Selecting

Plants

for

Pollinators

A Regional Guide for Farmers, Land Managers, and Gardeners In the

Hawaiian Islands Province

Including the

Tropical Moist Forest,

Tropical Dry Forest,

and

Tropical grassland

and & Shrubland NAPPC Table of CONTENTS

Why Support Pollinators? 4

Getting Started 5

Hawaiian Islands Province 6

Meet the Pollinators 8

Plant Traits 10

Developing Plantings 12

Farms 13

Public Lands 14

Home Landscapes 15

Bloom Periods 16

Plants That Attract Pollinators 18

Habitat Hints 20

This is one of several guides for Checklist 22 different regions in the United States. We welcome your feedback to assist us in making future guides Resources and Feedback 23 useful. Please contact us at [email protected]

Cover photos: Butterfl y & Eleilei Bay courtesy Karl Magnacca, Kauai mountains and taro fi elds courtesy Lauren Rusert.

2 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Selecting Plants for Pollinators

A Regional Guide for

Farmers, Land Managers,

and Gardeners

In the

Ecological Region of the

Hawaiian Islands Province

Including the

Tropical Moist Forest,

Tropical Dry Forest,

and

Tropical grassland & Shrubland

a NAPPC and Pollinator Partnership Publication

This guide was funded by Robert Batinovich, the Greene Family, Ruth and Chuck Adams, and the Hawaii Department of Agriculture with oversight by the Pollinator Partnership (www.pollinator.org), in support of the North American Pollinator Protection Campaign (NAPPC–www.nappc.org).

Hawaiian Islands Province 3 Why support pollinators?

IN THEIR 1996 BOOK, THE FORGOTTEN POLLINATORS, Buchmann and Nabhan estimated that animal pollinators are needed for the reproduction “Flowering plants of 90% of fl owering plants and one third of human food crops. Each of us depends on these industrious pollinators in a practical way to provide us across wild, farmed with the wide range of foods we eat. In addition, pollinators are part of the intricate web that supports the biological diversity in natural ecosystems and even urban that helps sustain our quality of life. Abundant and healthy populations of pollinators can improve fruit set landscapes actually and quality, and increase fruit size. In farming situations this increases production per acre. In the wild, biodiversity increases and wildlife food feed the terrestrial sources increase. Macadamia nuts, avocados, watermelon, guava, and coffee are some of the world, and crops that rely on honey bees and native bees for pollination. Domestic honey bees pollinate approximately $10 billion worth of crops in the U.S. pollinators are the each year. great connectors Unfortunately, the numbers of both native pollinators and domesticated bee populations are declining. They are threatened by habitat loss, disease, and the excessive and inappropriate use of pesticides. In the Hawaiian who enable this giant Islands, habitat loss has already extinguished many native pollinators, and many more are now endangered by continuing loss of habitat and spread of food system to work disease. The loss of commercial bees to Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), although not documented in Hawai’i, has highlighted how severe the for all who eat... issues of proper hive management are to reduce stresses caused by disease, pesticide use, insuffi cient nutrition, and transportation practices. Recent including us.” introduction to Hawaii of honey bee pests led to a widespread decline in -- Roger Lang, their feral and managed populations. Currently, the pollination services that the commercial beekeeping industry provides are receiving much Chairman, needed research and conservation resources. Pollinator partnership It is imperative that we take immediate steps to help pollinator populations thrive. The beauty of the situation is that by supporting pollinators’ need for habitat, we support our own needs for food and support diversity in the natural world. Thank you for taking time to consult this guide. By adding plants to your landscape that provide food and shelter for pollinators throughout their active seasons and by adopting pollinator friendly landscape practices, you can make a difference to both the pollinators and the people that rely on them.

Laurie Davies Adams Executive Director Pollinator Partnership

4 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Getting Started

THIS REGIONAL GUIDE IS just one and is used to predict responses Islands Province has a small but in a series of plant selection tools to land management practices distinctive population of fauna. designed to provide information throughout large areas. This guide There are many native bird on how individuals can infl uence addresses pollinator-friendly land species, along with a few species pollinator populations through management practices in what is of introduced mammals. The fl ora choices they make when they farm known as the Hawaiian Islands includes many endemic species, a plot of ground, manage large Province. and major habitat types include tracts of public land, or plant a The Hawaiian Island Province shrublands, forests, bogs, and moss garden. Each of us can have a comprises an area of 6,500 square and lichen covered mountainsides positive impact by providing the miles with its topography varying and outcrops that vary according to essential habitat requirements for greatly from the western sea-level elevation and wind exposure. pollinators including food, water, plains to easterly mountainous Long before there were homes, shelter, and enough space to allow terrain reaching heights of more development, and invasive pollinators to raise their young. than 13,000 feet. species in this area, the original, Pollinators travel through the The temperature in this province native vegetation provided landscape without regard to varies greatly by altitude, but continuous cover and adjacent property ownership or state maintains an average of 70-75° F feeding opportunities for wildlife, boundaries. We’ve chosen to use year round. The climate also varies including pollinators. In choosing R.G. Bailey’s classifi cation system greatly by location–the windward plants, aim to create habitat for to identify the geographic focus sides of the islands experience pollinators that allow adequate food, of this guide and to underscore heavy precipitation year round, shelter, and water sources. Most the connections between climate while the leeward slopes are pollinators have very small home and vegetation types that affect semiarid. ranges. You can make a difference the diversity of pollinators in the by understanding the vegetation Hawaii is characterized by its environment. patterns of the farm, forest, or tropical climate and volcanic neighbor’s yard adjacent to you Bailey’s Ecoregions of the United history–all 9 islands are volcanoes and by making planting choices States, developed by the United at various stages of activity and that support the pollinators’ need States Forest Service, is a system decay. Due to its isolation and for food and shelter as they move created as a management tool unique soil profi le, the Hawaiian through the landscape.

Hawaiian Islands Province 5 Understanding the Hawaiian Islands Province

n This region is designated M423 in the Baileys’ Ecosystem Provinces. To see a map of the provinces go to: www.fs.fed.us/rm/ecoregions/products/map-ecoregions- united-states/.

n Not sure about which bioregion you live or work in? Go to www.pollinator.org and click on Ecoregion Locator for help.

n The Hawaiian Islands region covers 6,500 square miles.

n Primarily a hilly and mountainous region, all the islands are volcanoes in various stages of activity and decay.

n Elevations ranging from sea level to higher than 13,000 feet.

n Average annual temperature ranges from 70° to 75°F.

n Year-round precipitation can reach averages of 200 inches.

Photo courtesy Colleen Kwong n USDA Hardiness Zones 9a-13a (2012 version).

Characteristics

n The ohia tree, its accompanying ferns, and the koa tree predominate ecosystems unique to Hawaii’s wet forests.

n Shrublands exist primarily on leeward mountainsides where rainfall is minimal.

n Bogs are common at higher elevations with heavy rainfall.

n Mosses and lichens survive even above the tree line, where frost is a frequent occurrence.

n The volcanic islands’ surfaces vary from deep Ultisols on the older islands to igneous rock on the youngest islands.

