DOCSLIB.ORG

The Case of Jade Production and Local Community in Lonekhinn-Hpakant Jade Mine Area, Kachin State, Myanmar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Case of Jade Production and Local Community in Lonekhinn-Hpakant Jade Mine Area, Kachin State, Myanmar Volume 3 Number 2, July-December 2015 NATURAL RESOURCES AND LOCAL COMMUNITY: THE CASE OF JADE PRODUCTION AND LOCAL COMMUNITY IN LONEKHINN-HPAKANT JADE MINE AREA, KACHIN STATE, MYANMAR Hla Hla Kyi Department of Anthropology, University of Mandalay, Republic of the Union of Myanmar ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The aim of this paper is to Every society has to manage explore jade production affects on natural resources for their society and natural environment in subsistence. There are three types of Lonekhinn-Hpakant Jade Mine Area, resources namely; human resource, Kachin State, Myanmar. Lonekhinn- natural resource and man-made Hpakant Jade Mine Area is the largest resource. Among them, some natural jade production area in Myanmar, resources are not renewable. If the many people come and work in this people exceedingly utilize natural study area. Besides, Jade Companies resources by only a single economic use modern technology and machines outlook, the natural resources will to search for jade. Therefore, use of drop dramatically within centuries. modern technology and machines Man's actions make changed the affects on natural environment. To fundamental balances in nature. For achieve the aim of this study, example, cutting down forests can qualitative research method was used. change patterns of rainfall and cause KII (Key informant interview), serious erosion; the use of chemicals participant observation, FGI (Focus and firearms can kill off species of Group interview) were employed to animals and birds that have survived get the data. As a result, this paper for millions of years. Besides, global indicated that jade production can warming and climate change are also provide the social welfare in society not exceptions. Therefore, we should but not in natural environment and examine the relationship between natural resources. utilizing natural resources and local community. The aim of this paper is to explore jade production affects on KEY WORDS society and natural environment in Lonekhinn-Hpakant Jade Mine Area, jade production, technology, natural Kachin State, Myanmar. environment 62 Volume 3 Number 2, July-December 2015 The term ‘Jade’; literally RESEARCH METHODOLOGY means green stone or Kyauk-sein in The research method is Myanmar Language. Chinese word qualitative research method. Research for jade is “yu”. English word “Jade” tools are key informant interview, is derived from a Spanish word participant observation and focus “ijada” which means the stone that group interview. The population of cures the kidney disease. Greeks the research is natives and migrant called “kidney stone” because they people in the study area, discovered that it cures the diseases administrative people, business of the kidney. In the world, jade is people, merchants, company's found in Myanmar, Yunnan, Tibet, working staff, brokers and "yemasay" Mexico and South Africa. In (waste stones) jade stone searchers. Myanmar, jade is found in ten Research participants are 124 persons Uruvillages (ten villages of Uru) of in Lonekhinn-Hpakant Jade Mine upper Chindwin, Hpakant, Area. Research data is collected from Tawhmaw, Putao, Mawhan of Kachin March, 2010 to March, 2013. State, Mawlu of Indaw Township, and Khamti of Sagaing Division. Hpakant Township is the largest jade DEVELOPMENT OF JADE production area and local TRADE IN MYANMAR community's economy is based on jade business. But jade is the In early times, the discovery nonrenewable natural resource if jade that green jade of fine quality is over production, it needs to occurred in northern Burma consider the effects on the natural (Myanmar) was made accidentally by environment and local community. a Yunnanese trader in the thirteen centuary. In the 14th century, the Yunnan government made efforts to RESEARCH AIM AND OBJEC- find jade in the area, but was not TIVES successful. Only in the late 18th century did Sino-Myanmar jade This research aims to point trading begin. On 29 November out the jade production effects on 1885, the Upper Myanmar Kingdom society and natural environment in was annexed by the British. Myanmar Lonekhinn-Hpakant Jade Mine Area, was ruled as part of India by the Kachin State, Myanmar. The British and military rule was declared objectives are to explore jade until 1897 (D.P.S.L Ghals 1980). business effects on local community Every year under the British Colonial in the study area and to elicit how Government, the British Commis- jade production affects the natural sioners of Sagaing auctioned off the environment in the study area. jade mines and collected the revenue from the jade trade. In the Colonial 63 Volume 3 Number 2, July-December 2015 Period, only the Kachin Du was merchants of Hong Kong. Moreover, (Tribe leaders) had been collecting the jade was purchased for a bargain, taxes in jade mines. When the Second and there were also