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Initial Archeological Investigations at an Ashley River Rice Plantation Kenneth E University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Archaeology and Anthropology, South Carolina Research Manuscript Series Institute of 6-1979 Middleton Place: Initial Archeological Investigations at an Ashley River Rice Plantation Kenneth E. Lewis Donald L. Hardesty Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanth_books Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Lewis, Kenneth E. and Hardesty, Donald L., "Middleton Place: Initial Archeological Investigations at an Ashley River Rice Plantation" (1979). Research Manuscript Series. 150. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanth_books/150 This Book is brought to you by the Archaeology and Anthropology, South Carolina Institute of at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Research Manuscript Series by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Middleton Place: Initial Archeological Investigations at an Ashley River Rice Plantation Keywords Excavations, Middleton Place, Ashley River, Dorchester County, South Carolina, Archeology Disciplines Anthropology Publisher The outhS Carolina Institute of Archeology and Anthropology--University of South Carolina Comments In USC online Library catalog at: http://www.sc.edu/library/ This book is available at Scholar Commons: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanth_books/150 MIDDLETON PLACE: INITIAL ARCHEOLOGI'7AL INVESTIGATIONS AT AN ASHLEY RIVER RICE PLANTATION by Kenneth E. Lewis and Donald L. Hardesty Research Manuscript Series No. 148 Prepared by the INSTITUTE OF ARCHEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA June, 1979 • The University of South Carolina offers equal opportunity in its employment, admissions and educational activities, in accordance with Title IX, section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and other civil rights laws. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES. ... iv LIST OF TABLES . v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS viii INTRODUCTION . 1 PHYSIOGRAPHIC SETTING. ... 3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK. .... 5 THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE MIDDLETON PLACE SETTLEMENT . 8 Introduction. ..................... 8 The Background of British Colonization. ........ 8 Middleton Place in the Colonial and Antebellum Periods.. 10 Middleton Place in Transition. 14 THE ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 23 Introduction. ....... 23 Methodological Framework. 23 The Condition of the Site 26 The Middleton Place Site: Its Position in Time and Space. 28 Introduction. ...•............ 28 The Cultural Affiliation of the Settlement. 29 The Temporal Position of the Settlement .. 32 The Location of the Settlement. ....... 35 Swnrnary . .. .... 39 The Middleton Place Site: Its Identification as a Plantation Settlement ....... 40 Introduction. .............. 40 Form and Function at Middleton Place. .. 40 Variability in the Plantation Settlement. 56 Middleton Place in the Antebellum Southern Economy. 58 Test Implications ..... 60 The Documentary Record. 60 The Archeological Record. 62 Summary ........... 64 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 66 APPENDIX A - ARTIFACT CATALOG. .. 71 -iii'- TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Page APPENDIX B - DERIVATION OF MEAN CERAMIC DATE. ..•••• 7r APPENDIX C - PREHISTORIC CERAMICS FROM MIDDLETON PLACE. • 80 REFERENCES. .•••.•••...••..•.••••.• 82 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1: Loc:ator map of Middleton Plac:e 3 Dorc:"hester County 3 South Carolina .•••••••.••... 2 FIGURE 2: Vertic:al aerial view @f Middleton Plac:e in 1938 (SQVflf>Be: U. S. Department of Agric:uUure 14-938). 12 FIGURE 3: Ruins of the main house and northern dependenc:y in 1865 (photo c:ourtesy Middleton Plac:e Foundation!. 14 FIGURE 4: Map of known c:olonial and antebellum strnc:tUY1es at Middleton Plac:e. •..•.•••••.• 15 FIGURE 5: T"he west fac:e of the southern dependenc:y after its c:onversion to a residenc:e in 1871 (photo c:oUY1tesy Middleton Plac:e Foundation). ••. .. ...• 16 FIGURE 6: The southern dependenc:y residenc:e with the 'pagoda" porc:h mentioned in 1879 (Photo c:oUY1tesy Middleton Plac:e Foundation). ....•••.. .. 17 FIGURE 7: Map of strnc:tures at Middleton Plac:e prior tot"he c:onstruc:tion of t"he guesthouse and stableyard c:omplex in 1937 (Sourc:e: John Mc:CY'ady Co. 1936). 21 FIGURE 8: Map of strnc:tures lying within the sample area at Middleton Plac:e following the 1937 c:onstruc:tion (SoUY1c:e: LaFarge 1936). ........ 22 FIGURE 9: Plan of 1978 exc:avations at Middleton. .• 25 FIGURE 710: Comparison of temporal ranges of c:eramic: types rec:overed at ~ddleton Plac:e ..•... 34 FIGURE 11: SYMAP of bric:k rubble with distribution of nails superimposed. •........... 37 FIGURE 12: SYMAP showing distribution of c:olonial and antebellum bottle glass. ..... .. .... 