6 Selecting Plants for Pollinators The Hawaiian Islands Province “Creating pollinator habitat is one includes: practice we must employ to mitigate the The Tropical Moist Forest, Tropical Dry Forest, and impact of new viral and parasitic pressures Tropical Grassland and on Hawaii’s environmentally isolated feral Shrubland and domesticated honey bee populations.”

-- Dave Schell, GM, Island Princess Macadamia Nut Company, Kea’au, Hawai’i, Operations

Hawaiian Islands Province 7 Meet the Pollinators

Who are the bees (Megachilidae), and sweat bees (Halictidae). These introduced pollinators? bees arrived accidentally, and are Bees more likely to be seen in disturbed Most of us are familiar with the habitats or urbanized areas. colonies of honey bees that have Butterfl ies been the workhorses of agricultural There are two native butterfl ies in pollination for years in the United Hawai’i, the King Kamehameha States. They were imported to butterfl y and the Koa butterfl y Hawai’i from Europe about 150 (also known as the Hawaiian years ago. Honey bees are well Blue). Both are beautiful and can documented pollinators in the be supported by planting host agricultural systems of the Hawaiian plants. The Kamehemeha butterfl y’s Islands Province. A wide range of principal host plant is māmake crops including Macadamia nuts, (Pipturusalbida). Māmaki is also watermelon, guava, and coffee all I’iwi bird benefi t from honey bee pollination. known as Hawaiian nettle, but don’t Honey bees have established worry it does not have stingers at all. themselves throughout the islands, Kamehameha caterpillars live inside visiting a wide range of plants. the edges of the rolled up leaves. The host plant for the Koa butterfl y Photo courtesy Karl Magnacca Hawai’i has approximately 60 species of native bees all in the is Koa (Acacia koa). family Colletidae. They are known A diverse group of butterfl ies as yellow-faced bees and are in the genus Hylaeus. Yellow-faced has been introduced (Monarchs, bees are solitary, but some species Admirals, Painted Ladies, etc.) and nest gregariously, meaning a large may be present in garden areas and number of bees will use the same woodland edges that provide bright nesting area. Unlike most other fl owers, water sources, and specifi c bees, yellow-faced bees carry pollen host plants. Numerous trees, shrubs, within their crop, rather than on and herbaceous plants support these the outside of their body. Although pollen still becomes attached butterfl y populations. Butterfl ies there, yellow-faced bees are not usually look for fl owers that provide very hairy. These native bees are a good landing platform. Wet mud short-tongued. Yellow-faced bees areas provide butterfl ies with both have been documented primarily the moisture and minerals they need visiting native community-dominant to stay healthy. Butterfl ies eat rotten plants. A number of bees have been fruit and even dung, so don’t clean introduced to the Hawaiian Islands. These are the large and small up all the messes in your garden! carpenter bees (Apidae), leafcutter

8 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Moths because they can leave a mess source plant for chocolate) , is While both are Lepidopterans, behind, damaging plant parts that grown commercially, an endemic fl y moths are most easily distinguished they eat. Beetles are not as effi cient (a tiny midge) pollinates the fl owers. from butterfl ies by their antennae. as some pollinators. They wander Flies are also known pollinators Butterfl y antennae are simple with a between different species, often of Hawaiian crops like coffee and swelling at the end. Moth antennae dropping pollen as they go. mangos. differ from simple to featherlike, Beetle pollinated plants tend to have Birds but never have a swelling at the fl owers with their sexual organs tip. In addition, butterfl ies typically exposed. The fl owers may not be Hawai’i is known for its unique are active during the day; moths at showy or fragrant. Although little is birds. Man of these birds are night. Butterfl y bodies are not very known about the beetle pollination pollinators of native Hawaiian hairy, while moth bodies are quite in Hawai’i, many native plants plants. The i’iwi, the ‘ākohekohe, hairy and stouter. Moths, generally exhibit characteristics suitable for the ‘amikihi, the ‘apapane, and less colorful than butterfl ies, also beetles, and there are over 1,000 the i’iwi are just some examples play a role in pollination. beetles endemic to the state. In of Hawaiian honeycreepers that Hawai’i, beetles are extremely regularly visit native fl owers for In Hawai’i a number of moth diverse, and considered the nectar. These birds use their pointy pollinated plants have become dominant insects in most habitats. bills and unique tongues to collect rarer, and native pollinating sphinx Hawai’i has endangered and and feed on nectar, pollinating as moths have declined. The endemic threatened beetle species. they move from plant to plant with Kaua’i Fabulous Green Sphinx is pollen on their beaks and feathers. considered one of the rarest moths Flies Some Hawaiian birds have long, in the world. The ‘aiea moth, once It may be hard to imagine why one curved beaks which can uniquely thought extinct, was rediscovered, would want to attract fl ies to the draw nectar from curved, tubular and now receives federal protection. garden. However, like beetles, the fl owers. Nectar has been found to The ‘aiea moth, also known as number of fl y species and the fact comprise 75% of the diet of some the Blackburn’s sphinx moth, that fl ies are generalist pollinators Hawaiian honeycreepers. uses native ‘aiea trees and shrubs (visit many species of plants), (Nothocestrum spp.) for host plants. Although one can accumulate a should encourage us all to leave Hawai’i has both small and large large list of birds seen in Hawai’i those fl ies alone and let them do in a single year, many endemic native moths. their job as pollinators. birds have gone extinct. Many are Beetles Recent research indicates that fl ies also currently listed as threatened Over 30,000 species of beetles primarily pollinate small fl owers or endangered by the Endangered are found in the United States that bloom under shade and in Species Act. Introduced mongooses and many of them can be found seasonally moist habitats. The and cats have reduced populations on fl ower heads. Gardeners have National Research Council’s Status of many bird species, and yet to intentionally draw beetles of Pollinators in North America study introduced mosquitoes spread to their gardens, possibly because states that fl ies are economically deadly avian malaria across Hawai’i, beetle watching isn’t as inspiring important as pollinators for a range further devastating Hawai’i’s native as butterfl y or bird watching. Yet of annual and bulbous ornamental bird populations. beetles do play a role in pollination. fl owers. Some have a bad reputation For Hawai’i, where cacao (the

Hawaiian Islands Province 9 Plant Traits and the Pollinators they Attract Pollinator Which Flowers Plant Do the Trait Bats Bees Beetles Birds Butterfl ies Flies Moths Wind Pollinators Pale and dull to Dull green, brown, or prefer? Bright white, Scarlet, orange, Dull white, green Dull white or Bright, including dark brown or purple; Pale and dull red, colorless; yellow, red NOT ALL POLLINATORS ARE found Color or purple green red and purple fl ecked with translucent purple, pink or white petals absent blue, or UV or white in each North American province, patches or reduced and some are more important in different parts of the United States. Use this page as a resource to understand the plants and Nectar Absent Present Absent Absent Present Absent Absent Absent pollinators where you live. guides