malpractices in World War broke out, all the jade foreign exchanges, thus causing mine businesses had come to a stop, losses to the country. So Myanmar starting from April, 1942. After the entered and participated in Foreign Second World War, the borderland Trade Fairs for selling Myanmar administration department made gems in the Myanmar market, and efforts to re-open the jade mines. direct contacts were made through Most of the jade that had been bought trading missions to other countries. by Chinese merchants carried the Thus, offers were received to come precious stone to Yangon and from and visit Myanmar on trading there sent it by ship to Hong Kong or business (Myanmar Gems Exhibition some other Chinese ports (Arnold Report 1964). On 11 April 1964, the Wright & Others 1910).On 4 January export of Myanmar gems was 1948, Myanmar became an privatized, and measures were taken independent country. The Myanmar to lay down the guidelines for government made preparations for systematic trading of gems. The jade the Province and Mainland trading business was undertaken by developments. The Vice Consultant Myanmar Mining and Mineral Minister Sama Duwa Sin Wa Naung Extension Corporation since 1964. of Kachin State Borderland Thus, with the efforts of the Administration Department made Myanmar government, through jade efforts to re-open jade mines so as to production and trading are towards solve the unemployment problems of the progress of the economic sector the local people of Myitkyina and of the state. After 1988, Myanmar Bhamo and to raise the standard (Jade Government licensed individual Manual 1950). Although Myanmar private jade miners for jade jade had been recognized as the best excavation and trading. During these of its kind in the world, only the years, jade excavation's technology Chinese had cherished jade in East developed. So, there are over 500 Asia, and so the principal market had jade companies in Myanmar 2008. been in Shanghai, China, before Moreover, Myanmar gems organiza- World War 11. After World War 11, tion began on 1 August 2007. There Hong Kong had become the principal were 2517 members in this jade market. However the real organization in 2009. Gems exhibit- customers purchased jade through tion had been held 80 times from such countries as China, England, 1964 to 2010. Today, the world's jade France, West Germany and USA. So market has found way into Myanmar. Myanmar, the original source of jade, The following picture shows the and the customers of other countries motto of ministry of mining. had been exploited by the jade 64 Volume 3 Number 2, July-December 2015 Figure 1. Motto of Ministry of Mining. Table 1. The jade production of nationwide and Lonekhinn-Hpakant Jade Mine Area. Sources: Weekly Eleven Journal (11.5.2011) and Township Administration Department 2009. The above data shows the nationwide Mine Area. This data points out that jade production and the jade during 10 years nationwide produc- produced in Lonekhinn-Hpakant Jade tions are 209889 tons and Lonekhinn- 65 Volume 3 Number 2, July-December 2015 Hpakant Area is responsible for most which is tightly filled layer of of national production. It can be small stones and pebbles. Underneath understood that the higher jade this layer is the third layer called consumption has been followed by “Kyauk Kyaw” (jadeite layer). It is in greater jade production. this layer that you first begin to see small jade stones. The next layer is the fourth layer of sand stone (sand JADE PRODUCTION METHODS layer) that you can also find natural jade stone. In the lowest fifth layer There are five layers in jade called “Pha” (bed rock), there is no mine. The first layer is the silt layer. jade to be found, so the digging stops The second layer is called at the fourth layer only. “Cut Kyaw” (gravel bed layer), 1. First Layer = Silt Layer 2. Second Layer = Cut Kyaw (gravel bed layer) 3. Third Layer =Kyauk Kyaw (jadeite layer) 4. Fourth Layer = Sand Layer 5. Fifth Layer = Pha (bed rock) Figure 2. Jade Mine Layers. TRADITIONAL METHODS The earth pit; as soon as the There are three types of jade cold season harvest of paddy is done, production; earth pit, water pit, and the miners start digging the pits for sluicing. These methods were used in jade production. They need at least 3 the past before 2000. to 5 men. They start first with the earth pit. 66 Volume 3 Number 2, July-December 2015 It is like digging a pit for the toilet. the water is full, they open the water They use the spade and mattock to gate and the force of the water dig the ground. Two people dig the washed away the dug up earth and earth and one put the loose earth into stones. Then they look for the jade a cane basket to the top. Two more stone. This method is a less costly persons on the surface carry away way of searching jade.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Important Facts About the 2015 General Election Enlightened Myanmar Research Foundation - Emref
