depth recorded in feet. feet. in recorded depth meters. -6 to -5 from range depths Deep Joyce Strain, data analysis assistance from Paul Anderson and Jake Spracher. Jake and Anderson Paul from assistance analysis data Strain, Joyce

The transducers returning echo is shown with with shown is echo returning transducers The meters. -3 to -1 from range depths Shallow areas. , , Hiza Ben Powell, Chris assistants teaching Dobbs, Fred Dr. professor OEAS thank to like would I

Tracklines collected from side scan sonar. sonar. scan side from collected Tracklines sectional cross of bathymetry Three-dimensional

west and east side of Granby Street Bridge. Bridge. Street Granby of side east and west

cross section 3 is at a bend in the lower part of the river, and cross section 4 and 5 are on the the on are 5 and 4 section cross and river, the of part lower the in bend a at is 3 section cross

long transect in the channel, cross section 2 is located on the east side of Hampton Road Bridge, Bridge, Road Hampton of side east the on located is 2 section cross channel, the in transect long

color ramp shows the distribution of depths of the cross sections in meters. Cross section 1 is the the is 1 section Cross meters. in sections cross the of depths of distribution the shows ramp color

Norfolk Harbor and Elizabeth River focused on the Lafayette River with depths shown in feet. The The feet. in shown depths with River Lafayette the on focused River Elizabeth and Harbor Norfolk Locations of cross sections. The basemap is the NOAA 12253 electronic nautical chart for the the for chart nautical electronic 12253 NOAA the is basemap The sections. cross of Locations

Future work would be to create a bathymetry of the entire area of the Lafayette River River Lafayette the of area entire the of bathymetry a create to be would work Future •

Accuracy is displayed with the three-dimensional bathymetry plots plots bathymetry three-dimensional the with displayed is Accuracy •

Transducer tracks show the array of the depth signal for the cross sectional paths paths sectional cross the for signal depth the of array the show tracks Transducer •

cross section transects transects section cross

Tracklines from the GPS operating systems are similar to the three-dimensional graphs of the the of graphs three-dimensional the to similar are systems operating GPS the from Tracklines •

Correlation between the two techniques so comparison can be observed observed be can comparison so techniques two the between Correlation •

Conclusions

Mathematica to illustrate bathymetry. bathymetry. illustrate to Mathematica the recorded paths from the side scan sonar. sonar. scan side the from paths recorded the

pairs with depth was created in Wolfram Wolfram in created was depth with pairs was created from the paths and compared to to compared and paths the from created was

three-dimensional plot of latitude and longitude longitude and latitude of plot three-dimensional Lafayette River. Three-dimensional bathymetry bathymetry Three-dimensional River. Lafayette

reformatted to analyze and create graphs. A A graphs. create and analyze to reformatted GPS operating system to nautical charts for the the for charts nautical to system operating GPS

Humviewer, the paths were downloaded and and downloaded were paths the Humviewer, between side scan sonar measurements from a a from measurements sonar scan side between

and spaced apart. Using Humminbird software software Humminbird Using apart. spaced and this study is to spatially analyze the relationship relationship the analyze spatially to is study this

at bends, near bridges, in the main channel, channel, main the in bridges, near bends, at elevation above sea level. The primary goal of of goal primary The level. sea above elevation

decided at cross sections in the river that were were that river the in sections cross at decided

show maps topographic while level sea below

coverage. The locations of the paths were were paths the of locations The coverage. difference is that bathymetric maps show depth depth show maps bathymetric that is difference

transect spaced at ~10-20 meters apart for for apart meters ~10-20 at spaced transect terminology and interpretation. The principle principle The interpretation. and terminology

recorded a two pass on each cross section section cross each on pass two a recorded are very similar to topographic maps in their their in maps topographic to similar very are

Humminbird 998C GPS Fishing Series Series Fishing GPS 998C Humminbird bottom features of a lake, bay, or ocean. They They ocean. or bay, lake, a of features bottom

- The The - measurements sonar scan Side Bathymetric maps are topographic maps of the the of maps topographic are maps Bathymetric