Plants can be grouped together Strong musty; Fresh, mild, None to strongly Strong sweet; based on the similar characteristics None Faint but fresh Putrid None of their fl owers. These fl oral Odor emitted at night pleasant fruity or fetid emitted at night characteristics can be useful to predict the type of pollination method or animal that is most Abundant; Sometimes Ample; deeply Ample; deeply Ample; deeply effective for that group of plants. somewhat Usually present present; Usually absent None This association between fl oral Nectar hidden hidden hidden characteristics and pollination hidden not hidden method is called a pollination syndrome. Limited; often Abundant; small, Ample sticky Ample Modest Limited Modest in amount Limited The interactions of animal Pollen smooth, and not sticky pollinators and plants have and scented infl uenced the evolution of both groups of organisms. A mutualistic relationship between the pollinator Regular; bowl Shallow; have Large funnel Narrow tube with and the plant species helps the Large bowl-like, Shallow; funnel like or Regular; tubular Regular; small and Flower shaped – closed landing platform; like; cups, strong spur; wide pollinator fi nd necessary pollen and Magnolia complex and trap-like without a lip stigmas exerted nectar sources and helps the plant Shape during day tubular perch support landing pad reproduce by ensuring that pollen is carried from one fl ower to another.

This chart and more information on pollinator syndromes can be found at: http://www.fs.fed.us/wildfl owers/pollinators/syndromes.shtml

10 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Plant Traits and the Pollinators they Attract Plant Pollinator Trait Bats Bees Beetles Birds Butterfl ies Flies Moths Wind

Pale and dull to Dull green, brown, or Bright white, Scarlet, orange, Dull white, green Dull white or Bright, including dark brown or purple; Pale and dull red, colorless; yellow, red Color or purple green red and purple fl ecked with translucent purple, pink or white petals absent blue, or UV or white patches or reduced

Nectar Absent Present Absent Absent Present Absent Absent Absent guides

Strong musty; Fresh, mild, None to strongly Strong sweet; None Faint but fresh Putrid None Odor emitted at night pleasant fruity or fetid emitted at night

Abundant; Sometimes Ample; deeply Ample; deeply Ample; deeply somewhat Usually present present; Usually absent None Nectar hidden hidden hidden hidden not hidden

Limited; often Abundant; small, Ample sticky Ample Modest Limited Modest in amount Limited Pollen smooth, and not sticky and scented

Regular; bowl Shallow; have Large funnel Narrow tube with Large bowl-like, Shallow; funnel like or Regular; tubular Regular; small and Flower shaped – closed landing platform; like; cups, strong spur; wide Magnolia complex and trap-like without a lip stigmas exerted Shape during day tubular perch support landing pad

This chart and more information on pollinator syndromes can be found at: http://www.fs.fed.us/wildfl owers/pollinators/syndromes.shtml

Hawaiian Islands Province 11 Developing landscape plantings that provide pollinator habitat

WHETHER YOU ARE A FARMER basil, rosemary, oregano, lavender, Water: of many acres, LAND manager of garlic, and chives area just a few A clean, reliable source of water is a large tract of land, or a gardener herbs that can be planted. Old essential to pollinators. with a small lot, you can increase fashioned zinnias, cosmos, and • Because endemic bird pollinators the number of pollinators in your single sunfl owers support bees and are threatened by mosquito borne area by making conscious choices to butterfl ies. avian malaria, when providing include plants that provide essential • Learn and utilize Integrated Pest water ensure mosquitoes do not habitat for bees, butterfl ies, moths, Management (IPM) practices to have access for egg-laying. To beetles, and other pollinators. address pest concerns. Minimize or supply bees and butterfl ies with Food: eliminate the use of pesticides. water try using a hummingbird Flowers provide nectar (high in Shelter: feeder fi tted only with water. sugar and necessary amino acids) Pollinators need protection from • Ensure the water sources have and pollen (high in protein) to severe weather and from predators a shallow or sloping side so the pollinators. as well as sites for nesting and pollinators can easily approach the Fermenting fallen fruits also provide roosting. water without drowning. food for bees, beetles and butterfl ies. • Incorporate different canopy Your current landscape probably Specifi c plants, known as host layers in the landscape by planting includes many of these elements. plants, are eaten by the larvae of trees, shrubs, and different-sized Observe wildlife activity in your pollinators such as butterfl ies. perennial plants. farm fi elds, woodlands, and gardens to determine what actions you can • Leave dead snags for nesting sites • Plant in groups to increase take to encourage other pollinators of bees, and other dead plants and pollination effi ciency. If a pollinator to feed and nest. Evaluate the leaf litter for shelter. Take care to can visit the same type of fl ower placement of individual plants remove dead tree ferns because over and over, it doesn’t have to and water sources and use your of the direct connection they relearn how to enter the fl ower knowledge of specifi c pollinator have with increasing populations and can transfer pollen to the same needs to guide your choice and of mosquitoes that spread avian species, instead of squandering the placement of additional plants malaria. pollen on unreceptive fl owers. and other habitat elements. Minor • Plant with bloom season in mind, • Build bee boxes to encourage changes by many individuals can providing food year round (see solitary, non-aggressive bees to nest positively impact the pollinator Bloom Periods pp. 16-17). on your property. populations in your area. Watch for - and enjoy - the changes in your • Plant a diversity of plants to • Leave some areas of soil landscape! support a variety of pollinators. uncovered to provide ground Flowers of different color, nesting pollinators easy access to • CAUTION: Remember that fragrance, and season of bloom underground tunnels. pesticides are largely toxic to on plants of different heights will • Group plantings so that pollinators pollinators. Extreme caution is attract different pollinator species can move safely through the warranted if you choose to use and provide pollen and nectar landscape protected from predators. any pesticide. Strategically apply throughout the seasons. pesticides only for problematic • Include plants that are needed target species. Read the label. Look • Many herbs and annuals, by butterfl ies during their larval for bee caution statements. although not native, are very development. good for pollinators. Mint, sage,

12 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Farms

MACADAMIA NUTS, WATERMELON, • Minimize tillage to protect ground guava, and coffee are a few of the nesting pollinators. “Adding native food crops in the Hawaiian Islands • Ensure water sources scattered Province that will benefi t from throughout the landscape do not plantings to strong local pollinator populations harbor mosquitoes. that boost pollination effi ciency. improve pollinator Incorporate different plants • Choose a variety of native plants to throughout the farm that provide act as windbreaks, riparian buffers, habitat makes food for pollinators when targeted and fi eld borders throughout the crops are not in fl ower. farm to provide food for pollinators. sense in advancing Farmers have many opportunities • Plant unused areas of the farm to incorporate pollinator-friendly with temporary cover crops that our family farm’s land management practices on their can provide food or with a variety land which will benefi t the farmer in of trees, shrubs, and fl owers that conservation and achieving his or her production goals: provide both food and shelter for pollinators. economic objectives, • Manage the use of pesticides • Check with your local Natural to reduce the impact on native enhancing pollinators. Spray when bees aren’t Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) offi ce to see what technical active (just after dawn) and choose benefi cial wildlife targeted ingredients. and fi nancial support might be available to assist you in your effort to • Carefully consider the use of provide nectar, pollen, and larval food and improving herbicides. sources for pollinators on your farm. pollination in

our orchard and garden.” --Lee McDaniel, Farmer and President, National Association of Conservation Districts Photo Danielle Downey

Hawaiian Islands Province 13 Public Lands

“Hawaii’s isolation

has fostered Photo Lauren Rusert

unique ecosystems.