    Important Facts about the 2015 Myanmar General Election Enlightened Myanmar Research Foundation (EMReF) 2015 October Important Facts about the 2015 General Election Enlightened Myanmar Research Foundation - EMReF 1 Important Facts about the 2015 General Election Enlightened Myanmar Research Foundation - EMReF ENLIGHTENED MYANMAR RESEARCH ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT FOUNDATION (EMReF) This report is a product of the Information Enlightened Myanmar Research Foundation EMReF is an accredited non-profit research Strategies for Societies in Transition program. (EMReF has been carrying out political-oriented organization dedicated to socioeconomic and This program is supported by United States studies since 2012. In 2013, EMReF published the political studies in order to provide information Agency for International Development Fact Book of Political Parties in Myanmar (2010- and evidence-based recommendations for (USAID), Microsoft, the Bill & Melinda Gates 2012). Recently, EMReF studied The Record different stakeholders. EMReF has been Foundation, and the Tableau Foundation.The Keeping and Information Sharing System of extending its role in promoting evidence-based program is housed in the University of Pyithu Hluttaw (the People’s Parliament) and policy making, enhancing political awareness Washington's Henry M. Jackson School of shared the report to all stakeholders and the and participation for citizens and CSOs through International Studies and is run in collaboration public. Currently, EMReF has been regularly providing reliable and trustworthy information with the Technology & Social Change Group collecting some important data and information on political parties and elections, parliamentary (TASCHA) in the University of Washington’s on the elections and political parties. performances, and essential development Information School, and two partner policy issues.
    [Show full text]
  • KACHIN STATE, BHAMO DISTRICT Bhamo Township Report
    THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census KACHIN STATE, BHAMO DISTRICT Bhamo Township Report Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population October 2017 The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Kachin State, Bhamo District Bhamo Township Report Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population Office No.48 Nay Pyi Taw Tel: +95 67 431062 www.dop.gov.mm October 2017 Figure 1: Map of Kachin State, showing the townships Bhamo Township Figures at a Glance 1 Total Population 135,877 2 Population males 66,718 (49.1%) Population females 69,159 (50.9%) Percentage of urban population 43.2% Area (Km2) 1,965.8 3 Population density (per Km2) 69.1 persons Median age 25.2 years Number of wards 13 Number of village tracts 45 Number of private households 24,161 Percentage of female headed households 29.7% Mean household size 4.9 persons 4 Percentage of population by age group Children (0 – 14 years) 30.5% Economically productive (15 – 64 years) 64.8% Elderly population (65+ years) 4.7% Dependency ratios Total dependency ratio 54.2 Child dependency ratio 46.9 Old dependency ratio 7.3 Ageing index 15.5 Sex ratio (males per 100 females) 97 Literacy rate (persons aged 15 and over) 94.7% Male 96.8% Female 93.0% People with disability Number Per cent Any form of disability 7,448 5.5 Walking 2,977 2.2 Seeing 4,114 3.0 Hearing 2,262 1.7 Remembering 2,380 1.8 Type of Identity Card (persons aged 10 and over) Number Per cent Citizenship Scrutiny 81,655 74.7 Associate Scrutiny
    [Show full text]
  • Covid-19 Response Situation Report 3 | 1 May 2020
    IOM MYANMAR COVID-19 RESPONSE SITUATION REPORT 3 | 1 MAY 2020 2,500 migrant per day to be allowed to return through the Myawaddy-Mae Sot border gate 16,324 migrants registered online in preparation to return through the Myawaddy-Mae Sot border gate 3,125 international migrants returned to Kachin State mainly from the People’s Republic of China Migrants preparing to return to their communities of origin following 21 days of quarantine at Myawaddy, Kayin State. © IOM 2020 SITUATION OVERVIEW The border with Thailand was expected to re-open on 1 May of China and through the Lweje border gate, according to data to allow a second large influx of migrants (estimated 20,000 from the Kachin State Government (695 internal migrants also to 50,000 returns). The Myanmar Government requested to returned from other states and regions of Myanmar). the Thai Government to only allow 2,500 returnees per day Returnees are being transported to Myitkyina, and from there, through the Myawaddy border gate; however, due to the to their communities of origin where they will stay in extension of the Emergency Decree in Thailand until 31 May, community-based facility quarantine centres. returns are delayed for a few more days to allow for the necessary arrangements to be put in place by Thai authorities. Government Ministries and Departments, the State Government, UN agencies and other actors supporting the COVID-19 response are closely observing the situation in order to quickly respond to potential large scale returns in the coming days. It is expected that approximately 2,000 returning migrants will be quarantined in Myawaddy, while the remainder will be transported from the border to their home communities for community-based quarantine.