Results Methods Results Abstract

Department of Ocean, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA Norfolk, University, Dominion Old Sciences, Atmospheric and Earth, Ocean, of Department

Constants Chloe

Comparison of bathymetry data sets in the Lafayette River Lafayette the in sets data bathymetry of Comparison

Abstract Results Discussion Lake Ballard is a man made lake, • The groundwater flow has fully returned to the East to West located within the Hoffler Creek Head contours pattern described in previous Wildlife Preserve in Portsmouth, VA. pre-hurricane studies. My study provides an analysis of the Irene created groundwater flow pattern, in relation • However, small-scale using Darcy’s groundwater flow is less to past studies. Law. predictable than regional ground water flow due to small-scale changes in aquifer Fig. 1: 2012 GW contour map (Seger) characteristics, such as hydraulic Introduction Yellow arrows conductivity. • In 2005, the direction of represent groundwater flow was East to groundwater flow West. (Fig. 1) soon after • After Hurricane Irene in late Hurricane Irene Future Work August 2011, water was flowing and the blue Continue gathering precipitation outward from the lake in all arrows indicate data and step the model through directions. (Fig. 2) current direction in in smaller increments of time to • In 2012, groundwater East of March, 2012. analyze seasonal effects, among the lake was flowing into the Fig. 2: Pre and Post hurricane Isabel flow patterns (Seger) other effects that impact lake. (Fig. 2) groundwater. Methods Using the modeling software Acknowledgements created by Groundwater Vistas, I I would like to thank OEAS professors built a three dimensional model, Dr. Dobbs and Dr. Whittecar ,teaching using known aquifer properties, assistants Joyce Strain, Ben Hiza, Chris average annual atmospheric data Powell, and the staff of Hoffler Creek and well head data. (Fig. 3) Wildlife Preserve. Fig. 3: Spring 2014 GW contour map with flow directions. Distribution of Microbial Biomass and Bacteria Concentrations in Groundwater Surrounding Lake Ballard Dennis McAlister Ocean, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Old Dominion University,2013-2014 Introduction Methods Results This study determined the amount of microbial Total lipid-bound phosphate converted into biomass . Groundwater purging/sampling biomass and bacteria concentrations within from Findlay (1989 Appl. and Environ. Microb. . Phospholipid extraction nine different groundwater-monitoring wells 55:2888-2893.) 2:1 DCM:Methanol surrounding Lake Ballard. It was expected that . Epifluoresence Microscopy areas with lower hydraulic conductivity values (calculated last year) would have higher biomass and bacteria values.

