DOCSLIB.ORG

Strategic Graphite a Survey

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Strategic Graphite a Survey Strategic Graphite A Survey By EUGENE N. CAMERON and PAUL L. WEIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1082-E An appraisal of domestic resources UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1960 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.G. - Price $1.25 (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Abstract_______-_-_-_---_----_----_--- -___ __. ._.____ 201 Introduction. _ ___________________-__--_---__------__--____________ 202 The graphite problem--__-_____------- -----------_---_._____ 203 Scope of report____._______-_---__-_----_---___.___-.._____. 204 Previous investigations. .......................~................ 204 Sources of information_______________________________________ 205 Limitations._-__--_----_--___---------_----_---------.___---__ 205 Acknowledgments____-___-.__.---.-..-_-_-..------------...._. 206 Mineralogy_______-__-____.___-_-_-_-_.---------------._______. 206 Commercial types and geologic occurrence of natural graphite._-_.._._.___ 207 Minerals associated with various types of graphite.____________________ 208 Uses.._.._____.____...__----- . -----___ 209 Crucibles and refractory wares.___-__-___--__--.-_-__-_________ 209 Lubricating compounds__________-__--__--___________--_______ 216 Brushes___._._..____________________._____ 221 Nonstrategic uses_______.___-______._--_-_--------_--_--_.__. 221 Batteries_____..__.___________________._ 221 Foundry facings._-_-_-___-----_-------------------------._ 222 Steelmaking.........__....._..._.__-._.--_.--_.-.-_...._. 222 Pencils.___________.__-________________.._ 222 Paints_____________________________________ 223 Other uses.._._:__.__________________-___ 223 Production. ______________________________________ 224 Domestic production.___________--________--_____--_----_---___ 224 History_________________________________ 224 Factors influencing domestic production..____________________ 226 Domestic consumption___________________-_-__--______---___ 234 World production______._____-__-______-_-_-_--__---_----___ 234 4 ' Factors influencing world production.________________________ 238 Geology of graphite deposits in the United States__-_._________--.__- 241 Disseminated deposits in metamorphosed siliceous sedimentary rocks. 242 Relative value of hardrock and weathered deposits_____---__ 245 Disseminated deposits in marble__________-_-_____-___-__--__-- 246 Deposits formed by metamorphism of coal or other highly carbona­ ceous sedimentary rocks--____-------_----_-----------__------ 246 ^ Vein deposits__._____________-_-__--__------__------_----__- 247 Contact-metasomatic deposits in carbonate rocks._________________ 249 Graphite resources and reserves.__________________________________ 250 Domestic resources of graphite______._-_________-___-__--_-_- 250 Graphite districts_______________________--_--___.___-__-------_-- 252 Montana_____-____________----__--_-------__-------_------ 252 Texas_--___-__---_____-____-_-._._------------_---.-__.------ 255 Southwestern Graphite Co. mine____________________.--_-- 255 Other deposits__.__..__..___________.__-_-- 259 HI IV CONTENTS Page Graphite districts Continued Alabama___________-___-_---___-._-_-----__-_--_---_________ 260 Northeastern belt__________________________________________ 261' Southwestern belt________________________________________ 263 Structural characteristics of the graphite deposits._____________ 264 Grades of graphite ore and yields of flake.______ _ _____^_^_____ 264 Geologic factors influencing mining.._________________________ 265 Mining and milling methods-----__-_---_-_-_____--_____.__-. 266 Selected deposits.._________________________________________ 266 Pennsylvania_ _ _______________________________________________ 277 Benjamin Franklin and Just mines..___._-._________ ._._____ 279 Anselma mine._-______---_-_-_--_--_______-___-___________ 282 Other deposits----.-----------------------------.---.----- 282 Summary.. _______________________________________________ 283 New York-...-..._.._-...-----------_-.---------------------- 283 History of graphite mining____-_____________________________ 284 General geology._._.___--__-____-__-___-___-_--__-__--_-___ 285 Types of graphite deposits._________________________________ 285 Selected deposits.__________________________________________ 287 Appraisal of graphite deposits of the Adirondack area_.--__.___ 302 Selected references, with annotations of selected items..________________ 303 Author index________________________________________________ 315 Index........._._-._--.---.--.-.__-.___-_--_-_---------------_---- 319 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates in pocket] PLATE 8. World production of graphite, all grades, 1910-55. 