previous studies reported coumarins (+)-praeruptorin and umbelliferone derived from roots, leaves, stems10,5 and the benzoquinone compound 2,6-dimethoxybenzoquinone from leaves and stems10. Various other constituents which have been reported from R. nasutus include carbohydrate viz. methyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, quinol compound 4-acetone 1-3,5-dimethoxy-p-quinol and glycosides compound sitosterol-β-D-glucopyranoside, stigmasterol-β-Dglucopyranoside, 3,4-dimethylphenol-β- D-glucopyranoside, 3,4,5-dimethylphenol-β-D-glucopyranoside were isolated from the leaves and stems10. Table 1 shows the other phytoconstituents present in the root, leaves, stem, flowers, whole plant and aerial parts of R. nasutus. Table 1 Chemical constituents of R. nasutus 36 Journal of Natural Remedies Vol. 21, No. 4(S2), (2020) Group of Components Plant parts Reference compounds Rhinacanthin-A Roots Wu et al.4,5 Rhinacanthin-B Roots Wu et al.4,5 Wu et al.4,5 Rhinacanthin-C Whole plant Sendl et al.6 Wu et al.4,5 Rhinacanthin-D Whole plant Sendl et al.6 Rhinacanthin-G Roots Wu et al.4,5 Rhinacanthin-H Roots Wu et al.4,5 Leaves and Rhinacanthin-I Wu et al.4,5 Naphthoquinones roots Leaves and Rhinacanthin-J Wu et al.4,5 roots Rhinacanthin-K Roots Wu et al.4,5 Rhinacanthin-L Roots Wu et al.4,5 Rhinacanthin-M Roots Wu et al.4,5 Leaves and Rhinacanthin-N Wu et al.4,5 roots Rhinacanthin-O Roots Wu et al.4,5 Rhinacanthin-P Roots Wu et al.4,5 Rhinacanthin-Q Roots Wu et al.5 Leaves and Kodama et al.7 Rhinacanthone Naphthoquinones roots Kuwahara et al.8 Dehydro-α- Roots Wu et al.4,5 lapachone Rhinacanthin-E Aerial parts Kernan et al.9 Lignans Rhinacanthin-F Aerial parts Kernan et al.9 p-hydroxyl- Roots Wu et al.5 benzaldehyde Leaves and Vanillic acid Wu et al.10 stems Leaves and Benzenoids Syringic acid Wu et al.10 stems 2-methoxy-4- Leaves and Wu et al.10 propylphenol stems Methyl valinate Roots Wu et al.10 Syringaldehyde Roots Wu et al.10 1,2-methyl Leaves and Anthraquinone Wu et al.10 anthraquinone stems Β-amyrin Roots Wu et al.10 Triterpenoids Glutinol Roots Wu et al.10 Lupeol Roots Wu et al.5,10,12 Wogonin Roots Wu et al.5 Flavinoids Oroxylin A Roots Wu et al.5 Rutin Flowers Subramanian et al.11 37 Journal of Natural Remedies Vol. 21, No. 4(S2), (2020) Stigmasterol Roots Wu et al.12 Sterols β-sitosterol Roots Wu et al.12 Methylpheophorbide- Leaves and Chlorophyll Wu et al.10 A stems (+)-praeruptorin Roots Wu et al.5 Coumarins Leaves and Umbelliferone Wu et al.10 stems Amide Allantoin Roots Wu et al.5 Methyl-α-D- Leaves and Carbohydrates Wu et al.10 galactopyranoside stems 4-acetonyl-3,5- Leaves and Quinol Wu et al.10 dimethoxy-p-quinol stems 2,6-dimethoxy Leaves and Benzoquinone Wu et al.10 benzoquinone stems Sitosterol-β-D- Leaves and Wu et al.10 glucopyranoside stems Stigmasterol-β-D- Leaves and Wu et al.10 glucopyranoside stems Glycosides 3,4-dimethylphenol- Leaves and Wu et al.10 β-glucopyranoside stems 3,4,5- Leaves and trimethylphenol-β-D- Wu et al.10 stems glucopyranoside 3. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES 3.1. Antifungal activity R. nasutus leaf extract showed antifungal against various species of dermatophytes (Trichophyton mentagrophytes Var. mentagrophytes, T. mentagrophytes Var. interdigitale, T. Rubrum, Microsporum canis and M. gypsem) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) reported at 13.6 mg/mL. The extract showed fungistatic activity at lower concentrations and fungicidal activity at higher concentration. The result suggested that the leaf extract acted on the cell wall of the dermatophytes, which consequently leads to the formation of cytopathological and membrane structural degeneration and finally leading to cell death13. Kodama et al.7 reported that naphthopyran derivatives from leaves and stems of R. nasutus showed strong antifungal activity against Pyricularia oryzae, the pathogen of rice blast disease. Ethyl acetate and chloroform extract from R. nasutus leaves in a dose of 20 mg/Ml showed significant activity against C. albicans compared to ketoconazole (10µg/disc) by disc diffusion method14. 3.2. Antiviral activity Keran et al.15 reported that two lignans rhinacanthin-E and rhinacanthin-F from the aerial part of the R. nasutus which showed significant antiviral activity against influenza virus type A. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of R. nasutus tested on verocell showed the highest activity on (Herpes Simplex Virus) HSV replication when treated with viral attachment to the cells by plaque reduction assay showed significant inhibition of HSV-1 and HSV-2 viral particles16. The as antiviral activity of rhinacanthin-C and D against cytomegalovirus in mice and human influenza viruses type-A, herpes simplex virus type 2 and respiratory syncytial viruses compared with ganciclovir, amantadine, acyclovir and ribavirin6. 38 Journal of Natural Remedies Vol. 21, No. 4(S2), (2020) 3.3. Antibacterial activity Siripong et al.17 reported that Rhinacanthins-N, -Q and -C, isolated from roots of R. nasutus have potent antibacterial activity against gram-positive clinically isolated bacteria viz. Staphylococci, beta-hemolytic Streptococci, Enterococci from various patients with potencies comparable to these of gentamicin and antibiotic drug.

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