Detecção De Babesia Spp. E De Outros Hemoparasitas Em Cães, Por Técnicas Morfológicas, Serológicas E Moleculares, No Distrito De Lisboa, Portugal

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Detecção De Babesia Spp. E De Outros Hemoparasitas Em Cães, Por Técnicas Morfológicas, Serológicas E Moleculares, No Distrito De Lisboa, Portugal UNIVERSIDADE TÉCNICA DE LISBOA Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária DETECÇÃO DE BABESIA SPP. E DE OUTROS HEMOPARASITAS EM CÃES, POR TÉCNICAS MORFOLÓGICAS, SEROLÓGICAS E MOLECULARES, NO DISTRITO DE LISBOA, PORTUGAL ANA PATRÍCIA DA SILVA CAEIROS CONSTITUIÇÃO DO JÚRI ORIENTADOR Doutor Luís Madeira de Carvalho Doutora Isabel Maria Soares Pereira da Doutora Isabel Maria Soares Pereira da Fonseca de Sampaio Fonseca de Sampaio Doutora Ana Isabel Simões Pereira Duarte CO-ORIENTADOR Dr. Gonçalo Eduardo Vítor Vicente Dr. Gonçalo Eduardo Vítor Vicente 2012 LISBOA ii UNIVERSIDADE TÉCNICA DE LISBOA Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária DETECÇÃO DE BABESIA SPP. E DE OUTROS HEMOPARASITAS EM CÃES, POR TÉCNICAS MORFOLÓGICAS, SEROLÓGICAS E MOLECULARES, NO DISTRITO DE LISBOA, PORTUGAL ANA PATRÍCIA DA SILVA CAEIROS DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO INTEGRADO EM MEDICINA VETERINÁRIA CONSTITUIÇÃO DO JÚRI ORIENTADOR Doutor Luís Madeira de Carvalho Doutora Isabel Maria Soares Pereira da Doutora Isabel Maria Soares Pereira da Fonseca de Sampaio Fonseca de Sampaio Doutora Ana Isabel Simões Pereira CO-ORIENTADOR Duarte Dr. Gonçalo Eduardo Vítor Vicente Dr. Gonçalo Eduardo Vítor Vicente 2012 LISBOA iii À minha avó Augusta v vi AGRADECIMENTOS À minha orientadora, Professora Doutora Isabel Pereira da Fonseca, pelos conhecimentos e ensinamentos, pela força e simpatia e pelo incentivo e orientação imprescindíveis à realização desta dissertação de mestrado. Ao meu co-orientador, Dr. Gonçalo Vicente, pelos ensinamentos, paciência e acompanhamento. Por ensinar-me a crescer profissionalmente e pessoalmente. Nunca irei esquecer o meu primeiro dia de internamento. Ali, mostrou ser um mentor e companheiro incansável e admirável, características, essas, que se mantiveram constantes ao longo do estágio. Ao Professor Doutor Abel Oliva, pela pronta aceitação e orientação, indispensáveis à execução desta dissertação de mestrado. À Professora Doutora Ana Duarte, pela ajuda fundamental, pela paciência e simpatia e pela rápida disponibilidade com que colaborou neste projecto. À Joana Campos, por ter sido insubstituível. Sem ti, este trabalho não teria sido possível. À Drª. Patrícia Cabral, por acolher-me tão prontamente e de braços abertos, pela amizade, ensinamentos e dedicação. À Carolina e à Ana, por fazerem-me sentir em casa e pela sempre boa disposição. À Drª. Lídia Gomes, pelos ensinamentos, ajuda e conversas da hora de almoço. À Cátia, pela simpatia que parece nunca esgotar. Ao Dr. Telmo Nunes, pela disponibilidade e pela ajuda no tratamento dos dados. À bibliotecária Drª. Elisa Luz, sempre pronta em procurar mais um artigo. Aos meus pais, porque sem eles, eu não era a pessoa que sou hoje. Pelo amor, pelo carinho, pelo respeito, pelos ensinamentos, pelo entendimento, pelo apoio, pelas conversas, pelos conselhos, pelo exemplo que são. Por tudo. À minha avó Maria, por embalar-me o sono desde pequenina, e pela simplicidade que me ensina todos os dias. Ao meu avô Belmiro, por todo o amor. À minha avó Augusta, pela vii pessoa que é. Para mim, és O exemplo de força e união, e a minha vida não faz sentido sem a tua presença, porque a família, a família é feita de muito mais do que só o sangue. Ao meu irmão, por tudo o que significa para mim, pelo amparo ao longo da vida, pela paciência, por todos os risos, por todo o amor, e por ser um exemplo de excelência a seguir. Ao João Tiago, o irmão que eu tenho o prazer de ter encontrado pelos caminhos da vida, por toda a cumplicidade, por ser único e um amigo sem igual e por tudo o que já ultrapassámos juntos. Aos amigos, que sinto a serem de sempre, e com quem sou exactamente quem devo ser. Ao João Martins, pelo entendimento num só olhar e por uma amizade incondicional e intemporal. À Ana Paula e à Marta Faria, porque a nossa compreensão e união ultrapassam tudo e todos. À Joana Nabais, Sara Nabais, Tiago Gonçalves, Joana Pita, Fabiana Couto, Sílvia Cruz e Juliana Carreira, pelos anos de faculdade, que, em conjunto, vivemos de forma inesquecível, e pela amizade, carinho, apoio, cumplicidade e companheirismo que ainda hoje nos caracterizam. Ao João, por ser a amizade mais distante em quilómetros, mas ainda assim, por ser a pessoa que é. A todos. E naquele tempo vivido e perdido no tempo, aprendemos. Aprendemos, que no seu devido tempo, tudo é perfeito. viii RESUMO DETECÇÃO DE BABESIA SPP. E DE OUTROS HEMOPARASITAS EM CÃES, POR TÉCNICAS MORFOLÓGICAS, SEROLÓGICAS E MOLECULARES, NO DISTRITO DE LISBOA, PORTUGAL As doenças caninas transmitidas por vectores (DCTV), pela sua enorme proliferação, são um problema de importância crescente no mundo nos últimos anos. A babesiose canina é uma das doenças