    [Show full text]
  • The Union Report the Union Report : Census Report Volume 2 Census Report Volume 2
    THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census The Union Report The Union Report : Census Report Volume 2 Volume Report : Census The Union Report Census Report Volume 2 Department of Population Ministry of Immigration and Population May 2015 The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census The Union Report Census Report Volume 2 For more information contact: Department of Population Ministry of Immigration and Population Office No. 48 Nay Pyi Taw Tel: +95 67 431 062 www.dop.gov.mm May, 2015 Figure 1: Map of Myanmar by State, Region and District Census Report Volume 2 (Union) i Foreword The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census (2014 MPHC) was conducted from 29th March to 10th April 2014 on a de facto basis. The successful planning and implementation of the census activities, followed by the timely release of the provisional results in August 2014 and now the main results in May 2015, is a clear testimony of the Government’s resolve to publish all information collected from respondents in accordance with the Population and Housing Census Law No. 19 of 2013. It is my hope that the main census results will be interpreted correctly and will effectively inform the planning and decision-making processes in our quest for national development. The census structures put in place, including the Central Census Commission, Census Committees and Offices at all administrative levels and the International Technical Advisory Board (ITAB), a group of 15 experts from different countries and institutions involved in censuses and statistics internationally, provided the requisite administrative and technical inputs for the implementation of the census.
    [Show full text]
  • State Peace and Development Council Chairman Senior General Than Shwe Accepts Credentials of Ambassador of Spain
    Established 1914 Volume XIII, Number 116 6th Waxing of Wagaung 1367 ME Wednesday, 10 August, 2005 Four political objectives Four economic objectives Four social objectives * Stability of the State, community peace * Development of agriculture as the base and all-round * Uplift of the morale and morality of and tranquillity, prevalence of law and development of other sectors of the economy as well the entire nation order * Proper evolution of the market-oriented economic * Uplift of national prestige and integ- * National reconsolidation system rity and preservation and safeguard- * Emergence of a new enduring State * Development of the economy inviting participation in ing of cultural heritage and national Constitution terms of technical know-how and investments from character * Building of a new modern developed sources inside the country and abroad * Uplift of dynamism of patriotic spirit nation in accord with the new State * The initiative to shape the national economy must be kept * Uplift of health, fitness and education Constitution in the hands of the State and the national peoples standards of the entire nation State Peace and Development Council Chairman Senior General Than Shwe accepts credentials of Ambassador of Spain YANGON, 9 Aug— Mr Juan Deputy Ministers for Foreign Af- Manuel Lopez Nadal, newly ac- fairs U Kyaw Thu and U Maung credited Ambassador of Spain to Myint and Director-General Thura the Union of Myanmar, presented U Aung Htet of the Protocol his credentials to Senior General Department. Than Shwe, Chairman of the MNA State Peace and Development Council of the Union of Senior General Than Shwe Myanmar, at Zeyathiri Beikman, accepts credentials of newly- Konmyinttha, at 10 am today.
    [Show full text]
  • 8.2.1.6 Zhejiang Fangyuan Wood Co., Ltd. 8.2.1.7 Shanghai New Sihe Wood Co., Ltd
    Part A Global Witness Research and Investigations in China 2006-09 / 8 The Trade in Burmese Timber on China’s Eastern Seaboard 8.2.1.6 Zhejiang Fangyuan Wood Co., Ltd. 8.2.1.7 Shanghai New Sihe Wood Co., Ltd. “Discipline and Flexibility, the unity of the dichotomy in Shanghai New Sihe Wood Co., Ltd. is one of China’s Chinese traditional wisdom, reminds us of the enclosed largest producers of engineered flooring with an annual square doors in ancient courtyards that stand erect firmly output of 200,000 m2, at the time of Global Witness’ and persistently, which only when guided with a pair of 2 round knockers can open to a more capacious space.” visit, and planned to increase this to 500,000 m from Fangyuan company brochure, 2006 October 2006. All of the company’s production was destined for the export market. Production was focused Fangyuan is one of the leading companies in Nanxun on oak, padauk (Pterocarpus macrocarpus)e7 and teak Town, outside Shanghai, where about 200 companies from Burma, sourced by the Burma-China border and manufacturing wood products are located. In 2006, available at the time of Global Witness’ visit. One of Fangyuan specialised in flooring made from timber the company’s sales representatives explained that while sourced in Burma; 50% of its supply originated in New Sihe Wood had faced some problems with supply, Burma. It was also one of the few companies that due to the restrictions imposed by the Burmese told Global Witness that it had found it very difficult government, it was, “almost okay now”.212 to import timber across the Burma-China border As for certificates for legality or sustainability, the following the new restrictions.
