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Southern Historiography in Modern History

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Southern Historiography in Modern History Department of World Cultures University of Helsinki Finland Southern historiography in modern history Figural and philosophical aspects of historical discourse in Virginia and South Carolina, 1800–1844 Pasi J. Kallio ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Helsinki, for public examination in Auditorium 107, Athena Siltavuorenpenger 3A, on 22 January 2016, at 12 noon. Finland 2015 ISBN 978-951-51-1823-3 (pbk.) ISBN 978-951-51-1824-0 (PDF) Unigrafia Helsinki 2015 Abstract This thesis examines the nature–origin, character, and temporal change–of the difference that educated and mostly male white southerners had about history at the level of historiography and other texts among themselves and in relation to “modern history” mostly in the states of Virginia and South Carolina in the first four decades of the 19th century. The study compares and contrasts such postulate with two other areas of cultural discussion that included, but was not limited to, history. The first is the locality of New England, with some support from the Mid–Atlantic States New York and Pennsylvania. By the 1790s, these areas dominated the national intellectual landscape of U.S. culture. The individuals resided, grew up, educated or published in these states. The second is the change about culture that was initiated in Europe roughly after the 1750s the thesis refers to as “modern history”. It transformed history into a major area of interest and cultural component. History attained a status it had previously lacked within Western modernity. The practical method is mainly a scanning of digitalized online contemporary printed sources–mostly leading books about history, leading contemporary journals, letter collections, and historical novels mostly produced in the U.S.–for word “history” and a variant “histor” that yields for example “historical” and “histories”. In order to reveal the southern difference, the findings have then been subjected to the study’s theoretical and methodological framework. Instead of being a scientific undertaking, linguistically neutral, or grounded in material reality as usually treated in the U.S., written history overlaps with other text production and communication such as literary writing, poetics, and cultural discourse. The philosophy of modernity and scientific truth history became associated with in its modern guise can be read as a metaphysical problem and crisis of especial severity in the southern areas. There, modern history entailed an experiential and communicative renovation that extended to individuals and their relationship to society. Through partly deductive, partly poetic readings, the study charts the course of this change that spans from syntax to discourse, philosophy, semiotics and poetics. Some key individuals, many rather obscure today, are identified. The concerns help reveal the tension of modern association of reality with history that has obscured and forgotten competing claims about and experiences of this relationship. The New England–led “bloc” departed from European skepticism at first still present in modern history as well. Virginia and South Carolina seldom rejected the European critical tradition. Modern history became disseminated more only in the 1840s, comparatively more in South Carolina. Previously, it was rare to see history as romantic, evangelical or scientific like in New England. Especially until the late–1830s, history predating modern history was combined with skeptical and ironic views about the history– reality relationship. Unlike often portrayed, these learned white southerners were rarely sentimentalists. Equally rare was to conflate reality and science with history for nationalist ends and mold useful (white, male) citizens. Forgotten perspectives and agencies can be re–examined by including more recent theories about history and language. Keywords: U.S. South, Early National Period, Antebellum Period, historiography, philosophy of history, narratology, deconstruction Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tarkoitus on selvittää, miten enimmäkseen miespuoliset koulutetut tai oppineet henkilöt lähinnä Yhdysvaltain Virginian ja Etelä-Carolinan osavaltioissa erosivat historiakäsityksiltään sekä ”modernista historiasta” että keskinäisesti historiankirjoituksen ja muiden tekstien tasolla 1800-luvun alun Yhdysvalloissa. Henkilöt asuivat, kasvoivat, kouluttautuivat tai julkaisivat näissä osavaltioissa. Tutkimus vertailee tätä alkuoletusta kahteen vaikutusvaltaisempaan historian sisältävään kulttuurikeskustelun alueeseen. Näitä ovat ensiksi Yhdysvalloissa ensisijaisesti New Englandin alue, toissijaisesti sitä kulttuurisesti myötäilleet New Yorkin ja Pennsylvanian