9. Geologic map of Crystal Graphite mine, Beaverhead County, Mont. 10. Map of mine and treatment plant of Southwestern Graphite Co., Burnet, Tex. 11. Geologic map of the Benjamin Franklin and Just graphite mines, Chester County, Pa. Page FIGURE 12. Map of localities of principal graphite deposits in the United States..___-__--___-__--__--_._-___--___-----___--- 225 13. Flake graphite prices, 1910-56------__-_-___-_---_____--__ 229 14. Supply of strategic graphite for United States, 1910-48-.--__ 231 15. Graphite imports, 1910-54.-_-__.-_____.__._.-.__-___---_ 232 16. Graphite imports to the United States, 1910-54.-__.________ 235 17. Graphite supply for United States, 1910-54._-_---_------__ 236 18. Map of localities of principal graphite deposits of the world- _ _ _ 237 19. Map of localities of graphite deposits of Ceylon_____-___--__ 239 20. Map of districts of principal graphite production of Mada­ gascar. ._-___-__--_-__-__-__-___-_____-__--____-__--_ 240 21. Map of localities of graphite deposits, Llano and Burnet Counties, Tex-___-____________-__-__.-_-__________-._ 256 22. Map of localities of graphite deposits of Clay, Coosa, and Chilton Counties, Ala___..___._..__..._...-__.__..__.. 260 CONTENTS V Page FIGURE 23. Map of localities of graphite mines and prospects in part of Clay County, Ala-_--_-----_----------------_--------- 261 24. Map of localities of graphite deposits of parts of Coosa and Chilton Counties, Ala.______________________________ 262 25. Map of localities of graphite deposits in parts of Chilton and Coosa Counties, Ala.-___---_-------- -_---_______--____ 276 26. Map of localities of graphite mines in Phoenixville, Pa., area.. 278 27. Map of localities of principal graphite mines in the eastern Adirondack Mountains area___---__-______-____--__-._. 284 28. Geologic map of Dixon-American Graphite Co. and Faxon mine properties, near Graphite, Warren County, N.Y_____ 289 29. Geologic map of Hooper Bros, graphite deposit, near Whitehall, Washington County, N.Y_____-_______.-_____._________ 293 30. Sketch map of underground workings of Lakeside mine, Warren County, N.Y..._______________________________ 295 31. Geologic map of area of Bear Pond Mountain and Rock Pond graphite deposits, near Chilson, Essex County, N.Y_______ 299 32. Cross section of Graphite Products Corp. mine area and quarry, near Saratoga Springs, N.Y.__..____.._____._.__ 301 TABLES Page TABLE 1. Consumption of natural graphite in the United States during certain years from 1918 to 1953.._-.-_-_------____-___.. 233 2. Typical flake size and grade, Adirondack graphite deposits...-. 286 CONTRIBUTIONS TO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY STRATEGIC GRAPHITE A SURVEY By EUGENE N. CAMERON and PAUL L. WEIS ABSTRACT Strategic graphite consists of certain grades of lump and flake graphite for which the United States is. largely or entirely dependent on sources abroad. Lump graphite of high purity, necessary in the manufacture of carbon brushes, is imported from Ceylon, where it occurs in vein deposits. Flake graphite, obtained from deposits consisting of graphite disseminated in schists and other metamorphic rocks, is an essential ingredient of crucibles used in the nonfer- rous metal industries and in the manufacture of lubricants and packings. High-quality flake graphite for these uses has been obtained mostly from Madagascar since World War I. Some flake graphite of strategic grade has been produced, however, from deposits in Texas, Alabama, and Pennsylvania. The development of the carbon-bonded crucible, which does not require coarse flake, should lessen the competitive advantage of the Madagascar producers of crucible flake. Graphite of various grades has been produced intermittently in the United States since 1644. The principal domestic deposits of flake graphite are in Texas, Alabama, Pennsylvania, and New York. Reserves of flake graphite in these four States are very large, but production has been sporadic and on the whole unprofitable since World War I, owing principally to competition from producers in Madagascar. Deposits in Madagascar are large and relatively high in content of flake graphite. Production costs are low and the flake pro­ duced is of high quality. Coarseness of flake and uniformity of the graphite products marketed are cited as major advantages of Madagascar flake. In addition, the usability of Madagascar flake for various purposes has been thoroughly demonstrated, whereas the usability of domestic flake for strategic purposes is still in question. Domestic graphite deposits are of five kinds: deposits consisting of graphite disseminated in metamorphosed siliceous sediments, deposits consisting of graph­ ite disseminated in marble, deposits formed by thermal or dynamothermal metamorphism
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Graphite Materials for the U.S
