National Mission on Himalayan Studies (NMHS)
NMHS Annual Progress Report – Pro forma
Kindly fill the NMHS Annual Progress Report segregated into the following 11 segments, as applicable to your project nature and outcomes.
1. Project Information
2. Project Site Details
3. Project Activities Chart w.r.t. Timeframe [Gantt or PERT]
4. Financial and Resource Information
5. Equipment and Asset Information
6. Expenditure Statement and Utilization Certificate (UC)
7. Project Beneficiary Groups
8. Project Progress Summary (as applicable to the project)
9. Project Linkages (with nearby Institutions/ State Agencies)
10. Additional (publication, recommendations, etc.)
11. Project Concluding Remark
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NMHS Progress Report
(Period from 01/04/2018 to 31/03/2019)
1. Project Information
Project ID: NMHS/MG-2016/005/8502-7 Sanction Date: 31/03/2016
Sustainable use of Sikkim Himalayan Biodiversity for socio-economic development of mountain villages with special reference to Ophiocordyceps sinensis, Hippophae Project Title: salicifolia, Docynia indica and Rhus chinensis: Technology development, alternative livelihood and conservation.
BTG: Conservation and Sustainable use of Biodiversity
PI and Affiliation Dr. Dhani Raj Chhetri, Associate Professor, Department of Botany, Sikkim University (Institution):
Name & Address Dr. Arun Chettri, Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Sikkim University of the Co-PI, if Dr. Ghanashyam Sharma, Program Manager, The Mountain Institute of India any: Dr. Bharat Kumar Pradhan, Research Fellow, State Biodiversity Board, Department of Forest Environment and Wild Life Management, Govt. of Sikkim
Structured Population assessment, Species abundance and Habitat suitability assessment for Rhus Abstract - chinensis and Hippophae salicifolia were carried out in Sikkim. A total of 90 individual detailing the of R. chinensis were inventoried from the predicted suitable habitat. The highest number current year of individual were recorded from West Sikkim (49 individuals) followed by 16 progress [Word Limit 250 words]: individuals each from North and East district and 9 individuals from South district of Sikkim. Similarly the very high and high suitability class had the highest number of individual (73 individuals) indicating high species abundance compared to medium (12 individuals), low (4 individual) and very low (1 individual) habitat suitability class (Table 1). However the linear regression model showed a weak positive correlation between species abundance and probability values (r=0.223, p=0.472).
Moreover the current distribution of caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) in Sikkim is not clear nor do we know the potential impact of climate change on distribution of species. Therefore in this regard we used MaxEnt modeling to predict the present and future distributions of caterpillar fungus in four future climate change trajectories (viz. RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0 and RCP_8.5) for the year 2050. The result of which only 311 km2 area (4.77 % of total area) were predicted to be suitable under current climatic condition. Under future climate change scenario the suitable habitat of caterpillar fungus would gets drastically reduced (RCP_2.6, RCP_4.5 and RCP_8.5) with a minor expansion (i.e. ~71 km2) in addition to current potential suitable habitat under scenario RCP_6.0. Niche overlap analysis resulted in more than 90 % overlap among current and future distribution of species. The existing PAs accounts for only 0.54 % (~35 km2) of the total area of state of Sikkim and 1.64 % of the total area of PAs and shows variability in suitable habitat under climate change scenario. Therefore establishment of new PAs especially towards far east and northeast region of Sikkim could be an alternative measure for conservation of suitable habitat of caterpillar fungus. Alternatively trans- boundary conservation programs connecting country like Bhutan in the East, Nepal in the Page | 2
West and Tibet in the North of Sikkim could be a viable long term alternative plan for conservation of species.
From the fruits of Docynia indica products like jam, jelly, pickle were developed which lead to mobilization of farming community. The products were further analyzed for nutritional and biochemical properties using traditional method and in laboratory.
Propagation technologies based on seed germination/stem cutting were developed for Rhus, Docynia and Hippophae species (03 species). Package of practices for Rhus, Docynia species were developed.
The second multi-institutional brain storming meeting/consultation programme were organised with involvement of various stake holders such as NTFP (Non-timber forest produce) division of FEWMD, RCIBSD (Regional centre for Institute of Bioresource and sustainable development), WWF, SSOCA (Sikkim state organic certification agency), SIMFED (Sikkim marketing federation). Networking with SSOCA for organic certification of products from D. indica and R. chinensis prepared using traditional methods.
A total of 40 households were surveyed in north district and the information were gathered for O. sinensis species using semi-structured format. Likewise 45 households were surveyed in east district for R. chinensis and D. indica. Economic valuation analysis is under preparation for O. sinensis, D. indica and R. chinensis. Process documentation (video) were done for juice making from H. salicifolia.
