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Jesintha Et Al.Pdf Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants 8(9): 107-123, September 2020 DOI: 10.15413/ajmp.2020.0123 ISSN: 2315-7720 ©2020 Academia Publishing Research Paper Evaluation of anti-candida activity of aqueous extracts of leaves, root and stem of Rhinacanthus nasutus against Candida albicans in vitro study Accepted 3rd June, 2020 ABSTRACT Search for naturally occurring compounds with anti-candida activity has become quite intense due to the side effects of synthetic fungicides and the development of pathogens against such fungicides. Therefore in recent years, considerable attention has been directed towards the identification of anti-fungal activity. Hence searching of varieties of plants for their antifungal activity against Candida albicans was considered worthwhile. The main goal of this research was to assess the anti-candida activity of the plant Rhinacanthus nasutus (L) Kurz against the C. albicans. For this study, fresh and dry plant materials (leaves, root and stem) were used at different concentration (100, 50 and 25%) and different time period (12, 24 and 48 h) using hot and cold extracts to test effectiveness. C. albicans sample were collected from university of Colombo and Sabouroud Dextrose Agar media were used to determine the anti-candida activity and the antifungal activities were assessed by the presence or absence of inhibition zones in disc diffusion method. Among the different plant extracts, the results showed fresh leaves are more effective than root and stem; the zone of inhibition against the C. albicans for leaves, root and stem are 14.14±0.12, 12.65±0.2 and 11.81±0.69 mm respectively. Jesintha.J1, Paheerathan.V2*, Piratheepkumar.R3 and Chanjugaa.U4 Fresh leaves extract (14.14±0.20 mm) were more efficient than dry extract (13.36±1.80 mm) and cold extract (14.14±0.20 mm) were more effective than hot 1Bandaranaike Memorial Ayurvedic extract (13.36±1.80 mm) and effective duration for the inhibition is 48h with Research Institute, Nawinna, Sri Lanka. 10mg/10ml of extract. Rhinacanthus nasutus (L) Kurz has better effective anti- 2Unit of Siddha Medicine, Trincomalee Campus, EUSL, Sri Lanka. candida activity than the positive control Fluconazole (10mg/10 ml) 3Unit of Siddha Medicine, Trincomalee (14.14±0.20>11.33±0.47). The findings suggest the usefulness of leaves, stem and Campus, EUSL, Sri Lanka. root aqueous extracts of Rhinacanthus nasutus (L) Kurz against pathogenic fungal 4Unit of Siddha Medicine, Trincomalee (C. albicans) strains. Campus, EUSL, Sri Lanka. *Corresponding author. E-mail: Key words: Anti-candida activity, Rhinacanthus nasutus (L) Kurz, Candida [email protected]. albicans, Sabouroud Dextrose Agar, Concentration, zone of inhibition and effective. INTRODUCTION Plant-based medicines have a respectable position today, Medicine is of great antiquity. Traditional medicines have especially in developing countries where modern health evolved over centuries blessed with a plethora of services are not sufficient. Indigenous remedies are gaining traditional medicines and practices. Siddha science is an popularity in both rural and urban areas because they are ancient medical science encompassing variety of scientific effective, safe and inexpensive (Gul et al., 2012). A perusal formulations in scripts. There is a need for the firm of the literature of Siddha system of medicine revealed that scientific basis given to disperse the prevailing misbelieves there are several drugs available for the treatment of fungal and doubts among different section of people. With an diseases (Suresh et al., 1994). The Siddha system of increase in lifestyle-related disorders there is a worldwide Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants; Jesintha et al. 108 resurgence of interest in holistic system of health care Education (LIFE) portal has facilitated the estimation of the particularly with respect to the prevention and burden of serious fungal infections country by country for management of chronic non-communicable and systemic over 5.7 billion people (>80% of the world’s population). diseases (Patil Shailesh et al., 2014). Rhinacanthus nasutus These studies have shown differences in the global burden (L) Kurz is an antifungal (Poonjaamahatri) plant between countries, within regions of the same country and (Ramanathan, 2002) and also some investigations have between at risk populations and in 2018 around 138 shown that plant parts have antimicrobial activities million women were affected with Candidiasis (Figure 1) (Munavvar et al., 2004). The leaves have some chemical (Denning et al., 2018). Approximately 62-80% of the composition which is responsible for the antimicrobial world’s population still relies on traditional medicines for activity (Wu et al., 1988). But other texts mentioned root the