Translation Strategies of Untranslatable Cultural

TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF UNTRANSLATABLE CULTURAL

TERMS IN SITI NURBAYA INTO A LOVE UNREALIZED

A THESIS

MUSFIRA ZULFA

REG. NO. 140705024

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, MUSFIRA ZULFA DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

Date :December 19, 2018

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NAME : MUSFIRA ZULFA

TITLE OF THESIS :TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF UNTRANSLATABLE CULTURAL TERMS IN SITI NURBAYA INTO A LOVE UNREALIZED

QUALIFICATION :S1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

Date : December 19, 2018

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Bismillahirahmannirahim,

First of all, I would like to thank Allah SWT for the blessing, mercy and charity in my whole life, especially in accomplishing this thesis entitled “The Untranslatability

Of Cultural Terms And The Strategies Applied To Cope With The Problem.Shalawat and salam are presented to the Prophet Muhammad SAW.

Her deepest appreciation goes to her family, especially my beloved father,

Zulhamzah, for all the best things he always gives to her. He is the greatest leader in the family who is full of rules and was very strict and was angry but understand as. I would like to thank you in the morning my beloved mother, Khairiah Budiarty, for her love, prayer and support whenever and wherever I am, the best counselor, true listener.

The first sincere gratitude is given to Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S the Dean of

Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara as well as the members of administration for their valuable help throughout her academic years.

Her next gratitude goes to Prof. T .Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D. as the Head of

English Department and Secretary of English Department Rahmadsyah Rangkuti M.A,

Ph.D And also to all her lecturers in English Department who have taught and gaven her inspiration during this study.

I would also like to thank my supervisors Prof. Dr. Syahron Lubis M.A and Dr.

Drs. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans., M. Hum.s as my co-supervisor for their support, encouragement and, beneficial advice to finish this thesis.I would like to give much

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appreciation to Mr. Sukirno (Bang Kibot) as the admin staff of English Department for his useful help.

I would also like to thanks her two dear sisters, the first Mastura Fani A.md who always inspired me to complete my thesis. my second sister Mustika Indah, SM who never stop asking about my thesis, to finish my thesis as soon as possible and always remind me to study hard to be successful, always loyal to accompany me, the place to complain at any time, most understood, like a sister like mother.

Thanks to Delfi Ulan Dari S.AP and Ayunota Maitary Amd best friend who always full support whatever happened to me, most understanding, which helped me a lot in completing this thesis.The gratitude goes to her best motivator, inspirator and

‘provocateur’, thank you so much for being such a good friends that always there for me.

She is really grateful to have them in my life.

The writer also thank all of her 2014 SASING A friends, especially Noni and the gang Noni Fitriani, Enda Fitria, Dewi Ayuni Barus, Karima Nst, Yulia Nanda Putri and

Friends Secret of IMSI’s.

I would like especially grateful to the PBB corporation. Thanks for your understanding and encouragement of many precious moments, who used to entertain when she was sad, a place to laugh happily especially to her friends Muhammad Reza,

Randa M Gufta, Azy Sunarnoridhoni, M. Raja Eko SP, Ridho Ramadhan Daulay,

Bembeng Satria, Heriansyah Kamil Amd, Muhammad Firzan, Febri Yusman,

Myowanda Syahputra. Thanks to Putri Ajeng Laras Sari S.AB who once lived together

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in a foreign city. I would thank you to Aina Apriani Nasryah, SM behavior like own sister.

Finally, I would like to thank everybody who is important to the success of this research. This research is far from being perfect, but it is expected that it will be useful for all the readers. Therefore, the constructive thoughtfullsuggestions and criticsm are welcomed.

Medan, Novemberth,2018 The Writer

MUSFIRA ZULFA Reg. No.140705024

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ABSRACT

The title of this thesis is The Untranslatability Of Cultural Terms And The Strategies Applied To Cope With TheProblem. The research focuses on the analysis of cultural terms and strategies, that is, cultural terms and strategies used in translating the culturally untranslatable words found in the novel SitiNurbaya by MarahRusli: which is translatedtoA LoveUnrealised by A George Fowler. Thequalitative method was used to do the research. The analysis was done by reading the source language and target language, marking the culturally untranslatable words, The objectives of the study are: (1) to find out the translations of cultural terms in the novel SitiNurbaya, (2) to find out the translation strategies used in the translation of cultural terms found in the novel.Selectingand analyzing them based on Newmark’stheory : ecology, material culture, social culture, social organization, gesture and habits. Theoryabout culture- specific then classified them into cultural words catagories and on Baker’s theoryused to strategies of translation. The strategies of translation and cultural categories of cultural terms are the main discussion of this thesis. There are three categories found in translating the novel and there are five strategies found in translating the cultural terms. The research reveals that there are 29 selected cultural untranslatability words in the novel. First, In culture word catagories, It can be concluded that as follow: eleven cultural material culture, thirteen social culture, five organization. The second, strategies in cultural terms : only one strategies translation by general words, nine translation by cultural substitution, eight translation by using a loan word plus explanation, four translation by praphrase using related words, and six translation by illustration.

Keywords: Untranslatable, Cultural Terms, Translation Strategies

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ABSTRAK

Judul skripsi ini adalah The Untranslatability Of Cultural Terms And The Strategies Applied To Cope With The Problem. Penelitian ini berfokus pada analisis, yaitu istilah budaya dan strategi yang digunakan dalam menerjemahkan kata-kata budaya yang tidak dapat diterjemahkan yang ditemukan dalam novel Siti Nurbaya oleh Marah Rusli: yang diterjemahkan ke A Love Unrealized oleh A George Fowler. Metode kualitatif digunakan untuk melakukan penelitian. Analisis dilakukan dengan membaca bahasa sumber dan bahasa target, menandai kata-kata budaya yang tidak dapat diterjemahkan, Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) untuk mengetahui terjemahan istilah budaya dalam novel Siti Nurbaya, (2) untuk mengetahui strategi penerjemahan yang digunakan dalam penerjemahan istilah-istilah budaya yang ditemukan dalam novel. Memilih dan menganalisisnya berdasarkan teori Newmark (1) ekologi, (2) budaya material, (3) budaya sosial, (4) organisasi sosial, (5) isyarat dan kebiasaan. Teori tentang budaya- spesifik kemudian mengklasifikasikannya ke dalam kategori kata-kata budaya dan pada teori Baker digunakan untuk strategi penerjemahan. Strategi penerjemahan dan kategori budaya, istilah budaya adalah diskusi utama dari tesis ini. Ada empat kategori yang ditemukan dalam menerjemahkan novel dan ada tujuh strategi yang ditemukan dalam menerjemahkan istilah budaya. Penelitian ini mengungkap bahwa ada 29 kata-kata untranslabel budaya yang dipilih dalam novel. Pertama, Dalam katagori kata budaya, dapat disimpulkan bahwa sebagai berikut:sebelas kata budaya material budaya, tiga belas budaya sosial, danlima kata organisasi. Yang kedua, strategi dalam hal budaya; hanya satu strategi penerjemahan dengan kata-kata umum, sembilan terjemahan oleh substitusi budaya, delapan terjemahan dengan menggunakan kata pinjaman dengan penjelasan sebelas kata, tiga kata terjemahan dengan menggunakan kata-kata yang berhubungan, dan enam terjemahan oleh ilustrasi.