Filed visit to Lachen, Lacung for Ophiocordyceps sinensis commercialization prospects through legal means in Sikkim have been conducted. Price of O. sinensis ranged from Rs. 70 to 110/- per piece. The volume of collection this time was over 30 kg from Lachung whereas it exceeded 50 kg in Lachen. It was further revealed that some people even sold it for Rs. 50/- per piece due to high volume of collections.
Field tour to Khecheopalri West Sikkim was conducted to and identified the different habitats of Docynia indica (Mel) and Rhus chinensis (Bhakmilo). We surveyed the village households aiming to study the present status of Mel and Bhakmilo cultivation, processing, their use, products preparation etc., and also verified people’s approach on the prospects of marketing of above mentioned crops.
Similar visits were conducted in Kabi - Tingta North Sikkim to identify the habitats of Mel and Bhakmilo, the present status of Mel and Bhakmilo plant cultivation, fruit processing and use. Apart from that survey were conducted on various product development, prospects, use, and marketing.
One day training and capacity building programme were organised on processing of mel at Sumik-Khamdong involving local Self Help Groups members and other community representatives. Additionally we also provided training to the women groups on mel pickle making using available ingredients.
Apart from such capacity building programme a one day national conference were organised by Sikkim University in collaboration with The Mountain Institute India (TMI) and State Biodiversity Board, Sikkim (SBB) on a subject entitled 'Himalayan Medicinal Plants for medicine and health: a way forward' on 29th March, 2019.
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Project Partner Affiliations Role & Responsibilities Name
1. Population and habitat assessment, ecological niche modelling and conservation of Ophiocordyceps sinensis, Docynia indica and Rhus chinensis in the Sikkim Himalaya Dr. Dhani Raj Acitvity: a. Field survey in the study sites b. Chhetri, (PI), Ecological Niche Modelling Associate Professor 2. Nutritional analysis and protocol & Sikkim University (SU) development of Hippophae salicifolia, Dr. Arun Chettri Docynia indica and Rhus chinensis for value (Co-I) addition of products Assistant Professor, Sikkim University a. Bio-chemical analysis of the fruits of Hippophae salicifolia, Docynia indica and Rhus chinensis b. Organization of workshops, conference at the end of the project tenure
1. Development of propagation technology and
technology transfer for Hippophae salicifolia,
Docynia indica and Rhus chinensis for value
addition of products Dr. Ghanashyam The Mountain Institute India (TMI) Sharma (Co-I), Activity: Standardization of propagation Program Manager techniques Additional activity: a. Involvement of communities in product exhibition during agricultural and organic fair organized by the State Government. 1. Development of Policy guidelines for the entire value chain by involving relevant government and other associated agencies Activity: a. Multi-institutional consultation with relevant agencies including government line department such as Agriculture/Horticulture/Industries Dr. Bharat Kumar State Biodiversity Board, Department Department of the Government of Sikkim Pradhan (Co-I), of Forest Environment and Wild Life b. Establishment of mechanism of organic Research Fellow Management, Govt. of Sikkim certification in collaboration with the Directorate of Organic Mission of Agriculture and Cash Crop Development Department, Government of Sikkim. 2. Value chain analysis, establishment of forward and backward linkages, and prospects of Access and Benefit Sharing of the selected species 3. Development of guidelines for the entire
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value chain in collaboration with the relevant government and other marketing agencies. Additional activity: a. Establishment of market linkage between communities and companies b. Community involvement in ABS negotiation process.
2. Project Site Details
Project study sites Table 1 IHR States Covered Sikkim Longitude and Latitude Table 1 Site Maps Figure 1 Site Photographs Fig. 3
Table-1. Selected sites in Sikkim for the study of for Ophiocordyceps sinensis, Hippophae salicifolia, Docynia indica and Rhus chinensis showing co-ordinates and altitudinal range.