38 -iv- LIST OF FIGURES (CONTINUED) Page FIGURE 13: Plan of Mt. Vernon in Fairfax County~ Virginia showing typical plantation settlement pattern (Source: Architects' Emergency Corrorrittee 1933: 70- 71). ............ 43 FIGURE 14: Map of structure-based activity areas at Middleton Place ......•. 45 FIGURE 15: Structural feature uncovered in Area 4. 46 FIGURE 16: SYMAP sh07.Uing distribution of faunal material. 53 FIGURE 17: SYMAP showing distribution of prehistoric cerrarmcs. ................ 81 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: Temporal Range of Non-cerarmc Artifacts from Middleton Place. .............. 35 TABLE 2: Frequency of Occurrence of Porcelain by Area .. 48 TABLE 3: Comparison of Faunal Debris and Total Non- ceramic Artifacts in Areas i~ 2~ and 3 ... 49 TABLE 4: Comparison of Europeqn!Processing and Colono Cerarmcs vs. European Serving Cerarmcs .•. 49 TABLE 5: Functional Activity Categories and Associated Artifact Classes .•.....•..•... .. 51 TABLE 6: Comparison of Artifact Occurrence by Activity ~~~~..... ~ TABLE 7: Occurrence of Faunal Material by Area. 54 TABLE 8: Bills for Services Performed or Materials Received at Antebellum Middleton Place.. .. 62 TABLE 9: Middleton Place Production from Agricultural Censuses .............•.... 63 TABLE 10: Activities Identified from the Archeological Record at Middleton Place. ......... 64 -v- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CCRMC Charleston County, Register of Mesne Conveyance. CCROPJI Charleston County, Records of the Ordinary/Probate Judge, Inventories, Appraisments, and Sales. CCROPJW Charleston County, Records of the Ordinary/Probate Judge, Wills. C0CROPJI Colleton County, Records of the Ordinary/Probate Judge, Inventories, Appraisments, and Sales. DCRMC Dorchester County, Register of Mesne Conveyance. GCRPJW Greenville County, Records of the Probate Judge, Wills. MCASC/SGDP/CD Manuscript Census, Agriculture, South Carolina/St. George Dorchester Parish/ Colleton District. MCPSC/SGDP/CD Manuscript Census, Population, South Carolina/St. George Dorchester Parish/ Colleton District. MCPSC/SS/SGDP/CD Manuscript Census, Population, South Carolina/Slaves Schedules/St. George Dorchester Parish/Colleton District. MFP Middleton Family Papers. MPRNHL/MPF Middleton Place Registered National Historic Landmark, Inc. and Middleton Place Foundation. SCRSSLGCS South Carolina, Records of the Secretary of State, Land Grants, Colonial Series. WMP Williams Middleton Papers -vi- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to thank the following individuals and organizations for the support they provided for the Middleton Place archeological project. The Middleton Place Foundation sponsored this work as part of its continuing program of research and interpretation of this historic site. Appreciation is especially due its director, Sarah Lytle and her staff who provided support and cooperation during all phases of the excavations. They include Ellen Clark, Coordinator of Volunteers; Barbara Smith, Secretary for the Middleton Place Associates; Barbara Doyle, Director of Education; and Crewes Leland, Director of Research. Documentary research in the Middleton Place Foundation archives was accomplished by Mrs. Leland. Charles Duell, General Manager of Middleton Place, helped insure the success of the project by placing personnel and equipment of his staff at our disposal during our work there. He also provided accommodations for us at Middleton Place. Hank Jellison, Manager of the Gardens and Stables, and lab crew greatly facilitated the archeological work by helping to maintain our equipment and by re-Iandscaping portions of the site disrupted by our excavations. Our field crew, without whom efforts the excavations could not have been accomplished were: Jan S. Beson, Jr., Dallas Cole, John K. Cole, Daniel S. Mileu, III, Sharon A. Newman, and Robert B. Wallace. Two days volunteer labor by Sue Jane Alsing is also appreciated. Last, but certainly not of least importance, was the labor supplied by the volunteers who washed and sorted the artifacts in the field. They were: Karen Corcoran, Barbara Doyle, Patricia Jacobs, Bruce Krucke, Delores LaTorre, Jacqueline Morgan, Frank Smith, and Shari Turner. The Middleton Place project was conducted by the Institute of Archeology and Anthropology of the University of South Carolina, and thanks go to its director, Robert L. Stephenson and other staff members for their support. Gordon Brown is res~onsible for the photographs appearing in the report and Darby Erd prepared the illustrations. Appreciation is also due Kenneth Pinson for editing the manuscript for publication and Miss Sandra Lee for typing the final copy. -vii- INTRODUCTION In November 1978 archeological investigations were conducted under the authors' direction at Middleton Place (38DR16), the site of an eight­ eenth and nineteenth century plantation on the Ashley River
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