    ANRIC your success is our goal SUBSECTION HH, Subpart A Timothy Burchell CNSC Contract No: 87055-17-0380 R688.1 Technical Seminar on Application of ASME Section III to New Materials for High Temperature Reactors Delivered March 27-28, 2018, Ottawa, Canada TIM BURCHELL BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION Dr. Tim Burchell is Distinguished R&D staff member and Team Lead for Nuclear Graphite in the Nuclear Material Science and Technology Group within the Materials Science and Technology Division of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). He is engaged in the development and characterization of carbon and graphite materials for the U.S. Department of Energy. He was the Carbon Materials Technology (CMT) Group Leader and was manager of the Modular High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Graphite Program responsible for the research project to acquire reactor graphite property design data. Currently, Dr. Burchell is the leader of the Next Generation Nuclear Plant graphite development tasks at ORNL. His current research interests include: fracture behavior and modeling of nuclear-grade graphite; the effects of neutron damage on the structure and properties of fission and fusion reactor relevant carbon materials, including isotropic and near isotropic graphite and carbon-carbon composites; radiation creep of graphites, the thermal physical properties of carbon materials. As a Research Officer at Berkeley Nuclear Laboratories in the U.K. he monitored the condition of graphite moderators in gas-cooled power reactors. He is a Battelle Distinguished Inventor; received the Hsun Lee Lecture Award from the Chinese Academy of Science’s Institute of Metals Research in 2006 and the ASTM D02 Committee Eagle your success is our goal Award in 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • The Era of Carbon Allotropes Andreas Hirsch
    commentary The era of carbon allotropes Andreas Hirsch Twenty-five years on from the discovery of 60C , the outstanding properties and potential applications of the synthetic carbon allotropes — fullerenes, nanotubes and graphene — overwhelmingly illustrate their unique scientific and technological importance. arbon is the element in the periodic consist of extended networks of sp3- and 1985, with the advent of fullerenes (Fig. 1), table that provides the basis for life sp2 -hybridized carbon atoms, respectively. which were observed for the first time by Con Earth. It is also important for Both forms show unique physical properties Kroto et al.3. This serendipitous discovery many technological applications, ranging such as hardness, thermal conductivity, marked the beginning of an era of synthetic from drugs to synthetic materials. This lubrication behaviour or electrical carbon allotropes. Now, as we celebrate role is a consequence of carbon’s ability conductivity. Conceptually, many other buckminsterfullerene’s 25th birthday, it is to bind to itself and to nearly all elements ways to construct carbon allotropes are also the time to reflect on a growing family in almost limitless variety. The resulting possible by altering the periodic binding of synthetic carbon allotropes, which structural diversity of organic compounds motif in networks consisting of sp3-, sp2- includes the synthesis of carbon nanotubes and molecules is accompanied by a broad and sp-hybridized carbon atoms1,2. As a in 19914 and the rediscovery of graphene range of
    [Show full text]
  • Chemistry with Graphene and Graphene Oxide - Challenges for Synthetic Chemists Siegfried Eigler* and Andreas Hirsch*
    Chemistry with Graphene and Graphene Oxide - Challenges for Synthetic Chemists Siegfried Eigler* and Andreas Hirsch* Dr. Siegfried Eigler*, Prof. Dr. Andreas Hirsch* Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP) Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen and Dr.-Mack Strasse 81, 90762 Fürth (Germany) Fax: (+49) 911-6507865015 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] The chemical production of graphene as well as its controlled wet- chemical modification is a challenge for synthetic chemists and the characterization of reaction products requires sophisticated analytic methods. In this review we first describe the structure of graphene and graphene oxide. We then outline the most important synthetic methods which are used for the production of these carbon based nanomaterials. We summarize the state-of-the-art for their chemical functionalization by non-covalent and covalent approaches. We put special emphasis on the differentiation of the terms graphite, graphene, graphite oxide and graphene oxide. An improved fundamental knowledge about the structure and the chemical properties of graphene and graphene oxide is an important prerequisite for the development of practical applications. 1. Introduction: Graphene and Graphene Oxide – Opportunities and Challenges for Synthetic Chemists Research into graphene and graphene oxide (GO) represents an emerging field of interdisciplinary science spanning a variety of disciplines including chemistry, physics, materials science, device fabrication and
    [Show full text]
  • Coal Characteristics