Sl. Species Study Sites Latitude Longitude Altitude no (m) 1 Hippophae salicifolia Lachen, North Sikkim 27°44'52.92"N 88°33'3.033"E 2300-3200
2 Hippophae salicifolia Lachung, North Sikkim 27°41'51.878"N 88°44'57.487"E 2300-3000
3 Ophiocordyceps sinensis Serethang, East Sikkim 27°20'4.008"N 88°52'11.529"E 4000-4500
4 Ophiocordyceps sinensis Panch Pokhari Area, North 27°38'31.143"N 88°31'50.874"E 4000-4300 Sikkim 5 Rhus chinensis & Docynia Lingee-Sokpay, South 27°22'48.284"N 88°26'44.86"E 700-2000 indica Sikkim 6 Rhus chinensis & Docynia Sumik-Khamdong, East 27°17'24.53"N 88°27'49.54"E 700-2000 indica Sikkim 7 Rhus chinensis & Docynia Ganchung, East Sikkim 27°14'24.869"N 88°37'45.303"E 1000-1800 indica 8 Rhus chinensis & Docynia Linkey-Bering, East Sikkim 27°13'48.692"N 88°39'58.153"E 700-1800 indica
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3. Project Activities Chart w.r.t. Timeframe [Gantt or PERT]
Sl. PROJECT WORK UNDERTAKEN OUTP No. ACTIVITIES Year: 2016-2017 UT Qtr 1 Qtr 2 Qtr 3 Qtr 4 1 Ecological a) Species (a) Additional Fig. 1- Niche occurrence data species 6; Modelling collection for H. occurrence Table salicifolia, and R. data were 1-6 chinensis, collected for O. b) Model was chinensis developed for H. b) Revised model salicifolia, and R. was developed chinensis for O. chinensis c) Population c) Population assessment, assessment, Ecological niche Ecological niche modelling methods modelling has been methods has been developed. Habitat developed and identification of areas for reintroduction completed for H. salicifolia and R. chinensis 2 Value added a) Product Developed Nutritiona Fig. 7- product developed from products like jam, l analysis 11 developed fruits of D. indica, jelly, pickle. of Jam and Farming Chuk Table Rhus chinensis and community were developed 7 H. salicifolia mobilized for from D. processing and indica and b) Comparative development of R. nutritional analysis products. chinensis of products completed specially jam from . D. indica, prepared using traditional method and in lab., is under process. 3 Nutritional a) Analysis of pH, Table and Titrable organic 8-12 biochemical acid, total soluble analysis from solid from fruits fruits of D. completed for H. indica, R. salicifolia, D. indica, chinensis and and R. chinensis H. salicifolia b) Proximate completed analysis for H. salicifolia, D. indica, and R. chinensis completed Page | 7
c) Nutritional analysis for H. salicifolia, D. indica, and R. chinensis completed d) Preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis completed for H. salicifolia, D. indica, and R. chinensis e) Qualitative phytochemical analysis completed for H. salicifolia, D. indica, and R. chinensis f) Anti-oxidant activity analysis completed for H. salicifolia, D. indica, and R. chinensis
5 Propagation Propagation Developed a Fig. 12 techniques technology based protocol for standardized on seed nursery (02 species) germination/ste propagation of D. m cutting indica and R. developed and chinensis base on completed for field Rhus, Docynia knowledge/litera and Hippophae tures/documents species (03 etc. species).
Package of practices under finalization for Rhus, Docynia species 6 Methods Two paper 2) Title: and published: Indigenou knowledge s products (1)Title: Habitat knowledg developed distribution e and
and modelling of phytoche
seabuckthorn mical published (Hippophae screening out of the of projects salicifolia D. medicinal (Nos.) Don.) in Sikkim, chuk from Page | 8
Eastern Himalaya, Rhus India. chinensis, Journal: Indian Docynia Journal of Ecology, indica and 45 (2): 266-269. Hippopha e
salicifolia
in Sikkim Second multi- Himalaya. institutional brain Journal: storming meeting/consultati Indian on programme Journal of organised with Traditional involvement of Knowledge, various stake 18(2): 250- holders such as 260.
NTFP (Non-timber forest produce)
division of
FEWMD, RCIBSD (Regional centre for Institute of Bioresource and sustainable development), WWF, SSOCA (Sikkim state organic certification agency), SIMFED
(Sikkim marketing
federation).
Networking with SSOCA for organic certification of products from D. Fig. 13 indica and R. chinensis prepared using traditional methods. 8 Value a) 40 households chain were surveyed in establishe north district and d (No of the information beneficiar gathered on O. ies) sinensis species using semi- structured format. Data under compilation.
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b) 45 households were surveyed in east district and the information gathered on R. chinensis and D. indica using semi- structured format. Data under compilation (not reported in earlier half yearly report) c) Economic valuation analysis under preparation for O. sinensis, D. indica and R. chinensis. Survey still continuing. d) Process documentation (video) done for juice making from H. salicifolia. 9 Filed visit to Price of O. sinensis Fig. 14 Lachen, ranged from Rs. 70 Lachung for to 110/- per piece. Ophiocordyce The volume of ps sinensis collection this time commercializa was over 30 kg tion prospects from Lachung through legal whereas it means in exceeded 50 kg in Sikkim Lachen. It was further revealed that some people even sold it for Rs. 50/- per piece due to high volume of collections. 10 Field tour to The tour Fig. 15 and 16 Khecheopalri were conducte West Sikkim d to and Kabi - identify
Tingta North the
Sikkim , different dated: 30th habitats October 2018 of D. indica And 5th and R.
