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Persatuan Geologi Malaysia WARTA GEOLOGI GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MALAYSIA PERSATUAN GEOLOGI MALAYSIA Jilid 46 DECEMBER Volume 46 No. 3 2020 No. 3 ISSN 0126 - 5539; e-ISSN 2682 - 7549 PP2509/07/2013(032786) Warta Geologi PERSATUAN GEOLOGI MALAYSIA Editor Wan Hasiah Abdullah, Geological Society of Malaysia University of Malaya, Malaysia Council 2020/2021 Editorial Board Azman A. Ghani, President : Abd. Rasid Jaapar University of Malaya, Malaysia Vice President : Ahmad Nizam Hasan Harry Doust, Secretary : Farah Fazulah Abdullah Assistant Secretary : Norazianti Asmari The Netherlands & Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Treasurer : Lim Choun Sian Robert Hall, Editor : Wan Hasiah Abdullah University of London, UK Immediate Past President : Mazlan Madon Howard Johnson, Councillors : Ahmad Tariq Ahmad Ziyad Imperial College London, UK Awg Mohd Faizal Awg Mo- hamad Hamssin Ibrahim Komoo, Maryam Syazana Dzulkefli Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia Tan Chun Hock Alfredo Lagmay, Joy Jacqueline Pereira University of the Philippines, the Philippines Nur Iskandar Taib Lee Chai Peng, Tan Boon Kong Yunus Abdul Razak University of Malaya, Malaysia Ian Metcalfe, The Geological Society of Malaysia (GSM) was founded in 1967 University of New England, Australia with the aim of promoting the advancement of geoscience, Mohd. Nawawi Mohd. Nordin, particularly in Malaysia and Southeast Asia. The Society has a membership of about 700 geoscientists based in Malaysia Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia as well as abroad. Ng Tham Fatt, Warta Geologi is published three times yearly (April, August, University of Malaya, Malaysia December) by the Society. Warta Geologi publishes peer- Peter R. Parham, reviewed short geological communications and original research on Earth Science. The scope includes local and regional Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia geology, conservation geology, economic geology, engineering Joy J. Pereira, geology, environmental geology, geochemistry, geomorphology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia geophysics, hydrogeology, palaeontology, petroleum geology, sedimentology, stratigraphy, structural geology and tectonics. Rajib Shaw, Warta Geologi also reports on activities and news about GSM Keio University, Japan and the geoscience community in Malaysia. Felix Tongkul, Warta Geologi is distributed free-of-charge to members of Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia the Society and is available free online through the Society’s website: www.gsm.org.my. GSM is committed to upholding standards of ethical behaviour Editorial Committee at all stages of the publication process and we recommend Wan Hasiah Abdullah, Joy J. Pereira, Ng Tham Fatt, the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Best Practice Lim Choun Sian, Mazlan Madon, Muhammad Hatta Guidelines (http://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines). Roselee, Elvaene James, Wan Aida Wan Zahari, Anna Lee Further information can be obtained from: & Hareyani Zabidi (Guest Editor) The Editor, Geological Society of Malaysia, c/o Department of Geology, University of Malaya, Secretariat 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Anna Lee, Wan Aida Wan Zahari Tel: 603-79577036 Fax: 603-79563900 Email: [email protected] Cover photo: Distinctive fluting marks on a boulder at Bukit Baginda, Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan. Photo courtesy of Geomapping Technology Sdn. Bhd. CATATAN GEOLOGI GEOLOGICAL NOTES DOI : https://doi.org/10.7186/wg463202001 Residual shear strength of shales from the Gemas Formation based on ring shear tests J. K. Raj 83, Jalan Burhanuddin Helmi 2, Taman Tun Dr. Ismail, 60000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Email address: [email protected] Abstract: Fresh, dark grey to black, shales with minor sandstones of the Triassic Gemas Formation outcrop at the slope cut between Km 81.30 and 81.05 (southbound) of the North-South Expressway near Ayer Hitam in Johore State. The beds strike 165o with eastward dips of 35o to 43o and have thickness of between 0.2 and 1.5 m. Over-lying the fresh bedrock along an irregular boundary is a bleached zone, some 14 to 18 m thick, comprising light grey to white, in situ oxidized shales and sandstones. Three samples were collected from a thick shale bed; fresh samples A and B at 18 m and 15 m depth, respectively, and a bleached shale sample C at 11 m depth. All samples were air dried, finely ground, and then passed through a wire mesh sieve with 180 μm aperture sieve. The remoulded samples were tested with the Bromhead ring shear apparatus, employing the pre-shearing test procedure with multi-stage loading. Plots of shear stress versus cumulative horizontal shear displacement under low normal stresses (<150 kPa) yield failure envelopes with residual friction angles of 27.4o, 27.4o and 27.9o for samples A, B, and C, respectively. Under moderate to large normal stresses (150-350 kPa), plots of shear stress versus linear displacement sometimes slope upward due to increased friction as a result of sample extrusion and settlement of the top platen. It is concluded