Kata Kunci : Kata tak terjemahkan, Istilah Budaya, Strategi Penerjemahan

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LIST OF TABLE

Table 4.1.1 Categories Cultural Term ...... 25

Table 4.1.2 : Analyzing the Translation Strategies ...... 38

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... i COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ...... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...... iii ABSTRACT ...... vi ABSTRAK ...... vii LIST OF TABLE ...... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... ix

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background of the Study ...... 1 1.2 Problems of the Study ...... 3 1.3 Objectives of the Study ...... 4 1.4 Scope of the Study ...... 4 1.5 Significances of the Study ...... 4

CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 6 2.1 Translation ...... 6 2.2 Untranslatability ...... 7 2.2.1 Kind of Untranslatability...... 9 2.2.1.1 Linguistic Untranslatability ...... 9 2.2.2.2 Cultural Untranslatability ...... 10 2.3 Cultural Spesific Terms ...... 11 2.3.1 Ecology ...... 11 2.3.2 Material Culture ...... 12 2.3.3 Social Culture ...... 13

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2.3.4 Organizations ...... 13 2.3.5 Gesture and Habits ...... 14 2.4 Translation Strategies ...... 15 2.5 Previous Studies ...... 19

CHAPTER III : METHOD OF THE RESEARCH ...... 22 3.1 Research Method ...... 22 3.2 Data and Source of Data ...... 23 3.3 DataCollecting Procedure ...... 23 3.4 Data Analysis ...... 23

CHAPTER IV : FINDINGAND ANALYSIS ...... 25 4.1Finding ...... 25

4.1.1 Categorizing the Cultural Terms ...... 25

4.1.1.1 Material Culture ...... 26

4.1.1.2 Social Culture ...... 30

4.1.1.3 Organizations ...... 35

4.1.2 Analyzing the Translation Strategies ...... 37

4.1.2.1 Translation by General Word ...... 39

4.1.2.2 Translation by Cultural Subtitution ...... 40

4.1.2.3 Translation by A Loan Word plus Explanation ...... 44

4.1.2.4 Translation by Praprhase Using Related Words ...... 47

4.1.2.5 Translation by Illustration ...... 49

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...... 51 5.1 Conclusion ...... 51

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5.2 Suggestion ...... 52 REFERENCES ...... 53

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Culture consists in patterned ways of thinking, feeling and reacting, acquired and transmitted mainly by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e. historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values.It means that culture has a secrets values that only understood by a groups of society.

As to the notion of culture, according to Tylor, “culture…is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and manyother capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” (1871;1). His definition almost covers every aspect of human’s life and has been the basis of most modern anthropological conceptions of culture. Newmark, from the perspective of a linguist, defines culture as “the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expression” (1988;.94), thus implies that different language groups have diverse culturally specific features which are unique to each group. Translation activity across languages therefore inevitably involves the contact, collision, assimilation or rejection of cultures, as

Hervey and Higgins put that “translating involves not just two languages, but a transfer from one whole culture to another”(2002;.31).

“Differences between cultures cause many more severe complications for the translator than do differences in language structure” (Nida, 2004;.157).In this case, the translator will be find out some Source Text (ST) that are difficult to be translatedinto the Target Text (TT) and actually the translator must be understand

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA well about the related meaning from the ST it self, this case calls Cultural

Untranslatability.

Cultural untranslatability is part of translation problems. According to

Miremadi (1991), translation problems are divided into two main categories: lexical and syntactic problem. Miremadi states that, although words are entities that refer to object or concepts, a word in one language may not be substituted with a word in another language when referring to the a word in another language when referring to the same concepts or objects. It is what he said as lexical translation problem, meanwhile syntactic problems related to the condition when one can find no two languages that have the exact identical system of structural organization (i.e. language structure varies from one language to another).

Chesterman (1997) believes, as quoted by Bergen that the taxonomy of translation strategies can be presented simply. It includes a basic strategy which is: change something. In his statement, Chesterman (1997) does not refer to the replacement of elements in the source text words by their equivalent in the target text; it means that this replacement cannot be the only task of a translator and it is not sufficient. The normal types of changes made by the translators can be classified as: a) The words which are used in the source text. b) The structure of these words. c)

The natural context of the source text. Thus, as Bergen mentioned, according to

Chesterman (1997), local translation strategies can be categorized into semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic changes; each group has its own subcategories.

Dealing with such matter, the writer feels challenged with this scope. In this paper the writer will analize a novel that has a closest relationship with Minang

Kabauculture that is Siti Nurbaya that has been translated into English.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Siti Nurbaya (1922) is the first novel written by Marah Rusli. This novelpotrays social condition especially women Minang Kabau culture during the

Dutch occupation. It highlights relationship between a lovers; Siti Nurbaya and

Syamsul Bahri who loves each other and ends up with separation because of match- making tradition, patriarchy social system and social economic status between them.

As a literary work Siti Nurbaya has unique, rich and profound Minang Kabau cultural characteristics. Thus its translation must involve the translation of those cultural elements which makes it a painstaking task for translators. Exploring the way and the extent to which cultural elements contribute to untranslatability thus becomes the focus of this paper. On the other hand, the writer will distinguish untranslatable cultural words based on their types and the contextual meaning based on the Minang Kabau culture from Siti Nurbaya.

The writer hopes this study will help people to know about the Cultural

Untranslatability itself and the translation strategy that is used by the translator to deal with the translation problem.

1.2 Problems of Study

It is important to make the specification of problems which are going to be analyzed. It helps the writer to avoid the ambiguity of the analysis and get clear description about the object of the analysis itself. So in this study the writer chose some problems to be analyzed. They are:

1. What untranslatable cultural words and compound words are found in

English version of Siti Nurbaya?

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2. What translation strategies are used in translating the untranslatable

cultural words and compound words in Siti Nurbaya?

1.3 Objectives of study

Related to the questions on the problem of the study, this research tries to find out the answer of those questions. They are :

1. To Find out cultural words and compound words which are untranslatable

in Siti Nurbaya.

2. To Find out the translation strategies used by the translator in translating

the untranslatable words and compound words found in English version

of Siti Nurbaya.

1.4 Scope of Study

Related to the problem and the scope of the study, the writer has to limit the scope of study in order to avoid wider analysis. In this study the writer would like to analyze untranslatable words related to cultural terms only in Siti Nurbaya and the translation strategy which is used by the translator in translating the terms, as the analysis data. Scope of the study is necessary in order to make a research to be specific and well managed.

1.5 Significance of Study

The analysis of this paper is expected to be able to give significance for the reader, both theoretical and practical. Theoretically, the significance is to enrich the cultural untranslatable understanding through novel. Practically, it shows the causes of cultural untranslatable, what kind of cultural untransllatability and also looks what

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA is the translation strategies that canused in the same case. Hopefully, this analysis would be useful for the readers to enrich theirknowledge, especially for future students who have interest in this kind of analysis.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Translation

Translation is knowledge that involves language and its complex system.

Moreover, the language and its system are continuously developed, while the development of different languages is indeed different. Translation has always been defined by many ways with different theories and different approaches.

Commonly, one can simply say that translation is an effort to transfer a text or a speech/utterance from one language (Source Language/SL) to another language

(Target Language/TL) according to what is meant by the author or speaker. This thought is in agreement to the definition given by Catford that translation is replacing a textual material in SL by an equivalent textual material in TL.

Catford (1965: 20) defines translation as the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).

In Oxford Advanced Learner´s Dictionary (2000), translation defines as the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language.

Larson (1984:3) said that “Translation is basically a change of form. When we speak of the form of the language, we are referring to the actual words, phrase, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc., which are spoken or written. These forms are referred to as the surface structure of a language. It is the structural part of language which is actually seen in print or heard in speech. In translation the form of source language is replaced by the form of the receptor (target) language.”

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Another translation expert has also asserted a similar explanation about what translation is. Newmark wrote in his book that “rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text” is what he defined as translation. It is important that the TL text canaccommodate the meaning of the SL text, or in other word, the intention of the author. Translators must translate the SL text as close as possible to the TL text, both in term of meaning and intention or purpose of the author, as Nida and Taber state, “translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. There must be shifts in structure and meaning of the text in every translation activity. The translators‟ writing style will also definitely be different to the author‟s. Moreover, it depends on the translators whether the messages were transferred as natural as possible in TL.

Beside them, a French theorist named Dubois seems to have defined the same line of emphasis on meaning and style as written and translated by Bell in his book that

“translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.”