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November chinensis. 2018. Village househol
ds were Fig. 17 aimed to and 18 study the present status of cultivati on, processi ng, their use, products preparati on etc. 11 Training and One day Fig. 19 and 22 Capacity training and Building capacity programme at building Sumik - program Khamdong on me on 15th mel December processi ng at 2018 Sumik- Khamdo ng involvin g local Self Help Groups members and other commun ity. Addition ally, provided training to the women groups on pickle making . 12 Organization of Sikkim Fig. 23 workshops, University and 24 conference at in the end of the collaboratio Page | 11 project tenure n with The Mountain Institute India (TMI) and State Biodiversit y Board, Sikkim (SBB) organised a one day National seminar on 'Himalayan Medicinal Plants for medicine and health: a way forward' on 29th March, 2019.
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Supporting data files/ maps/ tables/ figures of the results to be attached
Fig. 2. (a) Natural habitat of H. salicifolia (b) Habitat suitability map
Table 2: Population status of R. chinensis related to model thresholds
Locality/District Geographic Current Habitat Habitat Probability No. of coordinate suitability value (0-1) Individuals class Lingay, East 88.15761 Human settlement, Very High 0.826 3 Sikkim 27.14182 cultivated land Daramdin, West 88.17471 Agro forest Very High 0.831 7 Sikkim 27.1424 Daramdin, West 88.17683 Agro forest Very High 0.831 8 Sikkim 27.14251 Zoom 1, West 88.29111 Agro forest, human Very High 0.949 7 Sikkim 27.16256 settlement Utaray1, West 88.3008 Agro forest Very High 0.909 2 Sikkim 27.1611 Utaray 2 West 88.2991 Agro forest Very High 0.943 2 Sikkim 27.15207 Utaray 3 West 88.30788 Agro forest Very High 0.866 4 Sikkim 27.16158 Utaray 4 West 88.30926 Agro forest Very High 0.866 5 Sikkim 27.16327
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Mangan, North 88.52768 Agro forest High 0.761 5 Sikkim 27.39831 Dikchu, East 88.50207 Agro forest High 0.736 7 Sikkim 27.38212 Jorethang, South 88.28544 Agro forest High 0.677 7 Sikkim 27.2706 Zoom West 88.30887 Agro forest, human High 0.694 6 Sikkim 27.22076 settlement Mangan, North 88.52644 Agro forest High 0.669 6 Sikkim 27.3981 Pakyong, East 88.52699 Human settlement, High 0.663 4 Sikkim 27.24647 Agro forest Chakung West 88.31281 Agro forest, human Medium 0.497 1 Sikkim 27.21912 settlement Soreng, West 88.21826 Agro forest, Human Medium 0.43 4 Sikkim 27.15667 settlement Chakung 1 West 88.31913 Agro forest, human Medium 0.543 2 Sikkim 27.21687 settlement Dzongu, North 88.50955 Agro forest Medium 0.412 5 Sikkim 27.46367 Pakyong, East 88.59544 Human settlement, Low 0.361 2 Sikkim 27.22834 Agro forest Yangang, South 88.43339 Agro forest Low 0.232 2 Sikkim 27.31704 Dentham West 88.22603 Agro forest, human Very Low 0.154 1 Sikkim 27.33535 settlement Habitat suitability thresholds: very low (0-0.2); low (0.2-0.4), Medium (0.4-0.6), High (0.6-0.8), Very High (0.8-1)
Fig. 3. (a) Natural habitat of R. chinensis (b) Habitat suitability map of R. chinensis
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Population assessment and Ecological Niche Modeling for Ophiocordyceps sinensis Species occurrence records Primary occurrence data (geographic coordinates) for Ophiocordyceps sinensis [Caterpillar Fungus (CF)] were collected from the field (Table 3 & Fig.1). The geographic coordinates were collected using Garmin GPS 78s with an accuracy of 3-10 m. Additional points for Thangu, Yathang, Yumthang and Kalapathar reused for developing the revised model (Fig. 4 and 5, 6). Table 3: Species occurrence data collected from the field
Sl. No. Locality Elevation (m) Geographic coordinate 1 Tshapa 3884 88˚ 44’674’’ N 27˚ 22’609’’ E 2 Sherathang 4003 88˚ 48’889’’ N 27˚ 22’798’’ E 3 Sherathang 3956 88˚ 49’730’’ N 27˚ 22’010’’ E 4 Baba 4408 88˚ 50’283’’ N Mandir 27˚ 18’875’’ E 5 Kupup 3954 88˚ 50’475’’ N 27˚ 20’531’’ E 6 Thangu 3876 88˚ 32’113’’ N 27˚ 53’312’’ E 7 Yathang 3944 88˚ 33’158’’ N 27˚ 52’104’’ E