Pollinator

conservation

supports these

threatened PUBLIC LANDS ARE MAINTAINED land managers have a unique communities and for specifi c reasons ranging opportunity to use their plantings from high impact recreation to as an education tool to help others is also integral to conservation. In the Hawaiian understand the importance of Islands Province non-native plants pollinators in the environment through signs, brochures, and public food security, an modify and destroy natural habitats of native pollinators. Native plant programs. communities are also threatened important island In an effort to increase populations by landscape change, logging, and of pollinators the land manager can: intensive grazing. Many ecosystems consideration.” have been destroyed or modifi ed • Inventory and become -Danielle Downey, to allow for the expansion of knowledgeable of local pollinators. development, especially within the Apiculture Specialist, • Provide connectivity between tourism industry. This includes the vegetation areas by creating Hawai’i Department of alteration of watersheds and other corridors of perennials, shrubs, and natural areas to allow for roads, Agriculture trees that provide pollinators shelter buildings, marinas, and man-made and food as they move through the landscapes. Because they are landscape. diminished, shady native forests, native grasses, and other ecosystems • Maintain a minimum of lawn areas are especially important to maintain. that support recreational needs. Less disturbed natural areas can be • Restrict the use of pesticides and augmented with plantings of native herbicides. plant species. Existing plantings • Maintain natural meadows and around buildings and parking areas openings that provide habitats for should be evaluated to determine sun-loving wildfl owers and grasses. if pollinator-friendly plants can • Remove invasive species and be substituted or added to attract encroaching shrubs and trees. and support pollinators. Public

14 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Home Landscapes

GARDENERS HAVE A WIDE The scale of your plantings will vary “A garden is array of plants to use in their but it is important to remember gardens. Native plants, and plants that you are trying to provide only as rich and developed by professional and connectivity to the landscape amateur breeders can be found in adjacent to your property. Don’t beautiful as the garden centers, in catalogs, and just look within your property on web-sites. Use your knowledge boundaries. If your neighbor’s integral health of pollinator needs to guide your property provides an essential choices. element, such as water, which can be utilized by pollinators visiting of the system; • Choose a variety of plants that your land, you may be able to will provide nectar and pollen devote more space to habitat pollinators throughout the growing season. elements that are missing nearby. • Resist the urge to have a totally It is best to use native plants which are essential to manicured lawn and garden. Leave have evolved to support the needs bare ground for ground nesting of specifi c native pollinators. Some the system - make bees. Leave areas of dead wood and pollinators, however, are generalists leaf litter for other insects. your home their and visit many different plants, both • Strive to eliminate the use of all native and non-native. Be sure that pesticides. any non-native plants you choose home.” • Find local resources to help you to use are not invasive. Remember -- Derry MacBride in your efforts. Contact your local that specialized cultivars sometimes aren’t used by pollinators. Flowers National Affairs and county extension agent or native plant society. Visit your regional that have been drastically altered, legislation Chairwoman, botanic gardens and arboreta. such as those that are double or garden club of America a completely different color than the wild species, often prevent pollinators from fi nding and feeding on the fl owers. In addition, some altered plants don’t contain the same nectar and pollen resources that attract pollinators to the wild types.

• CAUTION: Take time to evaluate the source of your plant material. You want to ensure you get plants that are healthy and correctly identifi ed. Your local native plant society can help you make informed decisions when searching for plants. Photo Danielle Downey

Hawaiian Islands Province 15 Plants that attract pollinators in THE Hawaiian Islands Province

The following chart lists plants that attract pollinators, are native to the Hawaiian Islands, and are available for purchase in the nursery trade. Not every plant listed is native to every Hawaiian Island, so try to select plants native to where they will be planted. This is not an exhaustive list, but provides guidance on where to start. Annuals, herbs, and cover crops provide food and shelter for pollinators, too. Unlike our other ecoregional planting guides, this particular guide includes plants that are rare, threatened, or endangered. Before purchasing plants, check for the offi cial Department of Land and Natural resources tag that certifi es that plants were collected and propagated legally.

Perennation Hawaiian Name/ Height Elevation Scientifi c Name Habit Flower Color and Bloom Sun Soil Pollinators Common Name (in feet) (in feet) Period Forbs

Argemone glauca Pua kala Forb White and Yellow 2-6’ Perennial Full Sun Well Drained 0-6200 bees, wasps

High wet Purple, Red, White, Astelia menziesiana Pua’akuhinia Forb 1-6’ Perennial, April-June Partial Sun - Shade Well Drained forests only bees, fl ies and Yellow 2000-7000

Pink, Purple, and Full Sun – Partial Bacopa monnieri ‘Ae’ae Forb <1’ Perennial, Year Round Moist 0-300 bees, fl ies White Shade

bees, fl ies (Bombilid Bidens hawaiensis Ko-’oko’olau Forb/Subshrub Yellow 2-6’ Perennial, Year Round Full Sun Moist 1600-4600 bee fl ies)

Well Drained to bees, fl ies (Bombilid Bidens torta Ko-’oko’olau Forb/Subshrub Yellow 4-10’ Perennial Full Sun 650-4000 Moist bee fl ies)

Full Sun – Partial Dianella sandwicensis Uki’uki Forb Light Blue to White 1-3’ Perennial, Year Round Dry to Moist 400-7000 bees, beetles Shade

bees (small carpenter), Light Purple to Heliotropium anomalum Hinahina ku- kahakai Forb/Subshrub <2’ Perennial, Year Round Full Sun Well Drained Coastal small butterfl ies White (skippers)

Light Purple/Light Annual or Perennial, Heliotropium curassavicum Kipukai Forb/Subshrub <2’ Full Sun Well Drained <6800 bees Yellow to White Year Round

Lipochaeta integrifolia Perennial, Nehe Forb/Subshrub Yellow < 1’ Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained <150 bees (Melanthera integrifolia) Year Round

bees (with a long - Full Sun – Partial Lobelia hypoleuca ‘Opelu Forb Blue-Purple 6-12’ Perennial Dry-Moist 2000-5000 tongue), moths Shade butterfl ies

Well Drained - Phyllostegia macrophylla Large leaved mint Forb White 3 Perennial Shade 2400-4000’ bees, fl ies Moist