    [Show full text]
  • Grave Diggers a Report on Mining in Burma
    GRAVE DIGGERS A REPORT ON MINING IN BURMA BY ROGER MOODY CONTENTS Abbreviations........................................................................................... 2 Map of Southeast Asia............................................................................. 3 Acknowledgments ................................................................................... 4 Author’s foreword ................................................................................... 5 Chapter One: Burma’s Mining at the Crossroads ................................... 7 Chapter Two: Summary Evaluation of Mining Companies in Burma .... 23 Chapter Three: Index of Mining Corporations ....................................... 29 Chapter Four: The Man with the Golden Arm ....................................... 43 Appendix I: The Problems with Copper.................................................. 53 Appendix II: Stripping Rubyland ............................................................. 59 Appendix III: HIV/AIDS, Heroin and Mining in Burma ........................... 61 Appendix IV: Interview with a former mining engineer ........................ 63 Appendix V: Observations from discussions with Burmese miners ....... 67 Endnotes .................................................................................................. 68 Cover: Workers at Hpakant Gem Mine, Kachin State (Photo: Burma Centrum Nederland) A Report on Mining in Burma — 1 Abbreviations ASE – Alberta Stock Exchange DGSE - Department of Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration (Burma)
    [Show full text]
  • Clean RCHC Report 2012 Template ENGLISH
    RESIDENT / HUMANITARIAN COORDINATOR REPORT ON THE USE OF CERF FUNDS MYANMAR UNDERFUNDED EMERGENCIES 2014 ROUND I CONFLICT-RELATED DISPLACEMENT RESIDENT/HUMANITARIAN COORDINATOR Ms. Renata Dessallien REPORTING PROCESS AND CONSULTATION SUMMARY a. Please indicate when the After Action Review (AAR) was conducted and who participated. While no AAR was conducted at the level of the Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) for this CERF allocation, the members of the Intercluster Coordination Group (ICCG) did participate in a CERF training in Yangon on 27 January 2015, where this allocation was used as a case study. For future allocations, the ICCG may conduct the AAR in place of the HCT. The CERF Performance and Accountability review conducted in Myanmar during October 2014, recommended that AARs could be alternatively carried out at the level of the ICCG, instead of the HCT. b. Please confirm that the Resident Coordinator and/or Humanitarian Coordinator (RC/HC) Report was discussed in the Humanitarian and/or UN Country Team and by cluster/sector coordinators as outlined in the guidelines. YES NO All members of the HCT were distributed the draft of the RC/HC Report and given the opportunity to discuss the report during an HCT meeting on 26 March 2015. The draft report was shared with all HCT members and all sector and cluster coordinators for their comment on 17 March 2015. All comments have been integrated into the current version of the RC/HC Report. c. Was the final version of the RC/HC Report shared for review with in-country stakeholders as recommended in the guidelines (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • THE STATE of LOCAL GOVERNANCE: TRENDS in KACHIN Photo Credits
    Local Governance Mapping THE STATE OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE: TRENDS IN KACHIN Photo credits Mike Adair Emilie Röell Myanmar Survey Research A photo record of the UNDP Governance Mapping Trip for Kachin State. Travel to Tanai, Putao, Momauk and Myitkyina townships from Jan 6 to Jan 23, 2015 is available here: http://tinyurl.com/Kachin-Trip-2015 The views expressed in this publication are those of the author, and do not necessarily represent the views of UNDP. Local Governance Mapping THE STATE OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE: TRENDS IN KACHIN UNDP MYANMAR Table of Contents Acknowledgements II Acronyms III Executive Summary 1 1. Introduction 5 2. Kachin State 7 2.1 Kachin geography 9 2.2 Population distribution 10 2.3 Socio-economic dimensions 11 2.4 Some historical perspectives 13 2.5 Current security situation 18 2.6 State institutions 18 3. Methodology 24 3.1 Objectives of mapping 25 3.2 Mapping tools 25 3.3 Selected townships in Kachin 26 4. Governance at the front line – Findings on participation, responsiveness and accountability for service provision 27 4.1 Introduction to the townships 28 4.1.1 Overarching development priorities 33 4.1.2 Safety and security perceptions 34 4.1.3 Citizens’ views on overall improvements 36 4.1.4 Service Provider’s and people’s views on improvements and challenges in selected basic services 37 4.1.5 Issues pertaining to access services 54 4.2 Development planning and participation 57 4.2.1 Development committees 58 4.2.2 Planning and use of development funds 61 4.2.3 Challenges to township planning and participatory development 65 4.3 Information, transparency and accountability 67 4.3.1 Information at township level 67 4.3.2 TDSCs and TMACs as accountability mechanisms 69 4.3.3 WA/VTAs and W/VTSDCs 70 4.3.4 Grievances and disputes 75 4.3.5 Citizens’ awareness and freedom to express 78 4.3.6 Role of civil society organisations 81 5.