com consequências clínicas mais graves, pelo que tem uma relevância acrescida nas diversas áreas geográficas por onde está distribuída. A informação sobre a babesiose em Portugal é escassa, em particular as espécies de Babesia causadoras de doença, assim como a prevalência molecular destes parasitas. A detecção de outros hemoparasitas que causam as DCTV é também importante, pois é comum a ocorrência de co-infecções, já que alguns desses agentes são transmitidos pelo mesmo vector, ou por diferentes vectores infectados com um único agente. Este trabalho foi elaborado com o intuito de detectar em duas populações caninas, cães residentes em canis e cães que se apresentaram à consulta num hospital veterinário, diferentes hemoparasitas, em particular Babesia canis, Babesia vogeli, Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum e Rickettsia conorii, através de esfregaços sanguíneos, imunofluorescência indirecta (IFI), PCR quantitativa em tempo real (qPCR) e PCR convencional (cPCR) das amostras positivas a qPCR. A pesquisa por esfregaço sanguíneo revelou uma prevalência de 0% para Babesia spp., Ehrlichia spp. e Anaplasma spp.. Contudo, foi possível detectar a presença de Hepatozoon spp. em 2 cães (prevalência de 2,5%), morfologicamente semelhante a Hepatozoon canis. Relativamente à detecção por IFI, as seroprevalências para B. canis/B. vogeli/B. rossi, E. canis, A. phagocytophilum e R. conorii foram 17,5%, 4,8%, 18,7% e 55%, respectivamente. A técnica de qPCR permitiu a detecção de Babesia spp., Ehrlichia spp./Anaplasma spp. e Rickettsia spp., com prevalências de 42,5%, 20% e 0%, respectivamente. Por fim, a técnica de cPCR foi realizada apenas para as amostras positivas a Babesia spp., de modo a identificar as espécies de Babesia que, em Lisboa, infectam o cão. Porém, foram apenas obtidas bandas positivas para 8,8% dessas amostras que, por sequenciação, revelaram ser a espécie Hepatozoon canis. Uma dessas amostras sequenciadas pertencia a um dos animais que tinha sido positivo a Hepatozoon spp. por esfregaço sanguíneo, pelo que se submeteu também a amostra do outro animal positivo a Hepatozoon spp. por esfregaço sanguíneo ao método de cPCR, seguido de sequenciação. A análise BLAST dessa sequência revelou igualmente a presença de H. canis. Palavras-chave: Cães, DCTV, Babesia spp., Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Rickettsia spp., esfregaços sanguíneos, IFI, qPCR, cPCR. ix x ABSTRACT DETECTION OF BABESIA SPP. AND OTHER HEMOPARASITES IN DOGS, USING MORPHOLOGICAL, SEROLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES, IN THE DISTRICT OF LISBON, PORTUGAL In recent years canine vector-borne diseases (CVBD) are an issue of growing importance due to its enormous proliferation in the world. Canine babesiosis is a CVBD with severe clinical consequences, and as so, it is more relevant in the various geographic areas in which it is distributed. Information on babesiosis in Portugal is scarce, especially the Babesia species causing disease, as well as the molecular prevalence of these parasites. Detection of other hemoparasites causing CVBD is also important, since it is common the occurrences of co-infections as some of these pathogens are transmitted by the same vector, or by different vectors infected with a single agent. This work aimed to detect various hemoparasites, particularly Babesia canis, Babesia vogeli, Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Rickettsia conorii via blood smears, indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and conventional PCR (cPCR) of the positive samples to qPCR, in two dog populations: dogs living in kennels and dogs who were presented to a consultation in a veterinary hospital. Research by blood smear revealed a prevalence of 0% for Babesia spp., Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp. However, it was possible to detect Hepatozoon spp. morphologically similar to Hepatozoon canis in 2 dogs (prevalence of 2,5%). Regarding IFAT, B. canis/B. vogeli/B. rossi, E. canis, A. phagocytophilum and R. conorii seroprevalences were 17,5%, 4,8%, 18,7% and 55%, respectively. qPCR allowed the detection of Babesia spp., Ehrlichia spp./Anaplasma spp. and Rickettsia spp., with prevalences of 42,5%, 20% and 0%, respectively. Finally, cPCR was performed merely for positive samples to Babesia spp. in order to identify which Babesia species infect dogs in Lisbon. However, positive bands were only obtained for 8,8% of those samples and by sequencing, the species identified was Hepatozoon canis. Because one of these sequenced samples belonged to an animal that was positive to Hepatozoon spp. by blood smear, the sample of the other positive animal to Hepatozoon spp. by blood smear was also submitted to cPCR, followed by sequencing. BLAST analysis of this sequence also revealed the presence of H. canis. Keywords: Dogs, CVBD, Babesia spp., Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Rickettsia spp., blood smears, IFAT, qPCR, cPCR. xi xii Índice Geral AGRADECIMENTOS
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