Translation is not simply converting text from one language to another.

Transferring the meaning along with the intention of the author is also included in translation activity. As for that, a translator has a very important role in translational action.

2.2 Untranslatabilty

When translating, the thing that must be concerned is the message from source language into target language. Now, when meeting the word that have not

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA relevant meaning with target language, what should be done. This problem will be encountered by translator and it is called Untranslatability. Catford said that

“Translation fails-or untranslatability occurs – when it is impossible to build functionally relevant features of the situation into the contextual meaning of the TL text. Every language has their pattern and different culture. Translator has hard duty to convey the message of the the text. In this case, translator does not need to transfer into new language because it can decrease the concept of that word.

The Untranslatable words could be found in cultural and linguistic context.

The distinction happen between source and target language. Such as art work, beliefs, religious, and customs. The Diversity of culture, the way of life, teritorial, and environment also affect some people speaking, and language. Different place, different language, culture and the way of life. It makes a gap of among language. As translator, this problem has to be solved by giving additional information of text like endnote, footnote, bodynote and bracket in getting the equivalence expression.

In finding equivalents when translating from SL to TL, a translator faces the problem of untranslatability. In untranslatability term, he or she has problem in finding of equivalent unsure which have no equivalents in target language. (Nababan,

1999:93). Catford’s opinion: “Translation fails – or untranslatability occurs – when it is impossible to build functionally relevant features of the situation into the contextual meaning of the TL text”. There is no language unit in target language that linguistically or culturally have equivalent to source language unit.

Catford (in Depari, 2011) stated that broadly speaking, the cases where this happens fall into two categories, those where the difficulty is linguistic, and those where it is cultural. Further, he devided untranslatability into linguistic

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA untranslatability and cultural untranslatability. According to Catford (in Mansouri,

2005) linguistic untranslatability occurs for “failure to find a TL equivalent is due entirely to differencebetween the source language and the target language” For example, the variation of mad sign in Arabic will be untranslatable in Indonesian linguistic system.

2.2.1 Kind of Untranslatability

Catford (1965) declares that untranslatability is distinguished into two catagories. They are linguistic untranslatability and cultural untranslatablity.

2.2.1.1 Linguistic Untranslatability

In linguistic untanslatability the functionally relevant features include some which are in fact formal features of the language of SL text. If the TL has no formally corresponding features, the text, or the item, is (relatively) untranslatable.

Linguistic untranslatability is caused by the ambiguity that comes two main course, they are polysemy and shared exponence of two or more SL grammatical or lexical items.14 As the explanation above, the linguistic untranslatability occurs is caused by the structural differences.

In his book, (Catford1978:100) describes the circumstance of the linguistic untranslatability, as follow :

“A lexical example might be bank, which is graphological exponent of two distinct lexical item in English. This normally presents no problem in translation; the co-test normally shows whether, for example, for French translation equivalent should be bounque or rive but bank is untranslatable when ambiguity is itself a functionally relevant feature. Here is clear that the reader is expected to relate the graphonological from bank to both the lexical items is expounds. This is impossible in French, where translation equivalent

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA must be either bounque or rive and not both at once; and other untranslatable ambiguities are equally obvious in this text.”

It happens when the target language has no corresponding words, tenses, phonetic or grammatical entities that occur in the source language.

2.2.1.2 Cultural Untranslatablity

Besides untranslatability occurance is caused by the structural differences, there is other situation that could be untranslatability. It is cultural untranslatability.

Catford (1965:99) says“The cultural untranslatability happens when the situtional feature, functionally relevant for the SL text, is completely absent from the culture of which the TL is a part”. So The cultural untranslatability happens when target language does not has any lexical item of source language term because of their cultural differences.

(Catford 1978:98,99) describes the circumstances of cultural untranslatability;

“We have already reffered in passing to a Finnish lexical item which may be untranslatable into English. There may texts in which bath or bathouse would be an adequate translation equivalent. But the Finnish and English institutions are certainly different, and a sauna is not always a separate building – it may be a room in house, hotel, or ship for instance. In this latter case, the obvious English equivalentbathroom would probably be evaluated by any translator in appropriate.”

The statement proved that when the target language and its culture lack a relevant situational feature for the source language text.Certain words have strong concept to explain their shape.

Cultural untranslatability, according to Catford (in Mansouri, 2005) occurs when a situational feature, functionally relevant for the SL text, is completely absent from the culture of which the TL is a part.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA While, Hoed (2006:51) says that theoretically, translation may not be done for the discrepancy of lexical and culture, however, practically it can be done until a certain limit with striving and finding equivalents in target language. This can be done as a result of characteristics of language’s Universality and convergence of cultures in the world. In principle, nothing can be untranslated. Every variety of words and meanings in a source language text can be translated either directly or indirectly in the target language and thus, everything that has meanings is translatable.

Source culture must be introduced to the target reader, but there are cultural barriersthat make it impossible to translate. As a result, it create cultural untranslatability. According to Catford (in Depari, 2011), cultural untranslatability is due to the absence in the TL culture a relevant situational feature for the SL text.

Shortly, cultural untranslatability is that there is no lexical item in target language that have equivalent to source language lexical item.

2.3 Cultural Spesific Terms

According to Newmark (1988:95) there are five categories of cultural specific terms :

2.3.1 Ecology

Environments are different from one area to another. Every language has itsown words to call or name things or natural features in their surroundings. Culturalterms that are included in this category are words related to living organism and all the various aspects of the environments in which they inside. Geographical features can be normally distinguished from other cultural terms in that are usually value – free,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA politically and commercially. Nevertheless, the diffusion depends on the importance of the country of origin as well as the degree of specificity. There are some types of ecology term, they are: Flora, Fauna, Weather, Area.

2.3.2 Material Culture

Material culture is clearly the product of man. Material culture is the externalization or physical manifestation of the interaction of human beings. It includes all the artifacts or material objects. They are food, clothes, house and towns and transports. The artifact reflects the cultural ideas.

Perhaps, the most important relationship between a species and its environment is the process of food acquisition. How a society gets its food has important ramifications for all other aspects of its culture. Food is for many the most sensitive and important expression of national culture; food terms are subject to the widest variety of translation procedures.

Clothes as cultural terms may be sufficiently explained to TL general readers if the generic noun or classifier is added: e.g. ,,shintigin trousers‟ or „basque skirt‟, if the particular is of no interest, the generic word can simply replace it. However, it has to borne in mind that the function of the generic clothes terms is approximately constant, indicating the part of the body that is covered, but the description varies depending on climate and material used.

Clothes as cultural terms may be sufficiently explained for TL general readers if the generic noun or classifier is added. For national customers, they are 9 kept as the original words e.g., sari, kimono, yulaka, kebaya, kaftan, and jubbah. Transport is

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA dominated by American. And the car, a sacred symbol in many countries of sacred private property.

2.3.3 Social culture

Man cannot exist in isolation. We live in society and make interaction.

Society exists in and through social interaction, a human beings react to others and in turn are influenced by them. Social interaction is thus reciprocal and each member governs his behavior in terms of the expectations of others. Each society has its own way to establish social interaction, for example in greeting someone, a person from

10 the different society (especially with different language) has different expressions from other societies although the purpose is the same.

Social culture is the product of social interaction. The groups of people produce customs, ideas, belief, knowledge, attitudes, values, and behavior patterns

(acts) that are handed down from generation to generation. Certain society has certain forms of daily activity, from eating and drinking to propitiating the supernatural powers. In considering social culture one has to distinguish between denotative and connotative problems to translation. There are two types of social culture, work and leisure.

2.3.4 Organization, Customs, Activities, Procedures, Concepts

The political and social life of a country is reflected in its institutional terms.