    [Show full text]
  • DASHED HOPES the Criminalization of Peaceful Expression in Myanmar WATCH
    HUMAN RIGHTS DASHED HOPES The Criminalization of Peaceful Expression in Myanmar WATCH Dashed Hopes The Criminalization of Peaceful Expression in Myanmar Copyright © 2019 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-6231-36970 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org FEBRUARY 2019 ISBN: 978-1-6231-36970 Dashed Hopes The Criminalization of Peaceful Expression in Myanmar Summary ........................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 5 I. Background ..................................................................................................................... 6 II. Section 66(d)
    [Show full text]
  • KACHIN STATE, MOHNYIN DISTRICT Mohnyin Township Report
    THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census KACHIN STATE, MOHNYIN DISTRICT Mohnyin Township Report Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population October 2017 The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Kachin State, Mohnyin District Mohnyin Township Report Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population Office No.48 Nay Pyi Taw Tel: +95 67 431062 www.dop.gov.mm October 2017 Figure 1: Map of Kachin State, showing the townships MohnyinTownship Figures at a Glance 1 Total Population 160,598 2 Population males 78,795 (49.1%) Population females 81,803 (50.9%) Percentage of urban population 20.7% Area (Km2) 6,036.3 3 Population density (per Km2) 26.6 persons Median age 24.7 years Number of wards 5 Number of village tracts 29 Number of private households 30,190 Percentage of female headed households 30.0% Mean household size 4.9 persons4 Percentage of population by age group Children (0 – 14 years) 31.4% Economically productive (15 – 64 years) 63.8% Elderly population (65+ years) 4.8% Dependency ratios Total dependency ratio 56.8 Child dependency ratio 49.3 Old dependency ratio 7.5 Ageing index 15.3 Sex ratio (males per 100 females) 96 Literacy rate (persons aged 15 and over) 95.4% Male 97.5% Female 93.7% People with disability Number Per cent Any form of disability 4,562 2.8 Walking 1,662 1.0 Seeing 2,296 1.4 Hearing 1,314 0.8 Remembering 1,443 0.9 Type of Identity Card (persons aged 10 and over) Number Per cent Citizenship Scrutiny 94,919 73.6 Associate
    [Show full text]
  • Kahrl Navigating the Border Final
    CHINA AND FOREST TRADE IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION: IMPLICATIONS FOR FORESTS AND LIVELIHOODS NAVIGATING THE BORDER: AN ANALYSIS OF THE CHINA- MYANMAR TIMBER TRADE Fredrich Kahrl Horst Weyerhaeuser Su Yufang FO RE ST FO RE ST TR E ND S TR E ND S COLLABORATING INSTITUTIONS Forest Trends (http://www.forest-trends.org): Forest Trends is a non-profit organization that advances sustainable forestry and forestry’s contribution to community livelihoods worldwide. It aims to expand the focus of forestry beyond timber and promotes markets for ecosystem services provided by forests such as watershed protection, biodiversity and carbon storage. Forest Trends analyzes strategic market and policy issues, catalyzes connections between forward-looking producers, communities, and investors and develops new financial tools to help markets work for conservation and people. It was created in 1999 by an international group of leaders from forest industry, environmental NGOs and investment institutions. Center for International Forestry Research (http://www.cifor.cgiar.org): The Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), based in Bogor, Indonesia, was established in 1993 as a part of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) in response to global concerns about the social, environmental, and economic consequences of forest loss and degradation. CIFOR research produces knowledge and methods needed to improve the wellbeing of forest-dependent people and to help tropical countries manage their forests wisely for sustained benefits. This research is conducted in more than two dozen countries, in partnership with numerous partners. Since it was founded, CIFOR has also played a central role in influencing global and national forestry policies.
    [Show full text]