8 Yumthang 3747 88˚ 41’416’’ N 27˚ 49’365’’ E 9 Kalapatthar 4574 88˚ 28’374’’ N 27˚ 53’469’’ E
Fig. 4: Natural habitat of Caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis)
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Fig. 5: Habitat distribution of O. sinensis under current climate
RCP2.6 RCP4.5
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RCP6.0 RCP8.5
Fig. 6: Habitat distribution of O. sinensis under future climate change scenario 2050 Occurrence data, Niche Modelling and Climate data Due to narrow geographic range of CF in Sikkim Himalaya we collected five occurrence data i.e. geographic coordinates from Northern and Eastern district of Sikkim (Table 3). We used MaxEnt (maximum entropy) model to predict the current and future habitat distribution of CF in Sikkim Himalaya. We used MaxEnt because it is one of the most widely used software package for environmental niche modelling and can achieve high predictive accuracies even with low presence only data (Phillips and Dudík, 2008). MaxEnt have been previously used to predict the impact of climate change on the distribution of CF in Nepal Himalaya (Shrestha and Bawa 2014). The climate data for current and future climate change scenario (2050) were obtained from Worldclim data base (www.worldclim.org) at the resolution of 30 arc sec (~1 km2). The 19 bioclimatic variables were subjected to correlation test using ENM Tools 3.3. (Warren et al. 2010) and therefore of 19 variable 13 variable were found to be highly correlated (r2>0.90) leaving six variable for modeling. ENM Tools were also used to evaluate the percentage of niche overlap between current and future predicted model and to show the degree of change in habitat suitability. Model evaluation and validation The performance of the model was evaluated based on area under curve (AUC) metric. The AUC value of <0.5 indicates poor model as the model could not perform better than random where as the value above 0.75 are normally considered useful (Elith, 2000). Partial AUC metric was also used for model evaluation (Lobo et al. 2008; Peterson 2008). Partial AUC was estimated using Niche Toolbox available online at http://shiny.conabio.gob.mx:3838/nichetoolb2/. The tool was used to calculate the ratio of AUCrandom (at 0.5 level) and AUCactual using the occurrence data and the output model developed. We executed 500 bootstrap iterations with 5 % omission to obtain the distribution curves for AUCrandom and AUCactual.
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Table 4: Results of final MaxEnt model for current and future distribution of O. sinensis
Variables AUC at 0.5 level (mean ± AUC at 0.05 level (mean AUC ratio (mean ± SD) ± SD) SD) Current (1960-1990) 0.5±1.79927E-11 0.99±0.0002 1.99±0.0004
RCP 2.6 (2041-2060) 0.5±3.43864E-13 0.99±0.0074 1.99±0.0149
RCP 4.5 (2041-2060) 0.49±1.51358E-06 0.96±0.0255 1.92±0.0511
RCP 6.0 (2041-2060) 0.49±6.30808E-08 0.98±0.0082 1.97±0.0165
RCP 8.5 (2041-2060) 0.49±8.31817E-08 0.97±0.0244 1.94±0.0489
Ecological Niche Modelling under current climatic condition
Out of 6 bioclimatic variables used, Precipitation seasonality (BIO 15) had the highest contribution (40.5 %) to the model followed by Annual mean temperature (BIO 1) and Annual precipitation (BIO 12). The contribution of above mentioned 3 variables together accounts for 91.2 % of the model prediction (Table 4). The Area under the Curve (AUC) values of 0.999 shows high level of accuracy in predicting the distribution of CF in Sikkim Himalaya (Table 4). At 10 % training presence logistic threshold value (i.e. 0.634) the current suitable habitat were estimated to be 311 km2 which accounts for only 4.77 % of the total area of Sikkim Himalaya (Fig. 7).