Well Drained- Phytolacca sandwicensis Po-polo-ku-mai Forb Pink, White 2-10+’ Perennial Partial Sun 2200-6500 fl ies Wet, Moist

Perennial, July- Portulaca lutea ‘Ihi Forb Yellow 1’ Full Sun Well Drained 0-130 bees, fl ower fl ies November

Portulaca molokiniensis ‘Ihi Forb Yellow 1-1.5’ Perennial, Year Round Full Sun Well Drained 0-1000 bees, fl ower fl ies

Portulaca sclerocarpa Ihi makole Forb White - Pink >1’ Perennial, Year Round Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 3300-5300 bees, fl ower fl ies

Portulaca villosa ‘Ihi Forb White 1-2.5’ Perennial, Year Round Full Sun Well Drained 0-2000 bees, fl ower fl ies

bees, fl ies, moths (with Scaevola coriacea Naupaka Forb/Subshrub White <2’ Perennial, Year Round Full Sun Well Drained 0-150 a long tongue)

- Well Drained Sesuvium portulacastrum ’Akulikuli Forb Pink <1’ Perennial, Year Round Full Sun 0-150 bees, fl ies to Wet

Well Drained to Waltheria indica `Uha-loa Forb/Subshrub Yellow Up to 6’ Perennial Full Sun 0-4000 bees, butterfl ies Moist Vines

birds, fl ies (bee fl ies), Bidens cosmoides Ko-‘oko‘olau Vine/Forb Yellow Vine Perennial, Year Round Full Sun – Partial Sun Moist High elevation bees

(continued on page 17)

16 Selecting Plants for Pollinators (continued from page 16)

Perennation Hawaiian Name/ Height Elevation Scientifi c Name Habit Flower Color and Bloom Sun Soil Pollinators Common Name (in feet) (in feet) Period

Canavalia galeata Puakauhi Vine/Forb Pink-Purple Vine Perennial Partial Sun Moist 600-2600 bees

Canavalia hawaiiensis Puakauhi Vine/Forb Pink-Purple Vine Perennial Full Sun – Partial Sun Moist 0-1000 bees

Well Drained - Canavalia kauaiensis Awikiwiki Vine/Forb Pink Vine Perennial Filtered 600 - 2600 bees Moist

- Canavalia pubescens ‘Awikiwiki Vine/Forb Pink-Purple Vine Perennial, Year Round Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 0-2000 bees

Well Drained - birds, bees, wasps, Freycinetia arborea `le`ie Vine/Forb Orange Vine Perennial, Year Round Full Sun – Partial Sun 1000-5000 Moist beetles

Ipomoea pes-caprae Po-huehue Vine/Forb Purple Vine Perennial, Year Round Full Sun Well Drained 0-2000 bees , fl ies

Jacquemontia ovalifolia Pa’uohi’iaka Vine/Forb Blue-White Vine Perennial, Year Round Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 0-100 bees, fl ies

Well Drained - Smilax melastomifolia Hoi Vine/Forb White Vine Perennial Shade 600-6800 bees, fl ies, moths Wet

Vigna marina mohihihi Vine/Forb Yellow Vine Perennial, Sporatic Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 0-1000 bees Trees and Shrubs

Abutilon eremitopetalum Hidden-petaled abutilon Shrub Green-Red 2’-10’ Perennial, February Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 700-1700 bees, birds, butterfl ies

Abutilon menziesii Ko’oloa ‘ula Shrub Pink-Red/Yellow 2’-10’ Perennial, Year Round Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 650-1700 birds, butterfl ies, bees

Perennial, January- Acacia koa Koa Tree Yellow 15’- > 50’ Full Sun - Partial Sun Well Drained 200-6500 bees, fl ies March

Perennial, January- Acacia koaia Koai‘a Tree Yellow 76’-96’ Full Sun - Partial Sun Well Drained 150-4000 bees, fl ies March

Green-White/ Well Drained- Alyxia stellata Maile Shrub/Vine 2’-10’ Perennial, Fall, Winter Full Sun – Partial Sun 150-5000 moths, bees Yellow Moist

Perennial, June- Well Drained- Antidesma platyphyllum Ha’a¯maile Shrub/Tree Green-White 15’-50’ Partial Sun 1500-4000 bees, fl ies October Moist

Perennial, February- Well Drained-Dry, Antidesma pulvinatum Ha’a¯maile Tree Cream 15’-50’ Full Sun – Partial Sun 0-5000 bees, fl ies October Wet

- bees, fl ies, butterfl ies, Artemisia mauiensis ‘Ahinahina Shrub/Subshrub Brown 2’-6’ Perennial Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 6200-7500 moths

- Perennial, September- Brighamia insignis Alula Shrub Yellow 2’-15’ Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 0-1300 moths October

Well Drained- bees, fl ies, wasps, Broussaisia arguta Kanawao Shrub/Tree Cream-Blue-Pink 6’-19’ Perennial Partial Sun 1000-6000 Moist moths

Caesalpinia kavaiensis ‘Uhi‘uhi Tree Pink-Red 10’-30’ Perennial, Year Round Full Sun Well Drained 250-3000 bees, moths

Perennial, Spring- Capparis sandwichiana Maiapilo Shrub White 2’-10’ Full Sun Well Drained 0-325 moths, bees Summer

- Well Drained Cheirodendron trigynum ‘Olapa Tree Purple 19’-57’ Perennial Shade 1600-7000 birds, bees to Wet

Partial Sun – Partial Dry and mesic Claoxylon sandwicense Luakea Shrub White- Pale Green up to 8.5’ Perennial Well Drained bees, birds Shade forests

- Perennial, Feburary- Partial Sun – Partial Clermontia hawaiiensis `Oha¯-wai-nui Shrub Green-White 2’-10’ Moist 1000-5000 bees, birds, beetles March and June-July Shade

- Full Sun – Partial Well Drained - Clermontia montis-loa `Oha¯-wai Shrub Pink-Purple 6-15’ Perennial, Year Round 2500-6000 bees, birds, beetles Shade Moist

- Green-Purple- Well Drained- Clermontia parvifl ora `Oha¯-wai Shrub 15’-30’ Perennial Partial Sun 400-4600 bees, birds, beetles White Moist

Perennial, Full Sun – wind pollinated (bees Coprosma ernodeoides ‘Aiakane-ne- Shrub Cream-Yellow 2’-6’ Well Drained 4000-8500 Spring-Summer Partial Sun and moths will visit)

Well Drained - wind pollinated (bees Coprosma pubens pilo Tree White 10-30’ Perennial Full Sun – Filtered Sun 1200-6200 Wet and moths will visit)

(continued on page 18)

Hawaiian Islands Province 17 (continued from page 17) Plants that attract pollinators in THE Hawaiian Islands Province

Perennation Hawaiian Name/ Height Elevation Scientifi c Name Habit Flower Color and Bloom Sun Soil Pollinators Common Name (in feet) (in feet) Period

Well Drained - Cyrtandra platyphylla `Llihia Shrub White 3’ Perennial Shade 1200-4500 fl ies Moist