Figure 4:(Above) Biomass values Figure 3:(Above) Bacteria Concentration Conclusions & Future Work Figure 1:(Above) Graduated circles . Biomass values were not coorelated with showing hydraulic previous hydraulic conductivity values. conductivities and . Bacteria concentrations were not coorelated with their associated conductivity values (from murray 2013) (likely values below from due to bacteria attached to sediment) (Murray 2013 ODU . See how Bacteria groundwater concentrations OEAS 442W) are related to the lake concentrations. . Repeat the study to establish better Figure 2:(Right) Biomass values interpolated understanding of values and temporal changes between monitoring wells using ArcGIS Acknowledgements Thank you to Dr. Harvey, Dr. Dobbs, Dr. Whittecar, Karen Taylor, Ben Hiza, Chris Powell, Joyce Strain, and Hoffler Creek Wildlife Preserve. QUICK DESIGN GUIDE Transport and Atmospheric Deposition of Nitrogen and Sulfate to QUICK TIPS (--THIS SECTION DOES NOT PRINT--) (--THIS SECTION DOES NOT PRINT--) This PowerPoint template requires basic PowerPoint Lake Ballard (version 2007 or newer) skills. Below is a list of This PowerPoint 2007 template produces a 36”x56” commonly asked questions specific to this template. professional poster. It will save you valuable time Akilah Nikisha Matthews If you are using an older version of PowerPoint some placing titles, subtitles, text, and graphics. template features may not work properly. Ocean, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences. Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA, 23529 Use it to create your presentation. Then send it to Using the template PosterPresentations.com for premium quality, same Abstract Results continued Conclusion and Discussion Verifying the quality of your graphics day affordable printing. Results Go to the VIEW menu and click on ZOOM to set your preferred magnification. This template is at 100% the The purpose of this study is to examine the wet and dry  The formation of water droplets around size of the final poster. All text and graphics will be We provide a series of online tutorials that will deposition of nitrogen and sulfate within the nitrogen compounds in the atmosphere weighs printed at 100% their size. To see what your poster guide you through the poster design process and atmospheric sampler. My objective is to determine a them down to the ground faster whereas, snow answer your poster production questions. weigh them down to the ground slower. will look like when printed, set the zoom to 100% relationship between the levels of nitrogen and sulfate and evaluate the quality of all your graphics before deposition based on where the air masses originated  Base on Figure 1 and Figure 2 the total nitrogen View our online tutorials at: levels for wet and dry fluctuate base on the air you submit your poster for printing. using NOAA’s HYSPLIT. The focus area of this study is http://bit.ly/Poster_creation_help masses, the collection period, and amount of Lake Ballard located within the Hoffler Creek Wildlife Using the placeholders (copy and paste the link into your web browser). precipitation occurred. Preserve in Portsmouth, VA. Samples were collected To add text to this template click inside a  and analyzed for total nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, Majority of total nitrogen constituent by placeholder and type in or paste your text. To move For assistance and to order your printed poster call ammonium, and sulfate during wet and dry deposition inorganic nitrogen, mainly nitrate and a placeholder, click on it once (to select it), place PosterPresentations.com at 1.866.649.3004 between October 2, 2013 – February 14, 2014. An air ammonium that is why there is only one figure your cursor on its frame and your cursor will change mass back – trajectory was utilized to discover the showing total nitrogen. to this symbol: Then, click once and drag it to sources of nitrogen that made contact within the  Majority of the air masses our continental polar its new location where you can resize it as needed. which partial explains why the nitrogen and Additional placeholders can be found on the left side atmospheric sampler. Figure 1. Shows the total nitrogen for wet and dry Object Placeholders sulfate deposition were low and the mix air of this template. deposition from October 2, 2013 – February 14, 2014. Methods masses for the October 2-7 was high for both Also showing the precipitation amounts on the right nitrogen and sulfate deposition. Modifying the layout Use the placeholders provided below to add new Samples for wet and dry deposition were collected in hand corner. Even though I analyzed nitrate, nitrite and This template has four elements to your poster: Drag a placeholder onto the two buckets in atmospheric sampler ammonium I only showed total nitrogen because, nitrate Future Work different column layouts. poster area, size it, and click it to edit. is the major constituent of total nitrogen. Five subsamples from both wet and dry buckets were Right-click your mouse Air mass back trajectory from October 2, 2013 – October on the background and collected and analyzed for total nitrogen, nitrate, Test another chemical analysis to see what else is Section Header placeholder 4, 2013. The source air mass traveling maritime tropical click on “Layout” to see nitrite, ammonium and sulfate. being deposited within the atmospheric sampler and Use section headers to separate topics or concepts and continental polar travelling north east into Hampton the layout options. within your presentation. NOAA’s HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Roads area. Lake Ballard. The columns in the provided layouts are fixed and Integrated Trajectory) model software were used to  Use previous studies to determine the nitrogen cannot be moved but advanced users can modify any calculate the air mass back – trajectories. Trajectories flux of Lake Ballard. layout by going to VIEW and then SLIDE MASTER. were set at an average of 48 hours or 72 hours at 500m Use meteorological data from the MET station above ground level. Importing text and graphics from external sources located at Hoffler Creek or Naval Base weather  An ion chromatography was used for the sulfate TEXT: Paste or type your text into a pre-existing Text placeholder station to determine the deposition events that determination. placeholder or drag in a new placeholder from the Move this preformatted text placeholder to the occurred. poster to add a new body of text. left side of the template. Move it anywhere as Collect monthly samples to get seasonal trends that needed.

can be interpolated out to include anthropogenic PHOTOS: Drag in a picture placeholder, size it first,

sources. click in it and insert a photo from the menu.

