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Alan Sillitoe's Nottingham Novels Author(S): Stephen Daniels and Simon Rycroft Source: Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, Vol

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Alan Sillitoe's Nottingham Novels Author(S): Stephen Daniels and Simon Rycroft Source: Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, Vol Mapping the Modern City: Alan Sillitoe's Nottingham Novels Author(s): Stephen Daniels and Simon Rycroft Source: Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, Vol. 18, No. 4 (1993), pp. 460-480 Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/622561 . Accessed: 04/08/2011 06:13 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. 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Blackwell Publishing and The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. http://www.jstor.org 460 Mapping the modern city: Alan Sillitoe's Nottingham novels STEPHEN DANIELS* and SIMON RYCROFTt *SeniorLecturer, Department of Geography,University of Nottingham,Nottingham NG7 2RD tResearchAssociate, Department of Geography,Loughborough University of Technology, LoughboroughLE 1 3TU RevisedMS received3 June 1993 ABSTRACT As a literary form the novel is inherently geographical. Alan Sillitoe's Nottingham novels deploy the rhetoric of mapping and map reading to articulate a series of perspectives on urban life. Against a background of post-war consumer culture and civic redevelopment, Sillitoe's novels map the modernity of urban life. A key trope in his work is the modernist axis of aerial and labyrinthine worlds. Saturdaynight and Sunday morning(1958/19761) charts a year in the life of an anarchistic 'angry young man', Arthur Seaton, around the labyrinthine world of working-class Nottingham. The death of William Posters (1965) charts the emergence of a socialist 'new man', moving from Nottingham to Algerian desert and the guerilla war against the French administration. Key to the door (1961b) and The open door (1989) chart the life of the modernist 'airman'Brian Seaton, whose literary and cartographic outlook parallel Sillitoe's own. In these novels Sillitoe portrays a belligerent image of Nottingham, contrary to the smoothly progressive image of the city in professional and academic publications of the time. Studies of geographic thought might broaden their scope to take more account of fictional writings. KEY WORDS: Literature,Mapping, Modernism, Alan Sillitoe, Nottingham, Masculinity, Consumer culture As a literary form, the novel is inherently geo- capitalist city to its bourgeois citizens as 'accessible, graphical. The world of the novel is made up of comprehensible and controllable' (Bender, 1987, 65). locations and settings, arenas and boundaries, per- Its scope was not confined to the city; early spectives and horizons. Various places and spaces novelists charted transformationsin the countryside are occupied or envisaged by the novel's characters, and colonies too. The refinement of the novel as a by the narratorand by audiences as they read. Any genre was commensurate with the refinement of a one novel may present a field of different, some- number of geographical discourses, such as town times competing, forms of geographical knowledge planning, estate improvement, cartography and and experience, from a sensuous awareness of place topographical painting, which surveyed and to an educated idea of region and nation. These re-ordered the spaces of the modernizing world various geographies are coordinated by various (Alfrey and Daniels, 1990; Varey, 1990; Daniels, in kinds of temporal knowledge and experience, from press). From the time of Defoe the novel has been circumscribedroutines to linear notions of progress fashioned and re-fashioned as an instrument for or transformation (Kestner, 1978; Tuan, 1978; representing various geographies in different Barrell, 1982; Said, 1989). phases, forms and sites of modernization. (Watt, From its formulation in the eighteenth century, 1957; Williams, 1973; Bradbury, 1976; Seidel, 1976; the novel has been a speculative instrument for Berman, 1983, 173-286; Said, 1993). exploring and articulating those material, social and In this article we examine the geographies of mental transformations we call modernization. The novels by Alan Sillitoe (1928-) set in and around novel was first associated with the transformationof Nottingham. We consider how the novels explore London into a world metropolis, representing the conflicts in the modernization of working-class areas Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr. N.S. 18: 460-480 (1993) ISSN: 0020-2754 Printedin GreatBritain Mappingthe modemcity: Alan Sillitoe'sNottingham novels 