Perennial, Well Drained- Delissea rhytidosperma Kaua’i delissea Shrub Green-White 2-10’ Partial Sun 980-3300 bird, moths, bees June-December Moist - Diospyros hillebrandii Elama Tree Cream 15-50’ Perennial Partial Sun – Shade Well Drained 490-2500 bees, fl ies

Diospyros sandwicensis Lama Tree White 6-35’ Perennial, Year Round Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 0-4000 bees, fl ies

Orange-White- Perennial, birds, butterfl ies, Erythrina sandwicensis Wiliwili Tree 15-50’ Full Sun Well Drained 0-1950 Yellow Spring-Summer moths, bees

Euphorbia celastroides var. Perennial, ‘Akoko Shrub/Tree Brown/White 2-6’ Full Sun Well Drained 0-1000 bees, fl ies, moths kaenana Year Round

Perennial, Gardenia brighamii N a¯ ’ u¯ Shrub/Tree White 6-30’ Full Sun Well Drained 1100-1700 moths, bees Year Round

Perennial, bees, moths, Gossypium tomentosum Ma‘o Shrub Yellow 2-6’ Full Sun Well Drained <400 Year Round butterfl ies

Perennial, Well Drained- Hibiscus arnottianus Koki’o ke’oke’o Shrub/Tree White 10-50’ Full Sun – Partial Sun 390-2500 bird, moths, bees Year Round Moist

Perennial, February- Hibiscus brackenridgei Ma‘o hau hele Shrub/Tree Yellow 2-10’ Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 400-2600 bird, moths, bees May

Perennial, Hibiscus clayi Koki‘o ‘ula Shrub/Tree Red 10-30’ Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 150-2000 bird, moths, bees Year Round

Red, Orange, Perennial, Hibiscus kokio Koki‘o Shrub/Tree 2-50’ Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 500-3000 bird, moths, bees Yellow Year Round

Perennial, Hibiscus waimeae Koki’o ke’oke’o Shrub/Tree White 10-50’ Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 2000-3000 bird, moths, bees Year Round

Well Drained- Ilex anomala Ka¯wa‘u Shrub/Tree White 10-50’ Perennial Full Sun – Partial Sun 2000-4500 bees, fl ies Moist

Well Drained- Kadua affi nis Manono Tree/Shrub/Vine Green, Purple 6-30’ Perennial Partial Sun 850-6690 moths Moist

- Red, Pink, Orange, Perennial, Well Drained Metrosideros polymorpha ‘Ohi’a lehua Shrub/Tree 2-50+’ Full Sun – Partial Sun 0 - 7200+ bird, wasp, bees Yellow Year Round Dry and Moist

Perennial, Myoporum sandwicense Naio Shrub/Tree White-Pink 2-50+’ Full Sun Well Drained 0 - 7700+ fl ies, bees Year Round

Perennial, Myrsine lessertiana Ko-lea lau nui Shrub/Tree Pink-Purple 15-30’ Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 700-7200+ moths, fl ies, bees Year Round

Well Drained - Myrsine sandwicensis Ko-lea Shrub/Tree Pink 13-25’ Perennial Full Sun – Partial Sun 1000-4800 birds, bees, fl ies Moist/Wet

Nesoluma polynesicum Perennial, Keahi Shrub/Tree Green-White 6-50’ Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 425-2100 fl ies, moths, bees (Sideroxylon polynesicum) May-September

Nestegis sandwicensis Olopua Shrub/Tree White, Yellow 30-50+’ Perennial Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 100-4265 bees, fl ies

Perennial, Ochrosia compta Ho-lei Tree White 15-50’ Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 975-1625 moths Year Round

Perennial, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia ‘U¯ lei Shrub White 2-30’ Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 0-7600 bees, fl ies Spring, Winter

Perennial, Well Drained- Perrottetia sandwicensis Olomea Shrub/Tree Red 6-50’ Partial Sun – Shade 1000-4000 fl ies Year Round Wet

- Perennial, June, July, Pisonia sandwicensis Aulu Tree Brown-White 30-50’ Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 850-3400+ bees, fl ies August

Pisonia umbellifera Pa¯pala ke¯pau Shrub/Tree White, Pink 10-50’ Perennial Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 295-2625 moths, fl ies, bees

Pittosporum confertifl orum Ho-’awa Shrub/Tree White, Cream 2-50’ Perennial Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 550-7000 moths, fl ies, bees

Well Drained- Pittosporum glabrum Ho-’awa Tree White, Cream 15-30’ Perennial, Year Round Full Sun – Partial Sun 785-6465 moths, fl ies, bees Moist

Well Drained- Pittosporum hawaiiense ho‘awa Tree Cream 10-25’ Perennial Full Sun – Partial Sun 1700-6000 moths, fl ies, bees Moist/Wet (continued on page 19)

18 Selecting Plants for Pollinators (continued from page 18)

Perennation Hawaiian Name/ Height Elevation Scientifi c Name Habit Flower Color and Bloom Sun Soil Pollinators Common Name (in feet) (in feet) Period

Pittosporum hosmeri Ho-’awa Tree White, Cream 10-30’ Perennial, Year Round Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 1200-3500 moths, fl ies, bees

Well Drained- Polyscias hawaiensis ‘Ohe Tree Red 15-50+’ Perennial Full Sun – Partial Sun 500-3500 fl ies, moths Moist

Polyscias racemosa Pu-ko-lakalaka Tree Red, Yellow 15-30’ Perennial, Year Round Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 395-1300+ fl ies, moths

Polyscias sandwicensis ‘Ohe makai Tree Purple 15-50+’ Perennial, Fall Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 100-2600+ fl ies, moths

Pritchardia spp. Loulu Tree Yellow 15-60’ Perennial Full Sun Well Drained Variable fl ies

Well Drained - Psychotria greenwelliae ko-piko nui Tree White 15’ Perennial Full Sun – Partial Sun 2000 - 4000 fl ies, bees, moths Moist

Well Drained- Psychotria mariniana Ko-piko Tree White 15-50+’ Perennial, Year Round Full Sun – Partial Sun 200-4000 moths, bees, fl ies Moist

Psychotria mauiensis ‘opiko Shrub/Tree White-Green 10-45’ Perennial Partial Sun Moist 500-5000 fl ies, bees, moths

Psydrax odorata Alahe’e Shrub/Tree White 10-50’ Perennial, Year Round Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 0-2700 moths, bees, fl ies

Well Drained- bees, fl ies, honey bees Rhus sandwicensis Neneleau Tree White 6-30’ Perennial Full Sun – Partial Sun 500-2500 Moist favorite

- Rubus hawaiensis ‘Akala Subshrub Pink 6-10’ Perennial, April-July Full Sun – Partial Sun Moist 2000-10000 bees

Rumex giganteus Pa¯wale Subshrub/Shrub Pink-Red Up to 6.5’ Perennial Full Sun Mesic-Wet 2000-10000 bees, fl ies, butterfl ies