Where the title of a lead of state or the name of a parliament are transparent, they are easily translated, i.e., President, Prime Minister, and King, Senate. Where the name of a parliament is not readily translatable, i.e., Bundenstag (German Federal 11

Parliament) is often transferred for an educated readership and glossed to a general readership. When a public body has a transparent name, the translation depends on

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the setting. In official document and in serious publication such as textbooks, the title is transferred and where appropriate, literally translated. Informally, it could be translated by a cultural equivalent, e.g. The French Electricity Board or The Postal

Service.

2.3.5 Gestures and Habits

Social interaction is a continuous and reciprocal series of contacts between two or more socialized human beings. These contacts may be physical in the sense that each person does something physically to the other; more often they are symbolic, in the sense that each person exchanges symbolic meanings with the other, in the form of language or other significant gestures. When two person interact, they exchanges meaningful gestures – whether smile, signs, frowns, or yawns, and sometimes a gesture can become a habit.

For “Gesture and Habits”, there is a distinction between description and function which can be made where necessary in ambiguous cases ; thus, if people smile a little when someone dies, do a slow hand – clap to express a warning appreciation, give a thumbs – up to signal OK, all of which occur in some cultures and not in others.

Many societies in different countries have their own way to express their feelings and ideas through gestures. For example in India, people shake their head often while they are speaking, but Indonesian people won‟t do that because it will bring negative result to hearer. In certain society, kissing the finger tips could be mean to greet or to praise, and a slow hand clap to express warm appreciation, etc.

All of these occur in some cultures and not in others.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.4Translation Strategies

Strategies are related to the mechanisms used by translators throughout the translation process to find solution of the problems they find. Strategies are the procedures (conscious or unconscious, verbal nonverbal) used by the translator to solve problems that emerge when carrying out the translation process with a particular objective in mind (Molina & Albir: 2002:449). Strategies open the way to find a suitable solution for a translation unit. The solution will be materialized by using particular strategies. These are the strategies used in translating cultural terms adopted from Baker (1992:18) :

1. Translation by More General Word (superordinate)

The strategy used as the target language does not have the equal equivalence of the source language. It happens since the semantic field of every language may differ.

Here is an example from “Ratatoullie” Film Source text: “Got your toque” Target text: “kudapatkan topimu” Toque is a cap with a full crown and a small rolled brim used by a chef. The translator cannot find the equivalence in Indonesian language, thus the translator uses the general term topi which is the equivalence for hat.

2. Translation by More Neutral/Less Expressive Word

In this strategy, the concept of culture from source language does not have the exact equivalence in target language. Thus, the translator translates the term by using the more general word which has less expressive meaning. It is also happens since

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the translator feels that the translation of expressive word will sound impolite or does not suit to the target reader.

Here is an example from “Ratatoullie” film Source text: “its peasant dish” Target text: “Itu makanan petani”

Peasant refers to uneducated people and has more negative meaning than petani. The translator chooses to translate the term into petani which conveys less expressive meaning to make the expression more polite in target text. Therefore, petani is euphemism for peasant.

3. Translation by Cultural Substitution

In this strategy, the term is replaced with another term in the target language that gives the same effect with the word in the source language. It happens since the translator cannot find the equivalence in the target language or since the target reader is not familiar with the term. Thus, cultural substitution is done to make the reader become easier to understand the translation.

Here is an example from “Ratatoullie” film Source text: one order of steamed pike up Target text: “pesanan ikan asap siap” Pike,

If translated to Bahasa is “tombak”, but in this context, pike is one kind of fish.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4. Translation Using a Loan Word or Loan Word Plus Explanation

In this strategy, the cultural terms are not translated or the translation still uses the source language‟s term. It happens since the translator finds difficulty to translate the cultural terms or the translator cannot find the equivalence in the target language.

The loan word sometimes comes with an explanation to make the readers fully understand the term.

Here is an example from “Ratatoullie” film: Source text: “Compose the salad like you were painting a picture” Target text: “susun saladnya seperti kalian sedang melukis gambar”

Salad is common used in Indonesia, and there are no equivalence word in

Bahasa. The translator borrows the word to make it more efficient and understandable.

5. Translation by Paraphrase Using a Related Word

In this strategy, the term is paraphrased in the target language in the different form Here is an example from “Rattatoulie” film

Target text: after you put his head in the duck press to squeeze the fat out Source text: “setelah kau masukkan dia ke mesin peras bebek untuk keluarkan lemak dari kepalanya” Duck press is a machine to squeeze a duck in order to make the fat out from the head. The translator paraphrase “duck press” to “mesin peras bebek”.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 6. Translation by Paraphrase using Unrelated Words

In this strategy, the term is paraphrased but without using its related word.

The term is unpacked in the target language so the audience will get the message.

Here is an example from “Rattatoulie” film : Source text: “can I interest you in a dessert this evening?” Target text: “bisa kubuat anda tertarik hidangan pencuci mulut malam ini?”

There are no equivalence word with dessert in Bahasa, so the translator paraphrase it using unrelated word to make the sentence understandable.

7. Translation by Omission

The strategy may be applied when the word translated does not change the message transferred. It may also happen since the word may distract the reader with long and repeated explanation.

Here is an example from “Ratatoulie” film: Source text: Brizzled with snail porridge, Douglas fir puree, beetroot mousse and pollen, dride white fungus? Target text: Sari mawar, telur kepiting dan jamur putih kering?

In this sentence, the phrase “snail porridge” is omitted. The translator may assume that the phrase is not vital enough to the development of the story.

Nevertheless, the researcher assumes that the translation should occur. The researcher also finds that the phrase has the equivalence in the target language. The phrase “snail porridge” can be translated into “bubur siput” in the target language.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 8. Translation by Illustration

This strategy is applied when the target language may lack of understanding of certain objects coming from SL. An illustration can give better understanding to the TL better than paraphrasing it.

Here is an example from “Negeri Lima Menara” Film: Source text: “….karapan sapi ….” Target text: “….karapan sapi, the famous bull race in Madura….”

Besides borrowing the word “karapan sapi”, the translator gives an illustration about the karapan sapi itself. This would be helpful for the readers to understand the meaning of karapan sapi.

2.5 Previous Studies

Wahyudi in her thesis “Cultural Untranslatability: Words in The Novel and The

Mountains Echoed by Khaled” analyzed the translation by reading the source language and target language, marking the cultural untranslatability words, selecting and analyzing them based on Benny Hoed’s theory about translation method, then classified them into cultural words catagories. research reveals that there are 19 selected cultural untranslatability words in the novel. It can be concluded that as follow: first, ten cultural words translated by using exotic method (this method choose to let element of source language culture into target language), second, four cultural untranslatability words translated by loan cultural method. (loan cultural if there is no word in indonesia culture, sometimes loan also is conducted with giving the additional information about word. The borrowing a whole concept and culture from source language is the core of loan cultural words. From the analysis, it is found

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA that the exotic method is the most dominant in translation of cultural untranslatability words. In culture word catagories, it can be concluded as follows : nine material culture, six social culture, two social organization, and two ecology.

Kristiano’s thesis “Untranslatability in Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk” research about criterion of cultural terms causing untranslatability in the translation. The data were analyzed applying Baker‟s and Nida‟s theory on untranslatability Based on the analysis, it was identified seven factors of untranslatability, those are cultural specific concept, the source and the target languages make different distinctions in meaning, the source language word is semantically complex, the target language lacks a specific term (hyponym), social and culture issues, material culture issues and problem of ecology. The result of data is found 100 cultural terms that has problem of untranslatability. The research in this thesis have same problems found in a film, not only on novel.

Idrus in her thesis “An Analysis of the Translation of Cultural Terms in the

Subtitling of “Memoirs of a Geisha” Movie” analyzed the strategies and the categories of the cultural terms and found some conclusions that there are fifteen cultural terms in the subtitling of “Memoirs of a Geisha” movie that translator cannot translate them directly because the fifteen cultural terms in the subtitling of

“Memoirs of a Geisha” movie are Japanese culture terms. Therefore, the translator uses some strategies in translating the cultural terms in the subtitling of “Memoirs of a Geisha” movie.