Fig. 7. Habitat suitability under current and future climate change scenario (2050) (at 10 percent training presence logistic threshold value)
Distribution under climate change scenario (2050) The potential suitable habitat of CF showed drastic reduction in comparison to current climatic condition (Fig. 6), however there was a considerable increase in suitable habitat under climate change
Page | 18 scenario RCP6.0 (Fig. 6). The predicted potential areas of CF have also been showed to increase under climate change scenario in Nepal Himalaya (Shrestha and Bawa 2014). Table 4: The relative contribution of six bioclimatic variables used in MaxEnt modelling Variables Description Units Average % code contribution BIO 15 Precipitation seasonality mm 40.5 (Coefficient of variation) BIO 1 Annual mean temperature º C 39.2 BIO 12 Annual precipitation mm 11.5 BIO 3 Isothermality (bio2/bio7)*100 - 6.3 BIO 2 Mean diurnal temperature range º C 2.2 BIO 19 Precipitation of Coldest Quarter mm 0.3
Habitat suitability within PAs and Niche Overlap A total of approximately 35 km2 area were predicted to be suitable under current climatic condition within PAs which accounts for only 0.54 % of the total area of state of Sikkim and 1.64 % of the total area of PAs. Moreover a considerable decline in suitable habitat was estimated under RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 within PAs. However increases in habitat suitability were estimated in Khangchendzonga National Park, Kyongnosla extension and Singba Rhododendron Sanctuary under RCP6.0 (Table 5). The niche overlap test resulted in significantly different levels of niche overlap among current and future scenario (Table 6). Based on Schoener’s D (above diagonal) the niche overlap values were highest (0.95) between future scenario 4.5 and scenario 8.5 indicating high level to niche overlap whereas low level of niche overlap was estimated between current climate scenario and future scenario 4.5. Based on Hellinger’s-based I (below diagonal) the highest and the lowest niche overlap were estimated between current climate scenario and future climate scenario 6.0 and 4.5 (Table 6). Table 6: Current and future suitable habitat for O. sinensis within protected areas of Sikkim Himalaya
Protected area (PAs) Current RCP RCP RCP RCP (km2) 2.6 4.5 6.0 8.5 (km2) (km2) (km2) (km2) Khangchendzonga 14 0 ( - ) 0 ( - ) 70 ( + ) 6 ( - ) National Park Fambong Lho Wildlife 0 0 ( * ) 0 ( * ) 0 ( * ) 0 ( * ) Sanctuary Kyongnosla Alpine 11 0 ( - ) 0 ( - ) 9 ( - ) 0 ( - ) Sanctuary Maenam Wildlife 0 0 ( * ) 0 ( * ) 0 ( * ) 0 ( * ) Sanctuary Kyongnosla extension 1 0 ( - ) 0 ( - ) 2 ( + ) 0 ( - ) Singba Rhododendron 9 0 ( - ) 0 ( - ) 19 ( + ) 0 ( - )
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Sanctuary Barsey Rhododendron 0 0 ( * ) 0 ( * ) 0 ( * ) 0 ( * ) Sanctuary Total 35 0 0 100 6 Note: (+) sign denotes increase in suitable habitat; (-) sign denotes decrease in suitable habitat and (*) denotes no change in habitat suitability within PAs compared to current climatic condition
Table 7: Schoener’s D (above diangonal) and Hellinger’s-based I (below diagonal) values from niche overlap of O. sinensis
Species Current Future_2.6 Future_4.5 Future _6.0 Future _8.5
Current - 0.83 0.64 0.81 0.69 Future_2.6 0.58 0.77 0.88 0.79
Future _4.5 0.37 0.48 - 0.89 0.95 Future _6.0 0.83 0.62 0.68 - 0.93 Future _8.5 0.40 0.50 0.79 0.74 -
This study is the first attempt to model the distribution of CF in Sikkim Himalaya under climate change scenario for the year 2050. This rare combination of CF is found at an altitude above 3800 m and is popular among local community of Lachung and Lachen valley of North Sikkim (Panda and Swain, 2011). The distribution of CF is mostly confined to far East and Northeastern part of Sikkim. Precipitation seasonality (BIO15) and Annual mean temperature (BIO1) were the top two bioclimatic variables which governs the distribution of CF in Sikkim Himalaya. The present study is in line with that of Shrestha and Bawa (2014) where they observe seasonality of precipitation affecting the distribution of CF in Nepal. Our model predicted reduction in potential suitable habitat of CF under climate change scenario (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). However on a positive note increase in suitable habitat (~71 km2 increase) were estimated under RCP6.0 compared to current condition. Similarly, existing PAs network also showed less suitability for CF under present and future climate change scenario (Table 4). The habitat suitability across seven PAs are not consistent, and this may be due to variation in climate across different elevation gradient in PAs (Lamsal et al. 2018). Compared to overall habitat suitability under current climatic condition only 11.25 % area (~35 km2) is estimated to be suitable within PAs resulting in more than 88 % suitable area falling outside PAs. Therefore establishment of new PAs especially towards far east and northeast region of Sikkim could be an alternative measure for conservation of suitable habitat of CF. Alternatively trans-boundary conservation programs connecting country like Bhutan in the West, Nepal in the East and Tibet in the North of Sikkim could be a viable long term alternative plan for conservation of species.