Rumex skottsbergii Pa¯wale Subshrub/Shrub Cream-Green 3-5’ Perennial Full Sun Well Drained Variable bees, fl ies, moths

Green to Yellow Well Drained- Santalum paniculatum `Iliahi Shrub/Tree 10-35’ Perennial, Year Round Full Sun – Partial Sun 1500-6500 bees, fl ies and Orange/Brown Moist

Well Drained- Santalum freycinetianum ‘Iliahi Shrub/Tree Red, Pink 2-50’ Perennial, Year Round Full Sun – Partial Sun 800-3000 butterfl ies, bees, birds Moist

Perennial, Spring, Sapindus oahuensis Lonomea Shrub/Tree White 30-50’+ Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 200-2000 bees, fl ies, moths Summer and Winter

Well Drained- Scaevola chamissoniana Naupaka kuahiwi Shrub/Tree White 2-10’ Perennial, Year Round Full Sun – Partial Sun 1500-3500 fl ies, bees, moths Moist

Well Drained- Scaevola gaudichaudiana Naupaka kuahiwi Shrub White 2-30’ Perennial, Year Round Partial Sun-Shade 555-2600 fl ies, bees, moths Moist

Scaevola kilaueae Huahekili uka Shrub White 2-10’ Perennial Full Sun Well Drained 3000-5000 fl ies, bees, moths

Scaevola sericea Naupaka-kahakai Shrub White 2-10’ Perennial, Year Round Full Sun Well Drained Coastal fl ies, bees, moths

Orange, Red, Sesbania tomentosa ‘Ohai Shrub 2-30’ Perennial, Year Round Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained < 2500 birds, bees Yellow

Perennial, July- Sophora chrysophylla Mamani Shrub/Tree Yellow 6-50’ Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 1400-10000+ birds, bees November

Well Drained Styphelia tameiameiae pu¯kiawe Shrub Yellow Up to 15’ Perennial Full Sun 0-10000 bees, fl ies to Wet

- Well Drained- Vaccinium calycinum Ohelo kau la¯’au Shrub Pink 2-30’ Perennial, Year Round Full Sun – Partial Sun 1600-5800 bees, fl ies Wet, Moist

Well Drained- Vaccinium reticulatum Ohelo ‘Ai Shrub Red 2-10’ Perennial, Year Round Full Sun – Partial Sun 2100-12000 bees, fl ies Moist

Vitex rotundifolia Po¯hinahina Shrub Blue, Purple 2-10’ Perennial, Year Round Full Sun Well Drained 0-50 bees, butterfl ies

- Well Drained - butterfl ies, moths, Wikstroemia sandwicensis Akia Shrub/Tree Green, Yellow 2-10’ Perennial, Fall-Winter Filtered Sun 10 - 5000 Wet bees

- butterfl ies, moths, Wikstroemia phillyreifolia Akia Shrub/Tree Yellow 2-15’ Perennial Full Sun Well Drained 0-7500+ bees

- Wikstroemia uva-ursi Akia Shrub Yellow 2-6’ Perennial, Fall-Winter Full Sun – Partial Sun Well Drained 0-1375+ moths, butterfl ies

Hawaiian Islands Province 19 Bee-pollinated plants 0f THE Hawaiian Islands Province

Common Bee-Pollinated Ornamentals and Crops Common Bee-Pollinated Ornamentals and Crops Large Small Large Small Carpenter Carpenter Leafcutter Carpenter Carpenter Leafcutter FLOWERS CROPS Aster x x x Eggplant x Beebalm x Cucumber x Black-eyed Susan x x Squash x Catnip x Pumpkins x Conefl ower x x Gourds x Cow parsley Tomatoes x Goldenrod x x Thyme x Irises x TROPICAL FRUITS Lavender x x Citrus x x Monring glory x Cherimoya x Oregano x Durian x Passion fl owers x x Eucalyptus x x x Penstemon x x Guava x Phacelia x x Loquat x x Potentilla Lychee x x Rose x x Macadamia nut x Rosemary x x Mango x x Sage x x Mangosteen x Salvia x x Palms x Saxifrage Passion fruit x x Sorrel x Rambutan x Sunfl owers x x x Soursop x Verbena x Starfruit x Yarrow x x Surinam cherry x

Wild honey bee on bidens sp. courtesy Kim Dillman “Conserve Hawai’i’s unique native plants by including them in home landscaping. Native plants add beauty, variety and food sources for native pollinators and honey bees. ” – Kim Dillman, Big Island Plants, Volcano, Hawai’i

20 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Hawai’i nurseries that specialize in forestry trees, native or introduced

Note that most have minimum orders of $100 to $500 and most grow to order. State Tree Nursery Nina Gutmanis and Louis Bauguess Ethan Romanchak Division of Forestry and Wildlife Gordon Czernick Grow Native Corporation Jonathan Keyser Kamuela, HI Makani Gardens Box 753 Native Nursery LLC ph: (Hilo) (808) 974-4221 1625 West Kuiaha Rd Mt. View, HI 96771 (808) 878-8276 fax (808) 876-1020 Haiku, HI 96708 ph:. (808) 968-8350 email: [email protected] David and Victoria Antova ph: (808)-572-6337 fax: (808) 968-6853 mailing address: H and S Farms fax: (808) 572-6337 email: endfl [email protected] PO Box 806 Kula, HI 96790 (Ferns only) email: [email protected] Street address: hsfarms@besthawaiianfl owers.com Brian Kiyabu 1267 Naalae Rd Kula Maui HI (808) 969-6364 David DeEsch Amy Greenwell Garden ph: (808) 281-8494 (Ethan Hamakoa Nursery Native and Polynesian-introduced Romanchak) Allie Atkins Koa and ‘ohi‘a- seedlings plants only; min. order $500.00 ph: (808)250-3341 (Jonathan Keyser) Lehua Lena Nursery PO Box 1428 ph: (808) 323-3318 www.mauinativenursery.com PO Box 1479 Honokaa, HI 96727 fax: (808) 323-2394 Kea‘au, HI 96749 ph: (808) 775-1663 [email protected] Kerin Rosenberger tel/fax (808) 966-7975 [email protected] http://www.bishopmuseum.org/ Keep it Native [email protected] http://hamakoa.com/ exhibits/greenwell/plantsales.html Kaua‘i, HI PO Box 1053 (808) 742-9894 Rick Barboza Nick Koch Captain Cook, HI 96704 [email protected] Hui Ku - Maoli Ola Nursery Solutions Inc. (native plants only) Native Hawaiian Plant Specialists PO Box 474 Lelan Nishek 46-403 Haiku Rd. Paauilo HI 96776 Kaua‘i Nursery & Landscaping Jill Wagner Kaneohe, HI 96744 (808) 776-9900 3-1550 Kaumuali‘i Hwy. Future Forests Nursery (808) 295-7777 [email protected] Lihue, HI 96766 P.O. Box 847 [email protected] [email protected] ph: (808) 245-7747 Kailua Kona, HI 96745 www.hawaiiannativeplants.com http://www.nurserysolutionsinc.com email: [email protected] ph: (808) 325-2377 www.kauainursery.com email: [email protected] Mauna Ikena Betsy Garties and Victoria Paul www.forestnursery.com Linda Burnham Larish Aikane Nursery Anna Palomino P.O. Box 1337 PO Box 459 Ho‘olawa farms (natives only) Aileen Yeh Kea‘au, HI 96749 Kapaau, HI 96755 Haiku, HI 96708 Aileen’s Nursery [email protected] [email protected] (808) 575-5099 942 W Kawailani St. (808) 966-6337 (808) 889-5906 [email protected] Hilo, HI 96720 http://www.hoolawafarms.com ph/fax: (808) 959-8040 Kim Dillman cell: (808-) 36-2671 Big Island Plants email: [email protected] http://www.bigislandplants.com/ PO BOX 338 Volcano, Hawaii - 96785 [email protected] (ph/fax) (808)-985-8596 Habitat and Nesting requirements of native Hawaiian bees

