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A Proposed Evolution of Immigration Model Applied to the United States, Germany, and Russia

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A Proposed Evolution of Immigration Model Applied to the United States, Germany, and Russia University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-2006 A proposed evolution of immigration model applied to the United States, Germany, and Russia. Amy C. Cappiccie University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Recommended Citation Cappiccie, Amy C., "A proposed evolution of immigration model applied to the United States, Germany, and Russia." (2006). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 205. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/205 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A PROPOSED EVOLUTION OF IMMIGRATION MODEL APPLIED TO THE UNITED STATES, GERMANY, AND RUSSIA by Amy C. Cappiccie B.A., Psychology, Kentucky Wesleyan College, 1997 M.S.S.W., University of Louisville, 1999 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Kent School of Social Work University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky May, 2006 A PROPOSED EVOLUTION OF IMMIGRATION MODEL APPLIED TO THE UNITED STATES, GERMANY, AND RUSSIA by Amy C. Cappiccie B.A., Psychology, Kentucky Wesleyan College, 1997 M.S.S.W., University of Louisville, 1999 A Dissertation Approved on April 10, 2006 By the following Dissertation Committee: Thomas Lawson, Ph.D., Chair Pamela Yankeelov, Ph.D. Joseph Brown, Ph.D. Steven Drewry, Ph.D. James Clark, Ph.D. ii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated first to the Lord who has guided me to this place in my life. Triumphs and tribulations have shaped who I am always guided by his hand. The Lord placed a mother of no compare in my life to uplift me on to higher and higher levels of education. Her courage, strength, and guidance show me an example of what I want to continue to strive for in my own life. My father and sister have helped to encourage me also along the way. I have been fortunate to have a wonderful group of friends of which I do not know how I would have survived the many trials and tribulations throughout the doctoral process without their loving encouragement and support. My 2003 cohort helped to push me along when school work, work, and life just seemed too much during the long doctoral process. I am forever grateful to all those that I call family and friend for your piece in shaping who I am today. 111 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wants to express my gratitude to Dr. Thomas Lawson for his true and unfailing commitment to international social work. His passion for cross-cultural studies is truly a blessing to students. Under his support and guidance, I decided to write a dissertation that is cross-cultural in nature. It is my sincere hope that Dr. Lawson, along with the support of his wife, Judy Lawson, continues to provide an incomparable way to learn in the field through international student exchanges. The author would also like to thank the other members of my dissertation committee, Pamela Yankeelov, Ph.D., Joseph Brown, Ph.D., Steven Drewry, Ph.D., and James Clark, PhD for their constructive criticism, guidance, and support. Others whose support has been greatly appreciated throughout my doctoral studies include: Amy Doolittle for being my qualifying exam study buddy and guru to instruction on the table of contents, Ramona Stone, PhD. for her support; Ruth Huber, PhD. for her "eagle eyes"; Dana Sullivan, PhD. for her gems of wisdom; Sharon Moore, PhD. for her positive view on daily life; and Norma Niev for her unfailing sense of humor. The staff at the Kent School of Social Work has absolutely been a joy to work with. Your laugher and support has helped to make this last two years a period of growth. I wish all of Kent's staff best wishes for the future. IV ABSTRACT A PROPOSED EVOLUTION OF IMMIGRATION MODEL APPLIED TO THE UNITED STATES, GERMANY, AND RUSSIA Amy C. Cappiccie April 10, 2006 This exploratory study proposes a model for examining the evolutionary nature of immigration policy, the Cappiccie Lawson Evolution Immigration Model (CLEIM). The model was applied to the United States, Germany, and Russia to provide a broad variety of immigration policy history. CLEIM, as applied to the United States, examined policy from 1882 to the present. CLEIM, as applied to German policy, examined policy from World War II to the present and Russian policy from post-Communism to present. Section I of this paper presents the proposed Cappiccie Lawson Evolution of Immigration Model (CLEIM). Sections II, III, and IV apply CLEIM to the United States, Germany and Russia immigration policy. Section V explores the commonalities between the United States, Germany, and Russia. This comparison