In translation, there are eight strategies in translating the cultural terms, but in this thesis, the translator only use three strategies in translating the cultural terms, they are translation using loan words in the source text, translation by cultural

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA substitution and translation using a loan word or loan words plus explanation. The research in this thesis uses the same strategies and find different result.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

3.1 Research Method

The method that is used to analyze the data of Siti Nurbaya is library research and qualitative research methods. Library research is an activity in collecting the data by visiting the library, collecting the sources data that related to the object of research, learning and quoting the data from the books, documents, journals, and internet as well. In other words, this research does not do research in a field. Its scope is broader than just a field.

Descriptive qualitative research is a research procedure that produces descriptive data such as words, notes that related to the meaning, value, and definition according to Bodgan and Taylor (1975:5). This research does not need any calculation in the process. It does not emphasize on the quantum or amount, so it more emphasis on quality in terms of natural because it involves understanding, concepts, values, and characteristics inherent to the object of other research.

According to Fraenkel (1993), descriptive method is a method used to explain, analyze and classify something through various techniques such as text analysis, and questionnaire. This method is considered relevant because this research involves data classification, data analysis, and the explanation about the translation strategies used to translate the culture specific terms.

The purpose of this research is to know the translation of cultural untranslatable words/compound words in English version of Siti Nurbaya by Marah Rusli through

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA finding out the translation techniques used. It means that the data derived from novels gathered by definition of cultural untranslatability.

3.2 Data and Resources Data

The resource data of this research is the untranslatable words/compound word found in English version of Kasih Tak Sampai by Marah Rusli. This Siti Nurbaya novel was published in 1922 and the English version is Love Unrealized, that is translated by George A. Fowller.

3.3 Data Collecting Procedure

In collecting the data, there are several steps to take. Firstly, the writer reads the novels to gather untranslatable cultural bound words/compound words in English version of Kasih Tak Sampai. Secondly, the study involves gathering data from related books, journals and articles related to Cultural Untranslatability. Then thirdly, the writer make an inventory all cultural words/phrases in Kasih Tak Sampai, and grouping them to their types. Finally all the collected data will be selected and organized accordance to its use to carry on with further analysis.

3.4 Data Analysis

Data Analysis Method

The analysis of the data was based on these following steps:

1. Classifying the identified Indonesian culture-specific terms into five groups based on Newmark’s theory; (1) ecology, (2) social organization, (3) social culture, (4) material culture, (5) gesture and habits.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2. After the culture-specific terms were categorized, each category was presented in the form of a table. The left column is for the source language, which is the novel of the original dialogue in Bahasa, and the right is for the target language, which is the English version.

3. Identifying the strategy used to translate the cultural specific terms based on Baker’s Theory.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER IV

FINDING AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Finding

In this thesis, there are two problems to be analyzed in the novel of “Siti

Nurbaya”. The first problem is the cultural terms found in translatingthe novel. A table of cultural term found and the meaning was made. The second problem is the translation strategies in translating in the Novel. After analyzing the data, there are four categories found in translating the novel of “Siti Nurbaya” they are :

4.1.1 Categorizing the Cultural Terms

According to Newmark (1988:95) there are five categories of cultural specific terms they are ecology (flora, fauna, winds, plains, and hills), Material Cullture

(artefacts), Social Culture (work and leisure), Organization (custom, activities, procedures, concepts) and Gesture and Habits. In this novel, only four out of five categories above was found.

After analyzing the data, there are four categories found in translating cultural term of “Siti Nurbaya”

Tabel 4.1.1 Categories Cultural Term

No Material Culture Sosial Culture Organization

1 Sarong Mamanda Company

2 Kebaya Datuk Ontrgroening

3 Ketuk-ketuk Mamak Paderi

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4 Keris Penghulu Belasting

5 Keroncong Sutan Marsose

6 Srikaya Syeikh -

7 Nifah Tuan -

8 Wajik Hulubalang -

9 Lemang Tuanku -

10 Kelewang Teuku -

11 Salak Mas -

12 - Fakir -

13 - Pantun -

4.1.1.1 Material culture

There are eleventerms related to Material Culture found in the novel, they are:

1. Soure text : Sedang di antara baju dan celana kelihatan sarungnya

Target text : a sarong was fastened around his waist

Sarong is Material culture, specifically clothes. In this Sarung of black

Bugisnese. Sarung is a large tube or length of fabric, often wrapped around the waist, worn in South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and on many Pacific islands. The fabric often has woven plaid or checkered patterns, or may be brightly colored by means of batik or ikat dyeing. Many modern sarong have printed designs, often depicting animals or plants. Different types of sarongs are worn in different places in the world, notably, the lungi in India and the izaar in the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Arabian Peninsula. There is traditional clothes in ireland similar with sarung called kilt, but have different purpose. In Indonesia, sarong identic with old people and religious activities.

2. Source Text : Memakai Baju Kebaya panjang dari Cela hitam

Target Text : Wearing a long Kebaya blouse made from black cela fabric.

Kebaya is Material culture, specifically clothes. Kebaya is an outfit that is most associated with the women. Kebaya is believed to have developed from the Malay long dress, which comprises a knee-length tunic worn over a batik sarong (printed tube skirt). Instead of a long tunic, kebaya is a tighter-fitting sheer embroidered blouse that is traditionally paired with a batik sarong. In some part of Indonesia,

Kebaya has their own characteristic in each area. There are some countries which are located in northern part of Indonesia archipelago that are familiar and use this costume. In the other words this fashion there are many areas that affected by the regional Arab and Portuguese expansion language may lack of understanding of certain objects coming from SL. An illustration can give better understanding to the

TL better than paraphrasing it.

3. Source Text : Kedengaranlah dari jauh ketuk-ketuk berbunyi

Target Text : The distant sound of a ketuk-ketuk

Thisis material culture in specific is percussion. Ketuk-ketuk is a wooden or bamboo cylinder with holes rapped with a stick to summon villagers to prayer or in an emergency. This is a large wooden cylinder used as an alarm.

4. Source Text : dan bawalah keris pusaka Ayah

Target Text : and take Father’s Kris with you

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA This is material culture, specific noun. Kris the famed traditional knif like stabbing weapon throughout the Malay world. While some krises had a straight blade, more typically (and famously) the blades wa wavy. The forging of fine blades was the work of master craftsmen who were belived to invest this weapon with magical powers and propertis. The ownership of a kris was an indispensable accoutrement of an aristocrat, and at least one was worn daily. It treasured as a family heirloom and passed down through the generations.

5. Source Text : sesungguhnya lagu keroncong

Target Text : in the truth keroncong song

Keroncong is a small instrument resembling the ukulele. Keroncong also refers to a sweet-sounding and highly syncopated type of string-band music thet seems to have origianatedin eastern Indonesia from old Portuguese tunes and futher developed in Batavia’s creole society from the 18th century onwards.

6. Source Text : terutama kue spekuk, kue koneng, kue tar, bolu, serikaya,

sus dan lainnya

Target Text : especially, spiced layer cakes, yellow cakes, tarts, steamed,

srikaya cake, cream puff and such

Srikaya a delicious jam-like condiment made from eggs, sugar and coconut milk, often speared on toast or bread at breakfast.

7. Source Text : Untuk ayahku buah-buahan sedikit sebagai salak, sawo dan

jeruk

Target Text : I’m sending father some salak, sawo,and citrus

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Salak is material culture, especially food. Salak the fruit of the thorny palm

(Zalacca edulis), famed for its hard “snake-skin” outer peel and surprisingly astringent taste.

8. Source Text : sedang menggulung rokok dan nifah

Target text : sat nearby rolling a nipah leaf cigarette

Nipah trees grow in mangrove forests. nipah is a rare plant that is threatened with extinction. Leave of nipah can be used as roofs of houses, woven walls of houses, and various crafts such as mats, hats and baskets. In ancient times, nipah leaves were also used as writing media.