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Fig. 8. Different stages of jelly preparation from fruits of D. indica
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Fig. 9. Different stages of Jam preparation from fruits of D. indica
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Fig.10. Different stages of Juice preparation from fruits of H. salicifolia
Fig. 11. Final product developed from Rhus, Hippophae and Docynia indica fruits with labels
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Products developed from D. indica Products developed from R. chinensis Fig. 12: Products developed from D. indica and R. chinensis
Fig. 13: Development of nursery in the filed
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Fig.14. Second multi-institutional/consultation programme held with different stakeholders at Gangtok, Sikkim
Fig. 15: Figure showing harvested O. sinensis at Lachen and Lachung
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Fig. 16. Field tour to Khecheopari West Sikkim Fig. 17. Field tour to Khecheopalri West Sikkim
Fig. 18. Field tour to Kabi -Tingta North Sikkim Fig. 19. Field tour to Kabi -Tingta North Sikkim
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Fig.20. Training on Pickle making method on D. indica by SHG at East Sikkim
Fig. 21. Training on Juice extraction from D. indica by SHG at East Sikkim
Fig. 22. H. tibetana reported from Thangu Fig.23. Interaction with the Pipon (Head of Dzumsa), North Sikkim.
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Fig. 24: Welcome address by Dr. Dhani Raj Chhetri (PI), during seminar on project objectives
Fig. 25: Detailed project presentation by Dr. Ghanashyam Sharma (Co-I) during seminar
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4. Financial and Resource Information
Note: A separate bank account is expected to be opened for NMHS Project as per the provision of Direct Beneficiary Account (DBA) as laid out by the Govt. of India and also facilitate the audit of accounts. The interest earned out of the NMHS project funds should be reported clearly in the utilization certificate.
Total Grant: Rs. 2832400.00 Grant Received Date: 20/6/2016
Project Affiliations/ Budget Allocated to Work Done Partner(s) Institution
Sikkim University Rs. 1143334.00 Filed survey and population assessment and Ecological Niche Modelling for D. indica, H. salicifolia, R. chinensis and O. sinensis completed.
Organised one day national seminar with partner Institutes (TMI and SBB)
Product development from the fruits of Docynia indica and Hippophae salicifolia
Phytochemical and nutritional analysis from the fruits of D. indica, H. salicifolia and R. chinensis completed.
Developed value added products and Phytochemical and nutritional analysis of products prepared from the fruits of D. indica completed. The Mountain Rs. 824533.00 Developed a protocol for nursery Institute of India propagation of D. indica and R. chinensis base on field knowledge/literatures/documents etc.
Organized one day training and capacity building programme with partner institute (SU and SBB) on mel processing at Sumik-Khamdong involving local Self Help Groups members and other community representatives. Additionally we also provided training to the women groups on mel pickle making using available ingredients
Field tour to Khecheopalri West
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Sikkim on 30th October 2018 Field tour to Kabi -Tingta North Sikkim on 5th November 2018 Sikkim Department of Rs. 864533.00 Second multi-institutional brain Biodiversity Board Forest Environment storming meeting/consultation and Wild Life programme organised with Management, Govt. involvement of various stake of Sikkim holders such as NTFP (Non-timber forest produce) division of FEWMD, RCIBSD (Regional centre for Institute of Bioresource and sustainable development), WWF, SSOCA (Sikkim state organic certification agency), SIMFED (Sikkim marketing federation).
Networking with SSOCA for organic certification of products from D. indica and R. chinensis prepared using traditional methods
40 households were surveyed in north district and the information gathered on O. sinensis species using semi-structured format. Data under compilation.
45 households were surveyed in east district and the information gathered on R. chinensis and D. indica using semi-structured format. Data under compilation
Economic valuation analysis under preparation for O. sinensis, D. indica and R. chinensis. Survey still continuing.
Process documentation (video) done for juice making from H. salicifolia completed.
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Project Staff Information:
S. No. Name Qualification Designation Fellowship/ Wages paid Remarks 1. Mr. Aditya M.Sc JPF Rs. Date of Joining- 4th Pradhan January, 2017 2. Miss Bindhya M.Sc JPF Rs. Date of Joining-18th Subba January, 2017 3. Dr. Santosh Ph.D JPF Rs. Date of Joining-4th Kumar Chettri January, 2017
5. Equipment and Asset Information Sl. Equipment Details Cost Date of Photograph of Lowest No Name (Make/Model) Installation Equipment Quotation (Qty) , IF not purchased
1. Camera (1) Nikon/D700 Rs. 86999.39 07/3/2017
2. Data HOBO/MX1102 Rs. 101181.36 07/3/2017 Logger(1)
3. Soxhlet Borosil/3840016/ Rs.23102.84 16/12/2016 Apparatus (2) 3840019
4. Balance (1) Sartorious/BSA2 Rs.122513.00 16/12/2016 24S-CW
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5. GPS (1) GARMIN/78S Rs. 34099.00 16/12/2016
6. Digital pH Hanna Rs.9239.00 16/12/2016 Meter (1) Instrument/
H198100
7. Laptop (1) Apple US/A1708 Rs. 100000.00 1/4/2017
8 Camera Canon Rs. 100000.00 10/6/2017
77D
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6. Expenditure Statement and Utilization Certificate
Please update the annual Expenditure Statement and Utilization Certificate (UC) periodically.