treatment of common illness and traditional system of and stem of plant has antimicrobial activity medicine plays an important role in health care (Zhang, (Vaidyaratnam,1995) and the Rhinacanthin rich 2004). Plant-based medicines have a respectable position Rhinacanthus nasutus (L) Kurz extract also exhibited the today, especially in developing countries where modern antifungal activity against the C. albicans (Pruksakorn et al., health services are not sufficient. Indigenous remedies are 2018). Hence this study is solemnly designed to screen the gaining popularity in both. Candidiasis is a fungal infection antifungal activity in different parts of this plant (Leaves, caused by yeasts that belong to the genus Candida species root and stem). Fresh and dry aqueous extracts have been can infect humans; the most common is C. albicans used for this research purpose (Munavvar et al., 2004). (Mitchell, 1998). C. albicans is the most common human Despite the availability of several effective anti mycotics fungal pathogen causing diseases ranging from mucosal to for the treatment of candidiasis, failure of therapy is not systemic infections as a commensal, C. albicans uncommon due to the unique environment factors to asymptomatically colonizes mucosal surfaces (Christina et reduce the drug concentration to sub-therapeutic levels al., 2016). (Ellepola and Samaranayake, 2000). Many people are using Most infections occur in patients who are immune herbal based intervention in treatment of Candida infection compromised or debilitated in some other way such as HIV with lack of scientific validation. Therefore providing a or AIDS (Akpan and Morgan, 2002). Candidiasis is a unique drug with high effectiveness will help the patient common infection of the skin, oral cavity and esophagus, and upgrading the Siddha system. This problem will be gastrointestinal tract, vagina and vascular system of partly circumvented by the introduction of the different humans (Sudbery et al., 2004).It commonly occurs as form of plant extracts from Rhinacanthus nasutus. a superficial infection on mucous membranes in Sabouraud fungal culture helps to identify the anti-fungal the mouth or vagina, these patients predominantly develop (Candida) activity (Ramanathan, 2002). Hence, the purpose oropharyngeal or thrush candidiasis, which can lead to of this study is to determine the anti-fungal activity of malnutrition and interfere with the absorption of aqueous extracts on the plant Rhinacanthus nasutus (L) medication and methods of transmission include mother to Kurz. infant through childbirth, people-to-people acquired infections that most commonly occur in hospital settings where immune compromised patients acquire the yeast LITERATURE REVIEW from healthcare workers and has a 40% incident rate (McCullough et al., 1996). Micro pathogens cause many Candida species are ubiquitous organisms, an increasing diseases (Thurairasan, 1993). According to that ancient incidence of fungal infections with Candida albicans has siddhars stated about the Kaalaangal. Fungal diseases are been noted in immune compromised patients (Fidel et al., known as Poonjanoi or Kaalaan (Aanaimugan, 2003). This 1999). Nearly a billion people are estimated to have skin, poonjanam causes conditions are coming under the group nail and hair fungal infections, millions mucosal candidiasis of Kirumiroham or Nunpulukkal. Nunpulukal mean micro- and more than 150 million people have serious fungal organism (Sambasivam Pillai, 1936). Therefore fungus C. diseases, which have a major impact on their lives or are albican is a type of micro-organism (Timbury et al., 2002) fatal. However, severity ranges from asymptomatic-mild or kind of kirumi (Sambasivam Pillai, 1936). Nowadays mucocutaneous infections to potentially life-threatening some western medications are obtained from fungus- systemic infection (Bongomin et al., 2017). Although the poonjai. Vitamin B from Yeast (C. albicans) is good for tissue epidemiology of fungal diseases has greatly changed over (Thissu), brain (Moolai) and Nerves (Narambuvalarchi) the past few decades, Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptococcus (Somasundharam, 2003). According to the above literature species, Pneumocystis jirovecii, endemic dimorphic fungi citations, C. albicans is categorized under the Kirumi/ such as Histoplasma capsulatum and Mucormycetes remain Poonjanamor Nunpulukkal and it causes diseases such as the main fungal pathogens responsible for the majority of Kapha yoni rogam, Asayanoiogal and Vellaisaithal cases of serious fungal disease (Bongomin et al., 2017). C. (Sambasivam Pillai, 1936).The characters of, Kapha Yoni albicans is the main agent responsible for mucosal diseases. rohangalare similar to the vaginal candidiasis, In the last four years, the Leading International
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