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Prophethood of All Believers Journal of Pentecostal Theology SupplemertnT Seriees 16 Editors John Christopher Thomas Rickie D. Moore Steven J. Land Sheffield Academic Press Sheffield This page intentionally left blank The Prophethood of All Believers A Study in Luke's Charismatic Theology Roger Stronstad Sheffield Academic Press To Michael Szuk Diane Vint and Jamie and Carrie McDonald: former students, friends First published 1999 Reprinted 2003, 2004 Copyright © 1999, 2003 Sheffield Academic Press A Continuum imprint Published by Sheffield Academic Press Ltd The Tower Building, 11 York Road, London SE1 7NX 15 East 26th Street, Suite 1703, New York NY 10010 www. continuumbooks. com All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Typeset by Sheffield Academic Press Printed on acid-free paper in Great Britain by CPI Bath ISBN 1-84127-005-9 CONTENTS Acknowledgments 7 Abbreviations 8 Introduction 9 Chapter 1 READING, INTERPRETING AND APPLYING LUKE-ACTS 13 1. Reading Luke-Acts 14 2. Interpreting Luke-Acts 18 3. Applying Luke-Acts 27 Chapter 2 JESUS: THE PROPHET MIGHTY IN WORD AND DEED (LUKE 1-24) 35 1. Jesus: The Anointed Prophet 35 2. Jesus: The Eschatological Prophet 36 3. The Infancy Narrative: The Restoration of Prophecy 39 4. The Prophetic Ministry of Jesus 40 Chapter 3 THE DISCIPLES: A COMPANY OF SPIRIT-BAPTIZED PROPHETS (ACTS 1.12-2.41) 54 1. The Theophany of Pentecost 54 2. The Promise of Pentecost 59 3. Inaugurating the Prophethood of All Believers 65 Chapter 4 THE ACTS OF THE COMMUNITY OF PROPHETS (ACTS 2.42-6.7) 71 1. The Community of Prophets Becomes a Nation 71 2. Programmatic Summary: Characteristics of the Prophetic Community (2.42-47) 75 6 The Prophethood of All Believers Chapter 5 THE ACTS OF FIVE CHARISMATIC PROPHETS (ACTS 6.8-12.24) 85 1. The Acts of Stephen: A Charismatic Deacon (6.8-7.60) 86 2. The Acts of Philip: A Charismatic Deacon (8.1-40) 91 3. The Acts of Barnabas: A Charismatic Prophet 93 4. The Acts of Agabus: A Charismatic Prophet 94 5. The Acts of Peter: A Charismatic Apostle 95 6. Parallels between Jesus and Stephen 100 Chapter 6 THE ACTS OF PAUL: A CHARISMATIC PROPHET (ACTS 12.25-28.31) 102 1. Paul: A Charismatic Apostle 104 2. The Acts of Paul 105 3. Paul and Peter 109 4. Paul's Churches: Prophetic Communities 111 Chapter 7 THE PROPHETHOOD OF ALL BELIEVERS: A SYNTHESIS 114 1. Jesus is the Eschatological Anointed Prophet 114 2. Jesus' Followers are the Eschatological Community of Prophets 115 3. The Community of Prophets is Empowered for Witness 116 4. The Community of Prophets is Extended 119 5. The Spirit of Prophecy or Soteriological Spirit? 121 6. Additional Function and Effects of the Spirit 122 7. The Prophethood of All Believers: Contemporary Relevance 123 Bibliography 125 Index of References 129 Index of Authors 136 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Several people have contributed to the production of this book. DJ. Groen and Judy Gathers typed the four original lectures, which are herein revised as Chapters 2-5. Jamie McDonald and Michael Szuk have given invaluable computer assistance to me. Western Pentecostal Bible College gave me sabbatical time (January- June 1998) to complete the writing of this manuscript, which had been set aside since 1993. The Association of Canadian Bible Colleges awarded me a research grant to help cover research costs. Dr David Wenham, Wycliffe Hall, Oxford, has read the manuscript and offered constructive criticism. This has been especially helpful since he disagrees with my interpretation at a number of key points. I would like to thank the above persons and institutions for the assis- tance, support and encouragement which they have extended to me. Abbotsford, British Columbia 30 June 1998 ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible CBL The Complete Biblical Library HNTC Harper's NT Commentaries ICC International Critical Commentary JPT Journal of Pentecostal Theology JPTSup Journal of Pentecostal Theology, Supplement Series JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament JSNTSup Journal for the Study of the New Testament, Supplement Series LSI H.G. Liddell, Robert Scott and H. Stuart Jones, Greek- English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 9th edn, 1968) NAC The New American Commentary NCB New Century Bible NIBC New International Biblical Commentary NICNT New International Commentary on the New Testament NIGTC The New International Greek Testament Commentary RCNT The Radiant Commentary on the New Testament TDNT Gerhard Kittel and Gerhard Friedrich (eds.), Theological Dictionary of the New Testament (trans. Geoffrey W. Bromiley; 10 vols.