    CCTR Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research COAL CHARACTERISTICS CCTR Basic Facts File # 8 Brian H. Bowen, Marty W. Irwin The Energy Center at Discovery Park Purdue University CCTR, Potter Center, 500 Central Drive West Lafayette, IN 47907-2022 http://www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/CCTR/ Email: [email protected] October 2008 1 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR COAL FORMATION As geological processes apply pressure to peat over time, it is transformed successively into different types of coal Source: Kentucky Geological Survey http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/images/peatcoal.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coalform.htm&h=354&w=579&sz= 20&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=NavOy9_5HD07pM:&tbnh=82&tbnw=134&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcoal%2Bphotos%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX 2 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR COAL ANALYSIS Elemental analysis of coal gives empirical formulas such as: C137H97O9NS for Bituminous Coal C240H90O4NS for high-grade Anthracite Coal is divided into 4 ranks: (1) Anthracite (2) Bituminous (3) Sub-bituminous (4) Lignite Source: http://cc.msnscache.com/cache.aspx?q=4929705428518&lang=en-US&mkt=en-US&FORM=CVRE8 3 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR BITUMINOUS COAL Bituminous Coal: Great pressure results in the creation of bituminous, or “soft” coal. This is the type most commonly used for electric power generation in the U.S. It has a higher heating value than either lignite or sub-bituminous, but less than that of anthracite. Bituminous coal
    [Show full text]
  • Properties and Characteristics of Graphite
    SPECIALTY MATERIALS PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAPHITE For the semiconductor industry May 2013 INTRODUCTION Introduction Table of Contents As Entegris has continued to grow its market share of Introduction .............................................................1 manufactured graphite material and to expand their usage into increasingly complex areas, the need to Structure ..................................................................2 be more technically versed in both Entegris’ POCO® graphite and other manufactured graphite properties Apparent Density .....................................................6 and how they are tested has also grown. It is with this Porosity ....................................................................8 thought in mind that this primer on properties and characteristics of graphite was developed. Hardness ................................................................11 POCO, now owned by Entegris, has been a supplier Compressive Strength .............................................12 to the semiconductor industry for more than 35 years. Products include APCVD wafer carriers, E-Beam cruci- Flexural Strength ...................................................14 bles, heaters (small and large), ion implanter parts, Tensile Strength .....................................................16 LTO injector tubes, MOCVD susceptors, PECVD wafer trays and disk boats, plasma etch electrodes, quartz Modulus of Elasticity .............................................18 replacement parts, sealing
    [Show full text]
  • Graphene: a Peculiar Allotrope of Carbon
    Graphene: A Peculiar Allotrope Of Carbon Laxmi Nath Bhattarai Department of Physics, Butwal Multiple Campus Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract Graphene is a two dimensional one atom thick allotrope of Carbon. Electrons in grapheme behave as massless relativistic particles. It is a 2 dimensional nanomaterial with many peculiar properties. In grapheme both integral and fractional quantum Hall effects are observed. Many practical application are seen from use of Graphene material. Keywords: Graphene, allotrope, Quantum Hall effect, nanomaterial. Introduction Graphene is a two dimensional allotropic form of Honey comb structure of Graphene carbon. This was discovered in 2004. Diamond and Graphene is considered as the mother of all graphitic Graphite are three dimensional allotropes of carbon materials because it is the building block of carbon which are known from ancient time. One dimensional materials of all other dimensions (Srinivasan, 2007). carbon nanotubes were discovered in 1991 and Griphite is obtained by the stacking of Graphene zero dimensional Fullerenes were discovered in layers, Diamond can be obtained from Graphene under 1985. Graphene was experimentally extracted from extreme pressure and temperatures. One-dimensional 3-dimensional Graphite by Physisists Andre Geim and carbon nanotubes can be obtained by rolling and Konstantin Novoselov of Manchester University UK Zero–dimensional Fullerenes is obtained by wrapping in 2004. For their remarkable work they were awarded Graphene layers. the Nobel Prize of Physics for the year 2010. Properties Structure The young material Graphene is found to have Graphene is a mono layer of Carbon atoms packed following unique properties: into a honeycomb crystal structure. Graphene sheets 2 are one atom thick 2-dimensional layers of sp – bonded a) It is the thinnest material in the universe and the carbon.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Graphite for High Temperature Reactors