enhances the understanding of similarities and differences in immigration policy change and implementation cross-culturally. In addition, this comparison section aids in understanding the influence of world events on change. Suggestions for the use of viewing immigration theoretically are addressed. The strengths of weaknesses of CLEIM are addressed and suggestions for the future use of this model are provided. Section VI explores the role of social work in immigration and immigration policy in the past and suggests ideas for future profession involvement. v TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv ABSTRACT v LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES viii INTRODUCTION 1 Current Immigration Policy Literature 1 The Significance of Immigration Policy Study 7 Research Questions 10 Methodology 11 CHAPTER I: Cappiccie Lawson Evolution Immigration Model 13 Factors that Influence Public Policy 13 Public Policy Factors: Application to Immigration Policy 20 Exploration of Proposed Model of Immigration Policy 24 Ways to Examine the CLEIM Model as Applied to Individual Policy 30 CHAPTER II: Application of CLEIM to United States Policy 32 United States Immigration Policy Perspectives 32 Goals of Chapter 34 A Basic Overview of United States Immigration Policy 34 Specific Immigration Policy Analysis 39 The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 39 The Gentlemen's Agreement of 1906 and 1907 46 Immigration Act of 1917 52 Immigration Act of 1921 55 VI Immigration Act of 1924 57 Smith Act of 1940 60 McCarran Walter Act of 1952 63 Hart Cellar Act/Immigration Act of 1965 67 Immigration Control and Reform Act (IRCA) 1986 71 Immigration Act of 1990 74 Violent Crimes Control and Law Enforcement Act 1994 77 Illegal Immigration Reform Immigration Responsibility Act 1996 78 Changes around September 11, 2001 81 Homeland Security Act 2002 82 Current Immigration Policy Concerns 85 CHAPTER III: Application of CLEIM to Germany 86 The German Concept of Citizenship 87 The Formation of the German Government 88 Current Settlement of Migrants within German States 89 Overview of German Migration Periods 91 Ethic German Law or Aussiedler Law 99 Guest Worker Law or Gastarbeiters 105 Foreigner Law (Auslanderpolitik) 111 Germany's First Immigration Policy: Zuwanderungsgesetz 121 CHAPTER IV: Application of CLEIM to Russia 123 The Beginning of Russian Migration History 123 Russian Federation Migration Policy since the End of Communism 132 Emigration: The Freedom of Movement Policy (1991) 132 Citizenship Law (February 1992) 136 Immigration Control Act (1993) 138 Law on Entry/Exit from Russia (1996) 141 Law on Judicial State of Foreigners (2002) 143 VII Migration Regulations (2003) 146 Future Policy Ideas 148 CHAPTER V: Exploration of the Research Questions as a Cross-Cultural 149 Comparison The Role of Future Influence Groups on Policy Decisions 149 The Role of Policy Changers on Policy 152 Trigger Events: Influence on National/International Policy 155 World War 1(1914-1917) 156 The Russian Revolution 158 The Great Depression 158 World War 11(1939-1945) 160 The Cold War Years (1946-1991) 163 OPEC Oil Crises 164 Collapse of USSR (1991) 166 The World Rise of Terrorism: September 11, 2001 168 Policy Response Continuum Exploration 170 The Role of Theory to Inform Policy 171 Application of Theory to CLEIM 175 The CLEIM Analysis 178 Future Uses of CLEIM 180 CHAPTER VI: Social Work Past Social Work Future 182 America Adjusts to Change 183 Social Work: Alleviating Poverty 183 Current Portrait of Global Migration 186 Future Ways to Alleviate Migration Troubles 189 Social Work: The Answering for Filling the Gap for Future Migration 191 REFERENCES 195 APPENDIX A: Figure 1. Cappiccie Lawson Evolution Immigration Model 215 APPENDIX B: Table 1. Index of Immigration 216 Vlll APPENDIX C: Table 2. Model of Admissions and Rights 217 APPENDIX D: Table 3. Magazine Cover Themes by Year 218 APPENDIX E: Table 4. Non-Immigrant Visa Types 219 APPENDIX F: Table 5. Media and Economic Connection 220 APPENDIX G: Table 6. U.S. Policy History and Status Quo Attitudes 221 APPENDIX H: Table 7. German Policy History and Status Quo Attitudes 222 APPENDIX I: Figure 2. Map of Germany 223 APPENDIX J: Figure 3. Subjects of the Russian Federation 224 APPENDIX K: Figure 4. Russian Federation and Surrounding Countries 225 APPENDIX L: Table 8. Russian Actors and Influence Groups 226 APPENDIX M: Table 9. Russian Policy History and Status Quo Attitudes 227 APPENDIX N: Table 10. Trigger Events on Policy (1914-1939) 228 APPENDIX 0: Table 11. Trigger Events on Policy (1939-1973) 229 APPENDIX P: Table 12. Trigger Events on Policy (1973-present) 230 APPENDIX Q: Figure 5. United States Policy Response Continuum 231 APPENDIX R: Figure 6. German Policy Response Continuum 232 APPENDIX S: Figure 7.
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