9. Source Text : berilah wajik itu sebuah!

Target Text : here, have one of these!

Wajik is material culture, especially food. Wajik is a cake of sticky rice grains, coconut milk, and palm sugar, often diamond or rhomboid shaped. Wajik, which is commonly known to the wider community, is a diamond which comes from sticky rice or sticky rice. Wajik ketan is made from steamed glutinous rice and then cooked with a mixture of coconut milk, and sugar until oily and soft. The sugar used in this type of Wajik is usually brown sugar. The brown sugar used will make the diamond become light brown to dark brown. After Wajik is lifted from the place of processing, wajik will then be formed or sliced in accordance with the wishes of the maker. The usual form is rhombus or parallelogram.

10. Source Text : berilah empat buah lemang itu!

Target Text : give me four of those!

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Lemang is material culture, especially food. Lemang is cooking rice into rice using bamboo containers. After the rice is inserted into the bamboo cavity in which is coated with banana leaves and then burned / grilled over a burning flame. Rice that has become rice with bamboo method is called lemang. Lemang is now found in several countries and a number of regions in Indonesia. In its development, the type of rice used varies, mainly local rice such as white rice, brown rice, black rice or pulut rice.

11. Source Text : lagi pula dalam peperangan itu Teuku Putih kena kelewang

serdaduku.

Target Text : in the battle my ownmen had struck Teuku Putih with their

swords

Kelewang is broad-baleded chopping swors, somewhere like bolos and machetes. Mentioned elsewhere in the story are parangs, another kind of sword. kelewang adalah salah satu senjata yang ada di Indonesia. Kelewang is a one-sided machete-style sword from the Malay tribe. In terms of size, weight and shape of the kelangang is midway between machetes and skills. The variety of swords varies according to culture in Indonesia; there are straight-eyed kelewang, but most of them are curved-eyed kelewang. At the end of the pit, it resembled a flowering machete upstream at the bottom to make sure it was not stripped from its grasp when crushed on the enemy.

4.1.1.2 Social Culture

There are tweleve terms related to Social Culture found in the Novel, they are:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 12. Source Text : sedang sembahyang, Mamanda

Target Text : she is praying, uncle

Mamanda is call for someone in MinangKabau. Mamanda is used because in the play, players like Wazir, Minister, and Mangkubumi are called pamanda or mamanda by the King. Mamanda etymologically consists of the word "mama" which means uncle in the Banjar language and "nda" which means honorable. So mamanda means a respectable uncle. That is "greeting" to a respected uncle in a kinship or kinship system.

13. Source Text : itulah rumah Datuk Meringgih

Target Text : this is was the home of Datuk Meringgih

Datuk the common honorific for an elder or non-royal personage of status within a group in many areas of Sumatra. Datuk, in the Minang dialect pronounced

"Datuak", is an indigenous title given to a person through the agreement of a tribe or tribe in the Minangkabau region (West Sumatra) and then approved to the level of traditional meetings by local adat leaders. Before this title is held by someone, it must be done a traditional ceremony. The inheritance of the title Datuk in the

Minangkabau tradition, in contrast to other Malay traditions, can be inherited according to the matrilineal system. If a Datuk dies, the title of Datuk can be given to his brother, or nephew (nephew) who is closest to the kinship relationship of the mother line.

14. Source Text : Hulubalang dan rakyatnya

Target Text : commanders and servant

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Hulubalang were the military nobility of the classical Malay kingdom of

Southeast Asia. In western sources, "Hulubalang" is roughly translated as "warlord",

"commander", "general" or simply "warrior". Hulubalang here, a kind of village official, Hulubalang like a commander, he who leads the village and secures the community in the village.

15. Source Text : mengapa tidak mamaknya yang memajukan anak itu?

Target Text : why his mamak doesn’t take on the responsibility of

educating him?

Mamak in the matrilineal, matrilocal society of the Minangkabau people of West

Sumatra, the off spring of a married couple are primarily the responsibility of the older brother of the wife, the mamak of her offspring.

16. Source text : rupanya Penghulu ini

Target Text : as for the district heads face

Penghulu the name of senior grade or ranking in Padang, West Sumatra, a kind of District Head. Even the head of the Minangkabau is someone who is "one step ahead and elevated in his people". The penghulu in the Minangkabau community has a great responsibility in their people to regulate the children of their nephews specifically and the general nagari community. A prince in Minangkabau is obliged to lead, maintain and protect his people against their nephews, they feel safe and secure. A grandfather or headman has high dignity in the eyes of his nephew's son and the nephew's other children.

17. Source text : Sutan Mahmud inquiured, ignoring his sister’s comments.

Target Text : Tanya Sutan Mahmud pula dengan tiada mengindahkan

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA perkataan saudaranya pula

Sutan a hereditary aristocratic title passed down from father to son in the

Minangkabau society of West Sumatra. Sutan is an aristocratic title descended from father to son in Minangkabau society in West Sumatra. Sutan is a term in Arabic meaning "king", "ruler", "explanation" or "postulate". The Sultan was then used as a designation for the king or Muslim leader, who had a full sovereignty called the

Sultanate. The title of Sultan is usually used as a leader of Muslims for certain countries or regions, or as a king or subordinate governor.

18. Source Text : kelihatan haji, syekh, ulama yang tiada putus-putusnya zikir

dan membaca doa

Target Text : could be seen syeikh, pilgrims and scholars, all off whom

chanted praise to allah while reciting prayers continuously

Syeikh is Designation for an Arab, especially as a descendant of the Propher

Muhammad, or else a native of the Hadramaut region of the Arabian Peninsula, or a simply a religious scholar

19. Source Text : lakukan kewajiban, tuan-tuan!

Target Text : carry out your duties, gentlemen!

Tuan is “Mister”, invariably used in addressing of referring to westernes and other foreign Asians of stature or prestige. Also, “Boss”, “Big Boss”, etc. the district officer referred to here appears to be Sutan Mahmud’s dutch counterpart (and thus to whom sultan Mahmud must defer in key issues).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 20. Source Text : sebagai tuanku – tuanku ketahui

Target Text : as all you know

Tuanku is an honorific, primarily for royalty, but also for religious scholars, in

West Sumatera etc.

21. Source Text : Dalam peperangan itu Teuku Putih kenakelewang serdadu

Target Text : My own men had struck Teuku Putih with their swords

Teuku Putih is a term of social culture. teuku is a noble title for Acehnese men who is still a descendant of Sultan or king or leader (state). Just like other patrilineal cultural traditions, Teuku can be obtained by a boy, when his father also holds the title Teuku. For example Teuku Umar.

22. Source Text : Fakir dan miskin

Target Text : Fakir and the ordinary

Fakir is a person who is very miserable in his life, does not have the assets and energy to fulfill his livelihood. A fakir, or faqir , derived from faqr Arabic: ,

"poverty") is a Sufi Muslim ascetic who has taken vows of poverty and worship, renouncing all relations and possessions. A fakir is thought to be self-sufficient and only possesses the spiritual need for God.Faqirs are characterized by their attachment to dhikr (a practice of repeating the names of God, often performed after prayers).

23. Source Text : jawab Mas dengan senyum

Target Text : Mas replied with a smile

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Masis a respectful general term of address or reference for mostly but not exclusively Javanese males of approxiamately the same age as the speaker, somewhat like “Mister”.

24. Source text : jadi sesungguhnya sebagai dalam pantun

Target text : so, what the pantun says is true

Pantun is four line Malay verse from dating back at least to the 15th century.

Structurally, pantun are usually in ARAB rhyming pattern and consist of two equal parts which are often related in highly allusive and metaphore way.