osavaltiot. Toinen alue on Euroopassa 1750-luvun jälkeen tapahtunut kulttuurikeskustelun muutos. ”Moderni historia” ymmärretään tutkimuksessa monitahoisena muutoksena, jossa kiinnostus historiaan virisi toden teolla länsimaissa tärkeänä osana yhteiskuntaa että kulttuuria. Aineisto koostuu painetuista internetiin digitoiduista aineistoista: tunnetuimmat historiantutkimukset ja akateemiset lehdet, joidenkin tunnetuimpien henkilöiden kirjekokoelmat ja Yhdysvalloissa tuotetut tunnetut historiaromaanit. Tutkimus tutkii aineistoja ensisijaisesti käyttämällä hakusanoja ”history” ja ”histor”. Löydöksiä on seuraavaksi käsitelty tutkimuksen viitekehyksen kautta. Yhdysvalloissa historia käsitetään usein tieteelliseksi, kielellisesti neutraaliksi ja materiaaliseen todellisuuteen pohjautuvaksi ilmiöksi tai tutkimusalaksi. Tutkimus väittää, että historialla on yhtymäkohtia muun kielen tuottamisen ja kommunikaation–kirjallisuuden, runouden, kulttuurikeskustelun–kanssa. Modernin historian filosofia ja tieteellistys voidaan lukea vakavana maailmankuvallisena ongelmana ja kriisinä kyseisissä etelävaltioissa. Moderniin historiaan sisältyi näillä alueilla kommunikatiivinen ja kokemuksellinen muutos, joka ulottui yksilöön ja hänen suhteeseensa yhteiskuntaan. Tutkimus yrittää kartoittaa tätä muutosta lukemalla tekstejä osin yleisiä suuntauksia heijastellen ja osin runollisesti. Samalla tutkimus tunnistaa useita nykyisin jo lähes täysin unohdettuja yksilöitä. Nämä kysymykset auttavat näkemään moderniin mielleyhtymään historiasta todellisuutena kytkeytyvät jännitteet, joka on jättänyt syrjään sen kanssa poikkeavat ja ristiriitaiset kokemukset ja väitteet. New Englandin ”blokki” hylkäsi epäilyn historiasta, joka kuului eurooppalaiseen historiaperinteeseen ja aluksi moderniin historiaan. Virginiassa ja Etelä-Carolinassa perintö harvoin hylättiin. Vasta 1840-luvulta alkaen lähinnä Etelä-Carolinassa ilmeni enemmän modernia historiaa historiankirjoituksessa. Romanttiset, evankeliset ja tieteelliset ainekset historiasta olivat aiemmin harvinaisia Virginiassa ja Etelä-Carolinassa, toisin kuin New Englandissa. Historian ja todellisuuden suhde oli vähintään 1830-luvun jälkipuoliskolle hyvin epäilevä ja ironinen. Perinteinen Etelän historiatietoisuuden luonnehdinta sentimentaalisena nostalgiana oli lähes tuntematon, samoin historian näkeminen tieteenä, jonka tehtävä on nationalistinen ja synnyttää hyödyllisiä (valkoisia, miespuolisia) kansalaisia. Unohdettuja näkökulmia ja kulttuuritoimijoita voidaan tutkia uudelleen sisällyttämällä uudempaa teoriaa historian ja kielen suhteesta. Tutkimus liittyy kiinnostukseen valkoisten etelävaltiolaisten kulttuuriin ennen sisällissotaa. Asiasanat: USA:n Etelä, USA:n itsenäisyyden alku, USA:n sisällissotaa edeltävä aika, historiankirjoitus, historianfilosofia, narratologia, dekonstruktio In loving memory of my mother Leila Irene Kallio (née Latva-Aho) (1954–2011) Acknowledgements This study has been fairly long in the making. Almost exactly a decade ago, I decided to embark on my Ph.D. studies. I had just finished my English M.A. studies at the University of Jyväskylä (in central Finland). Going back, the two figures that were absolutely essential for this study are author John Jakes and my late mother. It was Mr. Jakes's literary output in the form of his North and South Trilogy (1982, 1984, 1987) –especially the TV miniseries adaptation of the first two volumes as North and South (1985) and North and South: Book II (1986) respectively by producer David L. Wolper and Warner Bros.–that first aroused my interest in the topic when the series was first broadcast on Finnish television in spring of 1990. When the series was re–broadcast in autumn of 1995, I became hooked. At this point, my mother's inestimable contribution began. She borrowed me the books of the trilogy from the local library next spring. When my interest in military history of the Civil War began in earnest, mother was again there to provide help and assistance. She began to purchase dozens of books related to the war campaigns and the leading generals at Amazon. Her third major contribution commenced simultaneous to my Ph.D. studies. Over the next several years, she purchased at least a hundred volumes that related mainly to U.S. history, but also to philosophy and literary theory, and funded other materials as well. All this she did to get me started. This almost superhuman achievement and dedication from her is something that I will always remember with love and gratitude. In the academic world, the first big encouragement for the project came from my first supervisor Michael C. Coleman. An enormously accessible, down–to–earth, thoughtful and sympathetic character full of candor and witty humour, this Irishman was the one who for the first time recommended me to apply for the now–ceased Finnish Graduate
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