that the pre-shearing test procedure with multi-stage loading is best suited for low to moderate, effective normal stresses (<250 kPa). Based on the test results, the residual friction angle for shales from the Gemas Formation is between 27o and 28o. Keywords: Gemas Formation, shale, ring shear tests, residual friction angle INTRODUCTION Privett, 1985). Hawkins & Privett (1985) have shown that In the case of most landslides, the formation of a shear for remoulded samples, similar results can be obtained zone or shear surface involves disruption of an existing using the Bromhead apparatus as that obtained using the fabric and its replacement by a fabric dominated by the conventional reversal shear box. effects of shear (Bromhead, 1986). This alteration of The Bromhead ring shear apparatus allows testing of the fabric results in a decrease in the strength properties an annular sample, some 5 mm thick with inner and outer of earth materials. The shear strength with the original diameters of 70 and 100 mm, respectively that is confined material fabric is known as the “peak strength”, and the radially between concentric rings (Bromhead, 1979). The strength under large shear deformation is known as the sample is compressed vertically between porous bronze “residual strength” (or also sometimes called the ultimate loading platens by means of a counter balanced 10:1 ratio or large deformation strength) (Bromhead, 1986). lever loading system. A rotation is then imparted to the The shear box has been widely used to obtain the base plate and lower platen by means of a variable speed peak shear strength parameters of soil and, has in more motor and gearbox driving through a worm drive. This recent years been modified to determine the residual causes the sample to shear close to the upper platen which strength by continual forward and reverse shearing of a is artificially roughened to prevent slip at the platen/soil sample. The ring shear apparatus developed by Bishop interface (Wykeham Farrance, 1988). Settlement of the et al. (1971) allows a continuous shearing of sample in upper platen during consolidation or shear can be monitored one direction as does the less sophisticated Bromhead using dial gauge mounted on top of the load hanger. ring shear apparatus which has become more widespread In a comprehensive literature review, Rigo et al. in use for it is relatively easier to operate. Test results (2006) noted that the residual strength of transported soils obtained using the Bromhead apparatus, however, have and soils resulting from weathering of sedimentary rocks been treated with some reservation by practicing engineers is extensively described in the geotechnical literature on the grounds that the determined residual friction with well-known examples being the over-consolidated angles are under-estimates of the true values (Hawkins & clays, clays and clay shales of northern Europe and North ISSN 0126–5539; e-ISSN 2682-7549 Warta Geologi, Vol. 46, No. 3, December 2020, pp. 179–185 J. K. Raj America. Rigo et al. (2006) also noted that there is a are exposed (Figure 1). Three samples were collected at significant lack of published data on the residual strength different depths along a single thick shale bed at the cut to of soils in tropical areas. determine the residual shear strength of fresh and bleached In Peninsular Malaysia, there is limited published data shale. Samples A and B of fresh, dark grey shale were on the residual shear strength of both fresh and weathered collected at 18 m and 15 m depths, whilst sample C of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. The shear strength bleached shale was collected at a depth of 11 m (Plate 1). of mudstones from the Triassic Semanggol Formation at the Muda Dam in Kedah State was reported to be close to the residual value with a good correlation between field and laboratory determined residual friction angles (φr) of 17.5o to 19o (James, 1969). Field and laboratory shear tests on undisturbed and remoulded samples of sheared mudstones from the Muda Dam were also reported to yield a residual friction angle of 18o, whilst peak shear strengths were more variable (Clarke et al., 1970). In Singapore, o a basic friction angle (φb) of 32 has been determined from portable shear box tests on rough sawn, sandstone blocks from the Triassic Jurong Formation (Pitts, 1988). Soil shear box tests along a pre-cut surface in weathered graphitic-quartz-mica schist under low normal stresses (<10 kPa) and limited displacements have yielded a residual friction angle of 26.5o (Raj, 1988). Bromhead ring shear tests on the weathered graphitic-quartz-mica schist furthermore, have been shown to be only reliable for low normal stresses (<150 kPa), yielding residual friction angles of 24.7o to 25.8o (Raj, 2019). In this short note are presented the results of laboratory tests carried out with the Bromhead ring shear apparatus to determine the residual shear strength of fresh and bleached shale exposed at a slope cut close to Air Hitam in Johore state. METHODOLOGY Slope cuts for the construction of the North-South Expressway in Peninsular Malaysia have led to several exposures of completely to slightly weathered, and fresh bedrock.
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