TABLES: You can copy and paste a table from an References external document onto this poster template. To Picture placeholder make the text fit better in the cells of an imported Move this graphic placeholder onto your poster, size  www.wunderground.com (precipitation data) table, right-click on the table, click FORMAT SHAPE it first, and then click it to add a picture to the  www.ready.arl.noaa.gov (HYSPLIT Model) then click on TEXT BOX and change the INTERNAL poster. Figure 2. Shows the total sulfate deposition for wet and MARGIN values to 0.25 dry deposition from October 2, 2013 – March 8, 2014. Acknowledgement Also showing the precipitation amounts on the right Modifying the color scheme hand corner. I would like to extend my gratefulness to the professors of my To change the color scheme of this template go to Air mass back – trajectory from January 21, 2014 – Field Studies class, Dr. Fredrick Dobbs, Dr. Richard Whittecar, also the “Design” menu and click on “Colors”. You can Atmospheric sampler was set up on the west bank of January 23, 2014. The source air mass traveling TA Ben Hiza. Thanks also to Chris Powell, Joyce Strain, Dr. David choose from the provide color combinations or you Burdige, Jeremy Bleakney, and Cheyeanna Deal. Finally, thank you © 2011 PosterPresentations.com Lake Ballard. *AEROCHEM MODEL 301 continental polar a travelling south east into Hampton can create your own. Student discounts are available on our Facebook page. to Hoffler Creek Wildlife Preserve Foundation. 2117 Fourth Street , Unit C Go to PosterPresentations.com and click on the FB icon. Roads area. Berkeley CA 94710 RESEARCH POSTER PRESENTATION DESIGN © 2011 www.PosterPresentations.com [email protected]

Vertical distribution and phylogenetic diversity of Bacteria and Archaea in a brackish lake with oxic and anoxic zones

Amanda L. Laverty [email protected] Old Dominion University, Department of Ocean, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences

Introduction Methods • Microbial life plays a vital role in global biogeochemical systems. • Study of microbial diversity can improve understanding of Water samples taken Water samples DNA Extracted Polymerase Chain Samples sent for Pyrosequencing data global communities by correlating community structure at 3m, 6m, and 12m filtered onto using MoBio Reaction used to pyrosequencing to analyzed using with function. with one replicate series of PoweWater DNA confirm DNA quality. MRDNA MOTHUR, an open- sample at each depth polycarbonate Isolation Kit. (Shallowater, TX). source software written (n=6). filters (8.0, 5.0, in C++ language • In aquatic environments, members of the domain Archaea 1.0, & 0.2 μm) (Schloss et al., 2009). are as abundant and diverse as members of the domain Results Bacteria, however, their ecology is less studied.

Study Area • Lake Ballard is a thermally stratified, brackish lake located in Portsmouth, Virginia. • Water samples were taken at an oxic depth (3m), along the oxic-anoxic interface (6m), and at an anoxic depth (12m) in a deep spot of the lake. Relative abundance of partial sequences of the bacterial (left) and the archaeal (right) 16S rRNA gene, estimated at the phylum level (class level for Proteobacteria and Methanomicrobiales) using MOTHUR. Numbers (3, 6, 12) correspond to depth and letters (A, B) designate replicates. Bacteria labeled with “Un.” indicate unclassified. DNA could not be amplified for the archaeal 16S rRNA gene at 3 and 6 m and “N” designates the use of nested PCR amplification prior to pyrosequencing. For comparison, 12 m DNA was also subjected to nested PCR, as well as to direct pyrosequencing.

