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Coastal Heritage VOLUME 22, NUMBER 3 WINTER 2008

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Coastal Heritage VOLUME 22, NUMBER 3 WINTER 2008 COASTAL HERITAGE VOLUME 22, NUMBER 3 WINTER 2008 Breaking THE CHAINS THE END OF THE TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE WINTER 2008 • CONTENTS 3 BREAKING THE CHAINS: THE END OF THE TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE Two hundred years ago, abolitionists gained their first victory in the long struggle to abolish the ownership of human beings. This year, the lowcountry commemorates the anniversary of that initial victory. 5 Coastal Heritage is a quarterly publication of the S.C. Sea Grant Consortium, a university- SOUTH CAROLINA’S SLAVE TRADE based network supporting research, education, The 1808 ban on slave imports to the United States had unintended and outreach to conserve coastal resources and consequences for those who opposed human bondage. enhance economic opportunity for the people of South Carolina. Comments regarding this or future issues of Coastal Heritage are welcomed at [email protected]. Subscriptions MEMORY ON THE MOVE are free upon request by contacting: The lowcountry, at last, is frankly addressing the realities of slavery in colonial and antebellum South Carolina. S.C. Sea Grant Consortium 287 Meeting Street 4 Charleston, S.C. 29401 phone: (843) 953-2078 NEWS AND NOTES e-mail: [email protected] • South Carolina students selected for Knauss fellowships Executive Director • Marine educator joins COSEE-SE M. Richard DeVoe • New Web portal for coastal officials launched • Consortium strategic plan available on Web Director of Communications Susan Ferris Hill 6 Editor EBBS AND FLOWS John H. Tibbetts • Ending the International Slave Trade: A Bicentenary Inquiry Art Director • Solutions to Coastal Disasters 2008 Carl Turner • Gullah/Geechee Nation International Music and Movement Festival Board of Directors ON THE COVER: The Consortium’s Board of Directors is This year, 2008, marks two centuries since the United States began its ban on the composed of the chief executive officers of its member institutions: importation of slaves. This manacle is part of the Walter Pantovic Slavery Collection at the Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture. PHOTO/WADE SPEES Dr. Andrew A. Sorensen, Chair President, University of South Carolina James F. Barker President, Clemson University INTO THE LIGHT. Dr. David A. DeCenzo Michael Allen, an education President, Coastal Carolina University specialist with the National Dr. P. George Benson Park Service, has been President, College of Charleston instrumental in raising public Dr. Raymond S. Greenberg awareness of the lowcountry’s President, Medical University of South Carolina role in the slave trade. John E. Frampton PHOTO/WADE SPEES/ Executive Director S.C. Department of Natural Resources THE POST AND COURIER Dr. Leonard A. McIntyre Interim President, S.C. State University Lt. General John W. Rosa COPYRIGHT © 2008 by the South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium. All rights reserved. President, The Citadel • COASTAL HERITAGE The lowcountry commemorates the years 1807 and 1808 when Britain and the United States banned transatlantic slave trafficking. Breaking THE CHAINS THE END OF THE TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE by John H. Tibbetts n the mid-eighteenth century, virtually anyone in New York or Charleston or I London would have thought you’d lost your mind if you’d called for the abolition of slavery or the slave trade. Only a handful of philosophers and intellectuals consistently argued against slavery. In 1763, Adam Smith, author of the classic Wealth of Nations, observed, “Slavery . has hardly any possibility of being abolished.” Slavery “has been universall in the beginnings of society, and the love of dominion and authority over others will probably make it perpetuall.” The British weren’t the first Europeans to trade slaves, but they dominated slave trafficking for more than 150 years. From the 1640s to 1807, the slave trade was central to Britain’s transatlantic trade and colonial wealth, helping to create an empire that largely dominated Atlantic seaways. HISTORY LESSON. Charleston was a crucial port in this Nichole Green is the director/ transatlantic commerce—an entry point curator of the recently reopened for slave traffickers in North America and Old Slave Mart Museum in a loading station for rice, indigo, and Charleston, one of a growing other goods bound for Europe. number of museums around the Aside from Britain, several other country focused on African American Western European maritime powers— France, Holland, Spain, Denmark, and history. PHOTO/WADE SPEES/ Portugal—were either major slave traders THE POST AND COURIER or profited from the trade as exploiters of captive Africans living in the Americas. WINTER 2008 • 3 