461 of the city from the 1920s to the 1950s, in particular the imaginativeness of geographical texts. The the clearance of slums, the building of new housing imaginativeness of texts consists in the images estates and the emergence of a consumer culture. It they express and in the way they construct, was a time when the city corporation, proud of its through modes of writing or composition - how- progressive social and economic planning, pro- ever empirically - particularand partial views of the moted Nottingham as 'the modem city'. We focus world. The worldliness of texts consists in the on the geographies of the novels' Nottingham born various contexts - biographical, economic, institu- male protagonists: local rebel Arthur Seaton in tional, geographical - which are entailed by them Saturday night and Sunday morning (1958/19761), and make them intelligible. RAF conscript Brian Seaton in Key to the door (1961b) and The open door (1989) and international- MAPS AND THE MAN ist guerilla Frank Dawley in The death of William Posters(1965). These novels take us beyond trans- Home is like a fortressof an army which pridesitself formations of mid-century Nottingham to transfor- on its mobility. fromthe base,feet define mations overseas, to the violent of colonial Departing ending geography,the eyes observeand systematizeit ... As rule in and Malaya Algeria. the base line in surveyingis essentialfor the formation We situate these novels in terms of a number of of a map and all points on it, so the connectedpoints Sillitoe's other writings: autobiography, travel writ- of birth,place, and upbringingare - for any person, ing, literary criticism, poetry, political journalism.2 and even more so for a writer- factorsnever to be We also consider a range of other cultural dis- relinquished.(Sillitoe, 1987a, 6) courses which bear upon the novels, including aerial Alan Sillitoe was born and raised in the Radford photography, urban sociology and classical mythol- area of a ogy. Above all, we wish to show the importance of Nottingham, nineteenth-century working- class suburb to the west of the centre. Sillitoe maps, map-reading and map-making to the geogra- city recalled the Radford of his childhood as a phies of the novels. This was the subject of a main labyrin- source of this article, an interview we conducted thine world: with Alan Sillitoe in 1991.3 Even when you knew every junction,twitchell and First we will examine the issue of in mapping doubleentry (a concealedtrackway which, connecting relation to Sillitoe's life and his work, literary two streets, figured high in tactics of escape and influences and the modernization of Nottingham. manoeuvre)you never could tell when a gas lamp Secondly we will consider the connections between glowed that someonein the nearbydark was not using mapping, modernism and masculinity. The third and its light as an ambushpen. Neitherdid you know what largest part of the article analyses the texts and waitedbehind the cornerit stood on ... You invented felt that contexts of the novels. Finally we compare the perils, exaggeratedpitfalls, occasionally you even called them Potholes became foxholes, and of Nottingham in these novels with up. geographies foxholes as often or not turned into of the city in official and academic underground geographies cavernsfull of and ammunition,food, and of the time. guns later, publications moregold thanMonte Cristoever dreamedof. In such In this article we to re-vision the try relationship streets you could outdream everybody. (Sillitoe, between 'geography and literature' (Pocock, 1981; 1987b, 3) Mallory and Simpson-Housley, 1987) in a way which takes account of some recent developments As a child, Sillitoe envisaged his neighbourhood in in cultural geography and literary criticism (Said, terms of the underground worlds of the novels 1983; Barnes and Duncan, 1992; Barrell, 1992; which then dominated his reading: The Count of Driver, 1992; Daniels, 1993). We consider geogra- Monte Cristo and, more strongly still, Les mis rables. phy and literature not as the conjunction of two Lesmis rables took me the crisisof essentially distinct, coherent or orders of through prolonged disciplines, childhood... I read the book and ... till - objective and subjective, real and again again knowledge most of it was fixed in ... Froman I and so on - but as a field of textual firmly early age imaginative, was more familiarwith the street names of Paristhan - the novel, the the travel the genres poem, guide, those of London ... Exotic it was in many - though map, the regional monograph with complex ways, Les misrables seemed relevant to me and life overlaps and interconnections.
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