Phylogenetic tree of partial 16S rRNA gene (ca. 250 bp) of OTUs (in bold) retrieved from Lake Ballard. OTUs represent >1% of total sequences. Tree is based on the neighbour-joining method as determined by distance using the Jukes-Cantor model. Numbers of sequences represented by each OTU are shown in parentheses. Bars next to OTUs represent their relative abundances at corresponding depths. One thousand bootstrap analyses were conducted, Google Earth image of Lake Ballard and percentages ≥50% are indicated at nodes. Numbers in brackets are GenBank accession Venn diagrams at distance 0.03 (97% similarity) depicting common OTUs retrieved among the different depths for Bacteria (left) and numbers. Scale bar Vertical Profile of Lake Ballard Archaea (right) for replicates “A”. Replicates “B” (not shown) produced a similar diagram. The Archaea diagram includes nested samples represents 2% estimated (“N”) for all depths and directly pyrosequenced DNA from 12m. distance.

Discussion • Library coverage was adequate to provide a full inventory of dominant, but probably not rare, taxa, for both Bacteria and Archaea (data not shown). • Among Bacteria, predominant OTUs in all depths were unclassified. The construction of a phylogenetic tree showed that these OTUs belonged to Cyanobacteria and Actinobacteria, while the tree also provided good phylogenetic resolution for all unclassified OTUs above 1% of total sequences. • Within bacterial taxa, the oxic zone and oxic-anoxic interface communities were more closely related. • The detection of the archaeal 16S rRNA gene was feasible only after nested amplification of all sampling sites except for the anoxic 12m, implying low Archaea abundance in the upper water column. Communities retrieved from DNA at 12m showed similar phylogenetic distribution, in contrast to those retrieved after subsequent (nested) PCRs, suggesting uneven amplification of replicate samples. CTD data of vertical profile of the water column in the deep spot of Lake Ballard on October 7th, 2013 (date of sampling) indicating temperature (blue) and salinity (red). • Within Archaea, the most abundant OTUs belonged either to the genera Methanospirillum and Horizontal gray lines designate oxygen zones as determined with a YSI probe during sampling. Black dots represent sample depths. Methanosaeta, or they remained unclassified.

Acknowledgements Old Dominion’s Department of Ocean, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences for funding; Dr. Despoina S. Lymperopoulou for development of project and guidance in sequence data and phylogenetic analysis; Dr. Fred C. Dobbs for development of project and supplies; Instructors in field studies course: Joyce Strain, Chris Powell, and Ben Hiza (TA); Hoffler Creek Wildlife Preserve for study site. Tidal Comparison of Temperature and Salinity in the Lafayette River Andrew Foor and John Plant Ocean, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA

ABSTRACT RESULTS

Distribution analyses of salinity and temperature throughout the Lafayette River was conducted during a flood and ebb tide. Past CTD data from the Hampton Blvd. Bridge (HBB) in Norfolk Virginia were compared against data from CTD casts conducted along the Lafayette River. Averages of the monthly change in temperature and salinity were calculated at the HBB and compared to our measured surface values at the same location. Vertical stratification values were calculated for both properties at each of the CTD stations to increase understanding of the vertical structure of the water column at various locations along the river.

Average Temperature and Salinity versus Depth at Hampton Blvd Bridge from METHODS Surface water measurements at Hampton Blvd Bridge for 2001-2005. 2001-2005. Two cruises were conducted on R/V Riptide, with CTD casts along the length of Lafayette River. Data were compared against historical data at station 16, HBB, for the years 2001-2005. Stratification values determined as the difference between surface and bottom values.