    Nuclear Graphite for High temperature Reactors B J Marsden AEA Technology Risley, Warrington Cheshire, WA3 6AT, UK Abstract The cores and reflectors in modem High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactors (HTRs) are constructed from graphite components. There are two main designs; the Pebble Bed design and the Prism design, see Table 1. In both of these designs the graphite not only acts as a moderator, but is also a major structural component that may provide channels for the fuel and coolant gas, channels for control and safety shut off devices and provide thermal and neutron shielding. In addition, graphite components may act as a heat sink or conduction path during reactor trips and transients. During reactor operation, many of the graphite component physical properties are significantly changed by irradiation. These changes lead to the generation of significant internal shrinkage stresses and thermal shut down stresses that could lead to component failure. In addition, if the graphite is irradiated to a very high irradiation dose, irradiation swelling can lead to a rapid reduction in modulus and strength, making the component friable. The irradiation behaviour of graphite is strongly dependent on its virgin microstructure, which is determined by the manufacturing route. Nevertheless, there are available, irradiation data on many obsolete graphites of known microstructures. There is also a well-developed physical understanding of the process of irradiation damage in graphite. This paper proposes a specification for graphite suitable for modem HTRs. HTR Graphite Component Design and Irradiation Environment The details of the HTRs, which have, or are being, been built and operated, are listed in Table 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of the Stress Induced Properties of Coke During Carbonization
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2007 Investigation of the stress induced properties of coke during carbonization James Joshua Maybury West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Maybury, James Joshua, "Investigation of the stress induced properties of coke during carbonization" (2007). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 1959. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/1959 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Investigation of the Stress Induced Properties of Coke during Carbonization James Joshua Maybury Thesis submitted to the College of Engineering and Mineral Resources at West Virginia University Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering W. Scott Wayne, Ph.D., Chair Thomas R. Long, Ph.D. Peter G. Stansberry, Ph.D. Alfred H. Stiller, Ph.D. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Morgantown, West Virginia 2007 Keywords: Coke, Texture, Anisotropic, Coking, Needle Coke, Pitch Coke, Metallurgical Coke Abstract Investigation of the Stress Induced Properties of Coke during Carbonization James J.
    [Show full text]
  • Coal As an Abundant Source of Graphene Quantum Dots
    ARTICLE Received 8 Jul 2013 | Accepted 14 Nov 2013 | Published 6 Dec 2013 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3943 Coal as an abundant source of graphene quantum dots Ruquan Ye1,*, Changsheng Xiang1,*, Jian Lin2, Zhiwei Peng1, Kewei Huang1, Zheng Yan1, Nathan P. Cook1, Errol L.G. Samuel1, Chih-Chau Hwang1, Gedeng Ruan1, Gabriel Ceriotti1, Abdul-Rahman O. Raji1, Angel A. Martı´1,3 & James M. Tour1,2,3 Coal is the most abundant and readily combustible energy resource being used worldwide. However, its structural characteristic creates a perception that coal is only useful for pro- ducing energy via burning. Here we report a facile approach to synthesize tunable graphene quantum dots from various types of coal, and establish that the unique coal structure has an advantage over pure sp2-carbon allotropes for producing quantum dots. The crystalline carbon within the coal structure is easier to oxidatively displace than when pure sp2-carbon structures are used, resulting in nanometre-sized graphene quantum dots with amorphous carbon addends on the edges. The synthesized graphene quantum dots, produced in up to 20% isolated yield from coal, are soluble and fluorescent in aqueous solution, providing promise for applications in areas such as bioimaging, biomedicine, photovoltaics and optoelectronics, in addition to being inexpensive additives for structural composites. 1 Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA. 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA. 3 Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA. * These authors contributed equally to this work.