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964—) TNTC Tyndale New Testament Commentaries WBC Word Biblical Commentary INTRODUCTION The following study returns to and develops the subject about which I first wrote in the short, popular article 'Prophets and Pentecost', in The Pentecostal Testimony (March 1976, p. 5). In its present form this book had its impetus in the invitation to give the inaugural Pentecostal lectureship at Asia Pacific Theological Seminary, Baguio City, Philip- pines, in February 1993. Chapters 2-5, inclusive, update and revise those lectures. The style of discussion reflects the fact that at its heart it contains four updated and revised lectures. Graduate students, academics, pastors and missionaries made up its first audience. The presentation necessarily reflected the limitations which are inherent in a public lecture to a diverse audience. For example, it lacks the characteristic comprehensiveness of a thesis or dissertation. It also lacks the scholarly sophistication of a formal research project. I have written this book for a similarly mixed readership—undergraduate and graduate students, academics, the clergy and interested and informed laypeople. Just as the original lectures were written to be listened to, so this book is written to be read (and not just used for research purposes). To this end I have steered the course between unhelpful brevity, on the one hand, and tedious lengthiness, on the other hand; between being too popular and too technical. This study is not about 'the theology of St Luke'. It is much more narrowly focused. It examines the data in Luke-Acts about Jesus, the fountainhead of Christianity, and about his disciples and their converts and their individual and corporate experience of the Holy Spirit. Many important and relevant data, such as those, for example, about Jesus as the royal Messiah, Jesus' teaching about the kingdom of God, and his radical ministry to the marginalized, are discussed only as they intersect the data about Jesus as the eschatological anointed prophet, and the disciples as a community of Spirit-baptized prophets. To discuss Luke's data about Jesus as the royal Messiah and other Lukan themes more 10 The Prophethood of All Believers fully would shift the focus of this study and, indeed, make it a very dif- ferent kind of book. In studying Luke's data about 'the prophethood of all believers', I have tried to think Luke's thoughts after him. Of course, every inter- preter gives lip service to this aim. But the literature in this field, with its often diverse and mutually contradictory interpretations, shows that many interpreters fail to meet this aim. For example, in spite of the fact that there is a widespread consensus in academia that each biblical author is to be interpreted in his own right and on his own terms, it still remains a commonplace to read Luke through Pauline glasses. James D.G. Dunn was guilty of this in his 1970 benchmark study, Baptism in the Holy Spirit.' In spite of significant criticism leveled against him for doing this, in a response to his critics some two decades later he still insists 'that the pneumatology of Luke is essentially one with the pneumatology of Paul'.2 I have interpreted Luke-Acts independently of the other Gospels and the epistles. Nevertheless, where I have judged it to be appropriate, I have sometimes turned to the other Gospels, largely to Matthew, to illustrate some aspect of Luke's distinctive report about Jesus. Simi- larly, I have also turned to Paul's epistles, specifically to 1 Thessa- lonians and 1 Corinthians, to illustrate the selective character of Luke's narrative strategy. But in illustrating some aspect of Luke's data from Matthew's Gospel or Paul's epistles I have avoided interpreting Luke as though he were either Matthew or Paul. In regards to the subject of this study, namely, 'the prophethood of all believers', my aim of thinking Luke's thoughts after him is to under- stand the meaning of Spirit-baptism and its relationship to either sal- vation or to vocation. When reading Luke-Acts I have observed that Luke often explicitly relates the presence and activity of the Holy Spirit to vocation as the Spirit of prophecy. I have also observed that Luke, in contrast to both John and Paul, never explicitly reports that the Holy Spirit effects salvation. I do find several ambiguous texts, most notably Acts 2.38, 39 and Acts 11.15-17, which some interpreters interpret soteriologically and others interpret vocationally. In light of these observations—namely (1) Luke often explicitly relates the Spirit to vocation; and (2) he never unambiguously describes the Spirit to be the 1. London: SCM Press. 2. James D.G. Dunn, 'Baptism in the Holy Spirit: A Response to Pentecostal Scholarship on Luke-Acts', JPT 3 (1993), pp. 3-27 (27). Introduction 11 agent of salvation—I have consistently interpreted the problematic, ambiguous texts vocationally rather than soteriologically.
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