Stratification values for 17 February and 10 March. Graph includes average stratification for 2001-2005. DISCUSSION CTD station locations along Lafayette River, with depth profile for 17 February cruise. Our initial measurements show there is a definite effect of tidal waters on the Lafayette River. During the flood tide period, both temperature and salinity are mostly vertically homogeneous. During the ebb tide period vertical stratification levels increase slightly. Measurements conducted are similar in value to those conducted in 2000-2005. Both periods data show that the Lafayette’s density values is attributed almost exclusively to the Temperature, Salinity, and Density versus depth for five stations along length of salinity in the water. Further cruises, attaining a more populated time Lafayette River. series over various tidal sequences, would help further our understanding FUTURE WORK of the processes occurring within the Lafayette River Tidal readings on February 17 and March 10 from NOAA • Continue CTD measurements along Lafayette for time series development. • Conduct measurements during a neap high tide and a spring low tide. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CONTACT INFO • Take measurements from Elizabeth River leading up to James river to test effects on Temperature and Salinity as you approach the Chesapeake Bay. We would like to thank Dr. John Klinck, Dr. Chet Grosch, Dr. Fred Dobbs, Dr. Arnoldo Valle-Levinson, Dr. Larry Atkinson, Chris Powell, Curtis Barnes, A. Foor ([email protected]), J. Plant ([email protected]) Ben Hiza, Joyce Strain. Temporal Dynamics of Cyanobacteria at Lake Ballard Brynn Davis and Mary Wolfrey [email protected] and [email protected] Ocean, Earth, and Atmospheric Science, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA

Introduction Results The composition of the phytoplankton community strongly affects the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients in aquatic ecosystems. Specifically, cyanobacterial biomass provides a useable form of nitrogen to upper trophic levels through their fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. Understanding the flux in the cyanobacterial community at small scales can provide a template for larger scale aquatic ecosystems. Lake Vertical profile of temperature, Cyanobacteria concentrations at Nutrient profiles of phosphate, Ballard is a man-made lake located salinity, chlorophyll fluorescence, and depth on 7 Oct 2013. ammonia, and nitrate on 7 Oct 2013. within the Hoffler Creek Wildlife dissolved oxygen on 7 Oct 2013. Preserve in Portsmouth, VA. The objective of this temporal study is to identify the predominant genera of cyanobacteria in Lake Ballard and understand how various abiotic factors such as nutrients, temperature, and salinity affect their diversity in the early fall and late winter. fl

Methods Vertical profile of temperature, Cyanobacteria concentrations at Nutrient profiles of phosphate, salinity, chlorophyll fluorescence, and depth on 19 Mar 2014. ammonia, and nitrate on 19 Mar 2014. • Collected phytoplankton with the dissolved oxygen on 19 Mar 2014. peristaltic pump every meter to 8m. • Fixed and stained phytoplankton with a 1% Lugol’s Acid solution. • Settled phytoplankton for 1 hour, identified, and counted according to A Key to the More Frequently Occurring Freshwater Algae. Greenwaterlab.com/photo_algal_1.html • Collected water samples for chlorophyll-a every meter to 12m. • Measured extracted chlorophyll-a. with a fluorometer. • Filtered water samples every meter Protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/images/Prokaryotes/Nostocaceae/Cylindrospermum_3.html www.cyanobactera-platform.com/cyanobacteria.html to 12m and sent to the Old Vertical profile of density on 7 Oct 2013 Vertical profile of chlorophyll-a on 7 Cyanobacteria identified: Dominion Water Quality Lab for and 19 Mar 2014. Oct 2013 and 19 Mar 2014. (a)Aphanizomenon (b) Aphanocapsa nutrient analysis. (c) Cylindrospermum (d)Planktothrix. • Graphed CTD data with Matlab.

Discussion • Nutrients were depleted in October at the surface. • Nutrients were greater in March at the surface. • Planktothrix were the most abundant genus up to 5m in October. • Greater cyanobacteria concentrations in October suggest a fall bloom. • Aphanocapsa increased with depth in October. • Lack of cyanobacteria in March and greater fluorescence suggest a non- • Aphanocapsa were the most abundant genus in March. cyanobacterial bloom. • Chlorophyll-a fluorescence was greater in March. • Future Studies: Develop a more in depth understanding of the • March CTD fluorescence and extracted chlorophyll fluorescence were seasonality of the cyanobacterial community at Lake Ballard. significantly correlated (p=0.0235).

Acknowledgements: We would like to thank OEAS professors Dr. Dobbs and Dr. Mullholland, teaching assistants Joyce Strain and Ben Hiza, and Chris Powell, Peter Bernhardt, and the staff at Hoffler Creek Wildlife Preserve.