4.1.1.3 Organizations

There are sixterms related to organization found in the Novel, they are:

25. Source Text : Kompeni akan meminta uang belasting kepada kita

Target Text : Company will want belastingmoney from us soon

Company members have the same goal, and unite to focus their talents and organize their collective skills available to achieve specific and stated goals.Company is throught the colonial period, the Netherlands East Indies governments was casually referred to as “the Company”, a reference to the long-gone

United Dutch East Indies Company.

26. Source Text : Yang di namakan bahasa belanda ontrgroening

Target Text : A traditional called in Dutch, ontgroening

Ontgroening from Dutch, and literally meaning “taking out the greenness”. This is an activity which the senior of a community, could be school, sport team and any other group, made a ritual to initiate the newcomer in their community. In some

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA level, it is just a prank, but in an extreme level, the junior can physycally injured or worst, died.

27. Source Text : melainkan minta tolong Paderi di zaman Paderi

Target Text : but only to defeat the Paderi rebels during that period of our

history

Paderi is The Padri War was a war that took place in West Sumatra and. This war was a war which was initially a result of conflict in religious matters before turning into a war against colonialism. In the war had various treaties, and the Padri

War came from the struggle of the people in the area of West Sumatra

(Minangkabau), the name of the Padri War was taken from the cities in West

Sumatra and various foreign languages to form the name Padri War.

28. Source Text : uang belasting?

Target Text : belasting money?

Belasting is Tax and Customs Administration (Dutch: Belastingdienst) is the tax collection and customs service of the government of the Netherlands. Part of the

Ministry of Finance. The Dutch tax authorities are charged with levying and collecting taxes in the Netherlands. The service is part of the Ministry of Finance.

With the Dutch tax authorities, the Dutch tax authorities are therefore simply referred to as national tax authorities. The Dutch Tax Authorities were founded as an organization.In addition to the government tax service, there are many other tax authorities, such as the municipal tax authorities that deal with the collection and collection of local taxes.

29. Source Text : dekat dengan tiga puluh serdadu Marsose

Target Text : Near Siglie with thirty Marsose

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Marsose, is a military unit formed during the colonial period of the Dutch East

Indies by the KNIL (colonial army) as a tactical response to guerrilla resistance in

Aceh. Marsose is the feared constabulary force formed by the Netherlands Indies government to suppress local rebelions and, ttyical of the Dutch divide and conquer tactics, made up in great number by Ambonese Christians from the eastern part of the archipelago.

4.1.2 Analyzing the Translation Strategies

Strategies are related to the mechanisms used by translators throughout the translation process to find solution of the problems they find. Strategies are the procedures (conscious or unconscious, verbal nonverbal) used by the translator to solve problems that emerge when carrying out the translation process with a particular objective in mind (Molina & Albir: 2002). Strategies open the way to find a suitable solution for a translation unit. The solution will be materialized by using particular strategies. In this novel seven strategies were found to translate the source language to target language.These are the strategies used in translating cultural terms adopted from Baker (1992) :

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA There are five strategies found in translating the cultural terms of “Siti Nurbaya”

Tabel 4.1.2 Analyzing the Translation Strategies

Words

Translation Translation by words general by Translation cultural substitution loan a by Translation using plus word explanation by Translation paraprhase words usingrelated by Translation illustration 1 Kelwang 

2 Mamanda 

3 Teuku 

4 Penghulu 

5 Kompeni 

6 Mas 

7 Sultan 

8 Datuk 

9 Hulubalang 

10 Tuanku 

11 Sarong 

12 Kebaya 

13 Nifah 

14 Pantun 

15 Mamak 

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 16 Keris 

17 Belasting 

18 Ontgroening 

19 Marsose 

20 Fakir 

21 Keroncong 

22 Paderi 

23 Syeikh 

24 Salak 

25 Wajik 

26 Lemang 

27 Ketuk-ketuk 

28 Srikaya 

29 Tuan 

4.1.2.1 Translation by General Word

In this translation strategies, translator tend to use a more general word because the target language is lack of specific term or does not have the equalequivalence of the source language. There is only cultural terms that translated using this strategies.

Source Text : lagi pula dalam peperangan itu Teuku Putih kena kelewang

serdaduku.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Target Text : in the battle my ownmen had struck Teuku Putih with their

Swords

4.1.2.2 Translation by Cultural Substitution

Source Text : sedang sembahyang, Mamanda

Target Text : she is praying,Uncle

Mamanda is call for someone in MinangKabau. Mamanda is used because in the play, players like Wazir, Minister, and Mangkubumi are called pamanda or

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA mamanda by the King. Mamanda etymologically consists of the word "mama" which means uncle in the Banjar language and "nda" which means honorable. So mamanda means a respectable uncle. That is "greeting" to a respected uncle in a kinship or kinship system.

Source Text : Dalam peperangan itu Teuku Putih kenakelewang serdadu

Target Text : My own men had struck Teuku Putih with their swords

Teuku Putih is a social culture. teuku is a noble title for Acehnese men who are still descendants of Sultan or king or leader (state). Just like other patrilineal cultural traditions, Teuku can be obtained by a boy, when his father also holds the title

Teuku. For example Teuku Umar.

Source Text : Hulubalang dan rakyatnya

Target Text : commanders and servant

Hulubalang were the military nobility of the classical Malay kingdom of

Southeast Asia. In western sources, "Hulubalang" is roughly translated as "warlord",

"commander", "general" or simply "warrior". Hulubalang here, a kind of village official, Hulubalang like a commander, he who leads the village and secures the community in the village.

Source text : rupanya Penghulu ini

Target Text : as for the district heads face

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA a great responsibility in their people to regulate the children of their nephews specifically and the general nagari community. A prince in Minangkabau is obliged to lead, maintain and protect his people against their nephews, they feel safe and secure. A grandfather or headman has high dignity in the eyes of his nephew's son and the nephew's other children.

Source Text : Kompeni akan meminta uang belasting kepada kita

Target Text : Company will want belastingmoney from us soon

United Dutch East Indies Company.

Source Text : jawab Mas dengan senyum

Target Text : Mas replied with a smile

Mas is a respectful general term of address or reference for mostly but not exclusively Javanese males of approxiamately the same age as the speaker, somewhat like “Mister”.

Source text : Sutan Mahmud inquiured, ignoring his sister’s comments.

Target Text : Tanya Sutan Mahmud pula dengan tiada mengindahkan

perkataan saudaranya pula

Sutan a hereditary aristocratic title passed down from father to son in the

Minangkabau society of West Sumatra. Sutan is an aristocratic title descended from

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA father to son in Minangkabau society in West Sumatra. Sutan is a term in Arabic meaning "king", "ruler", "explanation" or "postulate". The Sultan was then used as a designation for the king or Muslim leader, who had a full sovereignty called the

Sultanate. The title of Sultan is usually used as a leader of Muslims for certain countries or regions, or as a king or subordinate governor.

Source Text : itulah rumah Datuk Meringgih

Target Text : this is was the home of Datuk Meringgih

Datuk is For general honor for parents or non-kingdoms in group status in many regions of Sumatra. Datuk, in the Minang dialect pronounced "Datuak", is an indigenous title given to someone through tribal agreements in the Minangkabau region (West Sumatra) and then approved for the level of traditional meetings by local adat leaders. Before this title is held by someone, it must be done a traditional ceremony. Inheritance from the title Datuk in the Minangkabau tradition, in contrast to other Malay traditions, can be inherited according to the matrilineal system. If

Datuk dies, the title Datuk can be given to his brother, or niece (nephew) who is closest to the kinship relationship of the mother line.

Source Text : sebagai tuanku – tuanku ketahui

Target Text : as all you know

Tuanku is an honorific, primarily for royalty, but also for religious scholars, in

West Sumatera etc.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.1.2.3 Translation by A Loan Word plus Explanation

This strategy is used since the translator finds difficulty to translate the cultural terms or the translator cannot find the equivalence in the the target language. The loan word sometimes come with explantion to make the readers fully understand them. There are four words found loaned in this film.