Large carpenter bees: Soft dead wood, poplar, cottonwood or willow trunks and limbs, structural timbers including redwood. Depending on the species, there may be one or two brood cycles per year. These bees can be active all day even in the hottest weather.

Small carpenter bees: Pithy stems including roses and blackberry canes. These bees are more active in the morning but can be found at other times.

Leafcutter bees: Pre-existing circular tunnels of various diameters in dead but sound wood created by emerging beetles, some nest in the ground. Leave dead limbs and trees to support not just pollinators but other wildlife. Leafcutter bees can be seen foraging throughout the day even in hot weather.

Yellow-faced bees: In dead stems. These bees are more active during morning hours.

Hawaiian Islands Province 21 A Basic Checklist

Become familiar with pollinators in your landscape.

n Watch for activity throughout the day and the seasons. n Keep a simple notebook of when and what comes to your garden. NOTE: It is not necessary to identify each species when you fi rst get started. Simply note if it is a bee that likes the yellow fl ower that blooms in the fall. n Consult a local fi eld guide or web site (www.pollinator.org) when you are ready to learn more details.

Add native plants to attract more native pollinators.

n List the plants you currently have in your landscape. n Determine when you need additional fl owers to provide nectar and pollen throughout the growing season. n Add plants that provide additional seasons of bloom, create variable heights for shelter, and attract the types of pollinators you want. n Don’t forget to include host plants that provide food and shelter for larval development. n Contact your local native plant society or extension agent for “MONARCH more help. BUTTERFLIES Use pollinator friendly landscape NEVER FAIL TO CATCH practices to support the pollinators you attract. THE VISITOR’S EYE n Use Integrated Pest Management Practices to address pest concerns. AND ALWAYS LEAD n Tolerate a little mess – leave dead snags and leaf litter, keep areas bare for ground nesting pollinators, and leave some weeds that provide TO A TEACHABLE food for pollinators. n Provide safe access to clean water. MOMENT.” -- LOGAN LEE, PRAIRIE SUPERVISOR MIDEWIN NATIONAL Notice the changes TALLGRASS PRAIRIE that you have helped to create!

22 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Resources

Many books, websites, and people Native Plants Butterfl ies and Moths were consulted to gather information for this guide. Use this list as a Opler, Paul A., Harry Pavulaan, Plant Pono starting point to learn more about Ray E. Stanford, Michael Pogue, www.plantpono.org/ pollinators and plants in your area. coordinators. 2006. Butterfl ies and Plant Conservation Alliance Moths of North America. Bozeman, Bailey’s Ecoregion Maps www.nps.gov/plants MT: NBII Mountain Prairie Lady Bird Johnson Wildfl ower Information Node. USDA Forest Service Center www.butterfl iesandmoths.org/ http://www.fs.fed.us/land/ www.wildfl ower.org/plants/ (Version 07192007) ecosysmgmt/ecoreg1_home.html USDA Hardiness Zone Map Pyle, Robert Michael. 1981. National www.usna.usda/Hardzone/ Audubon Society Field Guide to Pollination/Pollinators Butterfl ies. Alfred A. Knopf: New USDA, NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS York, NY. Database Pollinator Partnership www.plants.usda.gov, 19 July, 2007 North American Buterfl y www.pollinator.org National Plant Data Center, Association Natural Resources Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA www.naba.org Conservation Service www.nrcs.usda.gov Feedback North American Pollinator We need your help to create better Native Bees Protection Campaign guides for other parts of North www.nappc.org National Sustainable Information America. Please e-mail your input to USDA Forest Service Service [email protected] www.fs.fed.us/wildfl owers/pollinators/ “Alternative Pollinators: Native Bees” or fax to 415-362-3070. Wild Farm Alliance by Lane Greer, NCAT Agriculture Specialist, Published 1999, ATTRA www.wildfarmalliance.org n How will you use this guide? Publication #IP126 The Xerces Society www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/ www.xerces.org nativebee.html n Do you fi nd the directions Illinois Natural History Survey clear? If not, please tell us www.inhs.uiuc.edu Agriculture Research Service what is unclear. Plants Attractive to Native Bees table Buchmann, S.L. and G.P. Nabhan. www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs. n Is there any information you 1997. The Forgotten Pollinators htm?docid=12052 Island Press: Washington, DC. feel is missing from the guide?

Committee on the Status of n Any other comments? Pollinators in North America. 2007. Status of Pollinators in North America The National Academies Press: Thank you Washington, DC. for taking the time to help!

Hawaiian Islands Province 23 Research and Writing: Elizabeth L. Ley Stephen Buchmann, Ph.D. Gary K auffman Olivia Jacobsen Mary Rager NAPPC Brian Dykstra Lindsay K wong Victoria Wojcik, Ph.D.

Editorial: Laurie Davies Adams Brian Dykstra Mary Rager Jennifer Tsang

Production Supervision: Mary Rager Jennifer Tsang

Design: Marguerite Meyer

Plant Conservation Alliance Concept review: Big Island Plants, Kim Dillman Bishop Museum, Clyde Imada Botanic Gardens Conservation International – US, Abby Hird Island Princess, Dave Schell Hawaii Department of Agriculture, Pat Conant, Danielle Downey, Jacqueline Robson, Lauren Rusert Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Lyman Perry Hawaii Invasive Species Council, Josh Atwood, Chuck Chimera, Patricia Clifford Starr Environmental, Forest and Kim Starr The University of Hawaii, Karl Magnacca

Photo Contributors: Karl Magnacca Kim Dillman Lauren Rusert Danielle Downey Jonathan Starr Colleen Kwong

original concept creator: Larry Stritch, Ph.D.

For a copy of this brochure, or for another region, visit www.pollinator.org The Pollinator Partnership / North American Pollinator Protection Campaign 423 Washington St., 5th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94111 – 415-362-1137 24 www.pollinator.org d www.nappc.org Selecting Plants for Pollinators