continuing power of citizen movements. In 1807, the British Parliament passed a bill banning the British slave trade between Africa and the Americas, which became effective on May 1 of that year. Also in 1807, President Thomas Jefferson signed into law a measure that abolished importation of slaves into the United States, effective January 1, 1808, though illegal smuggling continued. The laws of 1807 were a major turning point in the history of the Atlantic World and crucial first steps in the abolitionist movement’s century-long effort to stop the ownership of human beings. Britain’s ban, in particular, was unprecedented. Britain was the leading slaving nation when it outlawed the Atlantic trade. A powerful empire accepted leadership in addressing a historical wrong—slavery—and took significant economic losses as a result. TRADE ROUTE. A display at the Old Slave Mart Museum in Charleston In March 2007, dozens of British describes the transatlantic slave trade, which linked Africa, Europe, and government agencies, art and history the Americas. PHOTO/WADE SPEES/THE POST AND COURIER museums, the BBC, and other major institutions acknowledged the 200th anniversary of the bill’s passage. By the mid-1860s, however, the campaign run by citizen volunteers. In 2008, the commemoration is Atlantic World—the Americas, West At first, in the late 1780s, tiny coming to South Carolina. The College Africa, and Western Europe—had abolitionist groups spearheaded by of Charleston’s Lowcountry and the undergone a seismic cultural and Quakers were started in London and Atlantic World Program, under direction economic shift. The formerly slave- Manchester and also in Philadelphia of Simon Lewis, is sponsoring a March based American South was in ruins and New York. British and American 2008 conference, “Ending the Atlantic after the Civil War. European empires abolitionists crisscrossed the Atlantic and every nation in the Americas had to confer on strategy, trading ideas and BRANDED. In a Charleston abandoned African slavery, with the developing expertise in raising funds, Museum display, slave badges, exception of Spain’s colonies, where it gathering evidence against the slave used to identify names and jobs, was banned in 1886, and Brazil, which trade, and marshalling arguments that evoke slavery’s dehumanization. outlawed it in 1888. could win over public opinion. These PHOTO/WADE SPEES How did the institution of the groups multiplied into thousands of African slave trade, which had seemed abolitionist societies in Britain and permanently embedded in Western later in America. European and New World economies, Historians today regard abolitionism, disappear in just one century? says Tom Heeney, a College of Charleston The answer can be found in the communications professor, as “the most crucial period between 1787 and 1807. important and the largest social move- During those two decades, British and ment in the history of the West.” American abolitionists, inspired in part Now the 200th anniversary of the by the ideals of the Enlightenment and abolition of the British and American the American and French revolutions, slave trades brings another opportunity created the world’s first human-rights to look anew at lowcountry and movement and conceived the first African-American history, the influence international public-education of Charleston in maritime trade, and the 4 • COASTAL HERITAGE Slave Trade: A Bicentenary Inquiry,” in collaboration with community organiza- tions, historic sites, and museums. South Carolina’s Numerous special events will honor the anniversary in the lowcountry, which is SLAVE TRADE taking national leadership on this topic. The lowcountry has special O importance in African-American ot long after the American War of cotton gin was processing short-staple history. Many slaves entering this Independence, lowcountry rice cotton. Planters now needed influxes of continent arrived first on Sullivan’s planters, aggressively pro-slavery, new slaves. Ndecided that the new nation’s transatlantic South Carolina shocked the nation in Island to be quarantined before being sold in Charleston. Moreover, scholars slave trade must stop eventually. 1803 by reopening its foreign slave trade. In the 1780s and 1790s, Over the next five years—until agree that many descendants of slaves in southern slaveholders had self- the federal government closed coastal South Carolina preserved more ish reasons for criticizing the foreign trade for good in of their African cultural history longer transatlantic slave trade. They 1808—some 40,000 African than any other large group of blacks in could increase the value of their slaves were brought into South the United States. own slaves by preventing further Carolina. Upland southern This year’s commemoration imports of Africans. Also, south- planters used this expanded ern planters wanted to keep out slave
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