Soure text : sedang di antara baju dan celana kelihatan sarung nya Target text : a sarong was fastened around his waist

Sarong is Material culture, specifically clothes. In this Sarung of black

Arabian Peninsula. There is traditional clothes in ireland similar with sarung called kilt, but have different purpose. In Indonesia, sarong identic with old people and religious activities.

Source Text : Memakai Baju Kebaya panjang dari Cela hitam

Target Text : Wearing a long Kebaya blouse made from black cela fabric.

Kebaya is an outfit that is most associated with the women. Kebaya is believed to have developed from the Malay long dress, which comprises a knee-length tunic worn over a batik sarong (printed tube skirt). Instead of a long tunic, kebaya is a tighter-fitting sheer embroidered blouse that is traditionally paired with a batik

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA sarong. In some part of Indonesia, Kebaya has their own characteristic in each area.

There are some countries which are located in northern part of Indonesia archipelago that familiar & use this costume. In the other word this fashion there are many areas that affected by the regional Arab & Portuguese expansion.anguage may lack of understanding of certain objects coming from SL. An illustration can give better understanding to the TL better than paraphrasing it.

Source Text : sedang menggulung rokok dan nifah

Target text : sat nearby rolling a nipah leaf cigarette

Nipah trees grow in mangrove forests. nipah is a rare plant that is threatened with extinction. Leaf nipah can be used to make roofs of houses, woven walls of houses, and various crafts such as mats, hats and baskets. In ancient times, nipah leaves were also used as writing media.

Source text : jadi sesungguhnya sebagai dalam pantun

Target text : so, what the pantun says is true

Pantun is four line Malay verse from dating back at least to the 15th century.

Structurally, pantun are usually in ARAB rhyming pattern and consist of two equal parts which are often related in highly allusive and metaphore way.

Source Text : mengapa tidak mamaknya yang memajukan anak itu?

Target Text : why his mamak doesn’t take on the responsibility of

educating him?

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Mamak in the matrilineal, matrilocal society of the Minangkabau people of West

Sumatra, the off spring of a married couple are primarily the responsibility of the older brother of the wife, the mamak of her offspring.

Source Text : dan bawalah keris pusaka Ayah

Target Text : and take Father’s Kris with you

Kris the famed traditional knif like stabbing weapon throughout the Malay world. While some krises had a straight blade, more typically (and famously) the blades wa wavy. The forging of fine blades was the work of master craftsmen who were belived to invest this weapon with magical powers and propertis. The ownership of a kris was an indispensable accoutrement of an aristocrat, and at least one was worn daily. It treasured as a family heirloom and passed down through the generations.

Source Text : uang belasting?

Target Text : belasting money?

Belasting is Tax and Customs Administration (Dutch: Belastingdienst) is the tax collection and customs service of the government of the Netherlands. Part of the

Ministry of Finance. The Dutch tax authorities are charged with levying and collecting taxes in the Netherlands. The service is part of the Ministry of Finance.

With the Dutch tax authorities, the Dutch tax authorities are therefore simply referred to as national tax authorities. The Dutch Tax Authorities were founded as an organization .In addition to the government tax service, there are many other tax authorities, such as the municipal tax authorities that deal with the collection and collection of local taxes.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Source Text : Yang di namakan bahasa belanda ontrgroening

Target Text : A traditional called in Dutch, ontgroening

Source Text : dekat dengan tiga puluh serdadu Marsose

Target Text : Near Siglie with thirty Marsose

Marsose, is a military unit formed during the colonial period of the Dutch East

Indies by the KNIL (colonial army) as a tactical response to guerrilla resistance in

4.1.2.4 Translation by Parapharase Using Related Words

This strategy is the same of paraphrase using unrelated word, but this one is tento use a related word to translate the phrase.

Source Text : melainkan minta tolong Paderi di zaman Paderi

Target Text : but only to defeat the Paderi rebels during that period of our

history

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Paderi is The Padri War was a war that took place in West Sumatra and. This war was a war which was initially a result of conflict in religious matters before turning into a war against colonialism. In the war had various treaties, and the Padri

War came from the struggle of the people in the area of West Sumatra

(Minangkabau), the name of the Padri War was taken from the cities in West

Sumatra and various foreign languages to form the name Padri War.

Source Text : kelihatan haji, syekh, ulama yang tiada putus-putusnya zikir

dan membaca doa

Target Text : could be seen syeikh, pilgrims and scholars, all off whom

chanted praise to allah while reciting prayers continuously

Syeikh is Designation for an Arab, especially as a descendant of the Propher

Muhammad, or else a native of the Hadramaut region of the Arabian Peninsula, or a simply a religious scholar.

Source Text : Untuk ayahku buah-buahan sedikit sebagai Salak, sawo dan

jeruk

Target Text : I’m sending father some salak, sawo,and citrus

Salak the fruit of the thorny palm (Zalacca edulis), famed for its hard “snake- skin” outer peel and surprisingly astringent taste.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.1.2.5 Translation by Illustration

Source Text : berilah wajik itu sebuah!

Target Text : here, have one of these!

Wajik is a cake of sticky rice grains, coconut milk, and palm sugar, often diamond or rhomboid shaped. Wajik, which is commonly known to the wider community, is a diamond which comes from sticky rice or sticky rice. Wajik ketan is made from steamed glutinous rice and then cooked with a mixture of coconut milk, and sugar until oily and soft. The sugar used in this type of Wajik is usually brown sugar. The brown sugar used will make the diamond become light brown to dark brown. After Wajik is lifted from the place of processing, wajik will then be formed or sliced in accordance with the wishes of the maker. The usual form is rhombus or parallelogram.

Source Text : berilah empat buah lemang itu!

Target Text : give me four of those!

Lemang is cooking rice into rice using bamboo containers. After the rice is inserted into the bamboo cavity in which is coated with banana leaves and then burned / grilled over a burning flame. Rice that has become rice with bamboo method is called lemang. Lemang is now found in several countries and a number of regions in Indonesia. In its development, the type of rice used varies, mainly local rice such as white rice, brown rice, black rice or pulut rice.

Source Text : Kedengaranlah dari jauh ketuk-ketuk berbunyi

Target Text : The distant sound of a ketuk-ketuk

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Ketuk-ketuk is a wooden or bamboo cylinder with holes rapped with a stick to summon villagers to prayer or in an emergency. This is a large wooden cylinder used as an alarm.

Source Text : lakukan kewajiban, tuan-tuan!

Target Text : carry out your duties, gentlemen!

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

Based on the previous analysis, there are 29 cultural terms found based on

Newmark’s theory. They are: eleven cultural terms in material culture, thirteen cultural terms in social culture, and five cultural terms in organization.

There are seven translation strategies found in this study. There is only one word in using general word, nine translation by cultural substitution, eight translation by using a loan word plus explanation, four translation by praphrase using related words, and six translation by illustration.

In this case, if finding the cultural untranslatability words, the translator has to choose whether will be oriented on source language or target language. If the translator chooses to source language emphasis, he just lets the real word into target language to reveal concept of source language culture and create real situation in the books. If the translator chooses target language emphasis, she changes the real word into target language culture to make easier the reader understand the message in the book. The translation culture terms of source language emphasis aim to give a vision of the word concept, so that the reader could be imagined more clearly, moreover also give a new knowledge to readers. The readers not only find out the meaning, but also the history and culture of the word and whole concept based shape, colour size etc.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 5.2 Suggestion

After finding, understanding and analyzing the data, the researcher would like to offer suggestions aimed to next researcher. Based on the result of the research, the researcher addresses some suggestions as follows:

- Forgeneral translator he/she should improve his knowledge about culture between source language and target language because it is very useful in translating text.

- For general translator he/she should understand the theory deeply so that he

could take right data.

Finally, the researcher hopes that this study will be useful for the future improvement in studying the cultural untranslatability words in English Literature

Departement also for the reader who want to do further research of cultural untranslatability.

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