    [Show full text]
  • The Graphite-To-Diamond Transformation*
    JOURNAL OF SOLID STATECHEMISTRY%,~&~~~ (1984) The Graphite-to-Diamond Transformation* MIKLOS KERTESZ AND ROALD HOFFMANN Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 148.53 Received September 18, 1983 An orbital model for a solid state transformation, the graphite-to-diamond high-pressure reaction, is presented. Using solid state Walsh diagrams we relate this transformation to chemical reactions having orbital symmetry constraints. During the transformation the n--deiocalization in the graphite planes is gradually lost, leading to buckling and in-plane bond length elongation as inter-plane bonds form. The pacing of the different components of the reaction coordinate is important. We show that the transfor- mation passes through way points of metallic band structure, which may be related to symmetry dictated level crossings in the WaLsh diagrams. o 1984 Academic PESS, IIK. In what follows we shall describe an or- tween the perpendicular to the layers and a bital model for a solid state transformation, CC bond within a layer (6~ = 90”, or, = in particular the reaction starting from 109.47”). graphite and leading to diamond. Aside All three coordinates change continu- from its intrinsic interest, it will turn out ously during a hypothetical concerted that this transformation bears resemblance transformation, but it is R which is most to certain possibly concerted chemical re- changed, and causes the large reduction in actions which have symmetry-related con- volume. Choosing then R as an indepen- straints (1). Burdett and Price (2) have elegantly applied the ideas of orbital correlation diagrams to solid state polymor- phic transformations, and our analysis ex- A tends their work.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 7 on Energy Systems Gas (GHG) Emissions
    7 Energy Systems Coordinating Lead Authors: Thomas Bruckner (Germany), Igor Alexeyevich Bashmakov (Russian Federation), Yacob Mulugetta (Ethiopia / UK) Lead Authors: Helena Chum (Brazil / USA), Angel De la Vega Navarro (Mexico), James Edmonds (USA), Andre Faaij (Netherlands), Bundit Fungtammasan (Thailand), Amit Garg (India), Edgar Hertwich (Austria / Norway), Damon Honnery (Australia), David Infield (UK), Mikiko Kainuma (Japan), Smail Khennas (Algeria / UK), Suduk Kim (Republic of Korea), Hassan Bashir Nimir (Sudan), Keywan Riahi (Austria), Neil Strachan (UK), Ryan Wiser (USA), Xiliang Zhang (China) Contributing Authors: Yumiko Asayama (Japan), Giovanni Baiocchi (UK / Italy), Francesco Cherubini (Italy / Norway), Anna Czajkowska (Poland / UK), Naim Darghouth (USA), James J. Dooley (USA), Thomas Gibon (France / Norway), Haruna Gujba (Ethiopia / Nigeria), Ben Hoen (USA), David de Jager (Netherlands), Jessica Jewell (IIASA / USA), Susanne Kadner (Germany), Son H. Kim (USA), Peter Larsen (USA), Axel Michaelowa (Germany / Switzerland), Andrew Mills (USA), Kanako Morita (Japan), Karsten Neuhoff (Germany), Ariel Macaspac Hernandez (Philippines / Germany), H-Holger Rogner (Germany), Joseph Salvatore (UK), Steffen Schlömer (Germany), Kristin Seyboth (USA), Christoph von Stechow (Germany), Jigeesha Upadhyay (India) Review Editors: Kirit Parikh (India), Jim Skea (UK) Chapter Science Assistant: Ariel Macaspac Hernandez (Philippines / Germany) 511 Energy Systems Chapter 7 This chapter should be cited as: Bruckner T., I. A. Bashmakov, Y. Mulugetta, H. Chum, A. de la Vega Navarro, J. Edmonds, A. Faaij, B. Fungtammasan, A. Garg, E. Hertwich, D. Honnery, D. Infield, M. Kainuma, S. Khennas, S. Kim, H. B. Nimir, K. Riahi, N. Strachan, R. Wiser, and X. Zhang, 2014: Energy Systems. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Edenhofer, O., R.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrocarbons for Fuel- 75 Years of Materials Research at NBS
    JV) NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 434 Vau of U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards ydrocarbons for Fuel- 75 Years of Materials Research at NBS C NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards^ was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Office for Information Programs. THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consistent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of the Office of Measurement Services, the Office of Radiation Measurement and the following Center and divisions: Applied Mathematics — Electricity — Mechanics — Heat — Optical Physics — Center for Radiation Research: Nuclear Sciences; Applied Radiation — Laboratory Astrophysics ^ — Cryogenics — Electromagnetics ^ — Time and Frequency °. THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of well-characterized materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; and develops, produces, and distributes standard reference materials.
    [Show full text]