Expenditure Information:
S. No. Financial Position/Budget Head Funds Sanctioned Expenditure % of Total cost
I Salaries/Manpower cost 752400.00 23.96 II Travel 250000.00 63.63 III Expendables &Consumables 200000.00 100 IV Contingencies 150000.00 55.99 V Activities & Other Project cost 1480000.00 59.45 VI Institutional Charges Nil Nil VII Equipments Nil 36.07 Total ₹ 2832400.00 Interest earned ₹ 92782.00 Grand Total ₹ 2832400.00
Period Expenditure Statement Utilization Certificate (UC)
Annual [ ] [ ]
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7. Project Beneficiary Groups
Beneficiary Groups [Capacity Target Achieved Building]
No. of Beneficiaries with income not specified in the proposal Not applicable generation:
No. of stakeholders trained, 60 5 SHG at Bering, Ribdi, Oakhrey particularly women: (12 women SHG members) Field nursery development : 8 persons (3 at Bering; 2 at Yuksom; 3 at Sumik-Khamdong No. of capacity building Workshops/ 03 1 Bering trainings: 1 Ribdi 1 Oakhrey No. of Awareness & outreach 1 multi-institutional consultation programmes: 3 awareness programme. 07 3 Village level consultation No. of Research/ Manpower not specified in the proposal 5 manpower developed (3 JPF at developed: each Institute and 2 Forest guard)
8. Project Progress Summary (as applicable to the project)
Description Total (Numeric) Description
IHR States Covered Sikkim 4 districts of Sikkim, elevation ranging from 230-4200 m) Project Site/ Field Stations (Plate 1-4) 8 sites identified Developed: (Figure 1)
No. of Patents filed Nil Nil (Description): Article/ Review/ Research 2 paper accepted Title: Habitat distribution modelling of Paper/ seabuckthorn (Hippophae salicifolia D. Don.) Publication: in Sikkim, Eastern Himalaya, India”
Journal: Indian Journal of Ecology 45 (2): 266-269.
Title: Indigenous knowledge and
phytochemical screening of medicinal chuk from Rhus chinensis, Docynia indica and Hippophae salicifolia in Sikkim Himalaya.
Journal: Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 18(2): 250-260.
1 communicated Title: Nutritional and antioxidant attributes of Rhus chinensis, an edible wild fruit from Sikkim Himalaya’
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Journal: International Food Research Journal
New Methods/ Modellings 2 Population assessment and habitat distribution Developed modelling for Docynia, Rhus, Hippophae, (description in 250 Ophiocordyceps species were developed words): using bioclimatic and other variables such as NDVI, Evapotranspiration and Soil water stress data. No. of Trainings 3 5 SHG at Bering, Ribdi, Oakhrey (12 women (No. of Beneficiaries): SHG members).
Workshop: 2 State level 2nd multi-institutional consultation conducted by SBB in collaboration with Lead Institute and TMI.
One day National Seminar jointly organised by Sikkim University, The Mountain Institute India and State Biodiversity Board, Sikkim. Demonstration Models (attach maps about location & Not applicable (Site): photos) Livelihood Options: Not specified in proposal Training Manuals: Package of practices under Under print preparation Processing Units: .... (attach photos) not completed Species Collection: Sample collected for 3 species Fruit, seeds, leaves and juice collected for (D. indica, R. chinensis and H. laboratory experiment. salicifolia) for lab analysis and nursery development Species identified: 4 species Species of D. indica, Hippophae salicifolia, Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Rhus chinensis Database/ Images/ GIS Under process Under process Maps: Note: Photos/ maps should be attached in high quality in compatible formats viz., JPEG, .JPG, .PNG, .SHP, etc. along with a suitable figure legend/ caption.
9. Project Linkages (with nearby Institutions/ State Agencies)
S. No. Institute/ Organization Type of Linkages Brief Description
1. Central Agriculture University Development of processing and Consulted with CAU for (CAU), Ranipool, Gangtok, harvesting machines setting up of small processing Sikkim units at project sites and development harvesting machines for H. salicifolia 1. Department of Forest NTFP, Conservation through Target species are NTFPs environment and wild Life nursery development hence for population management, Govt., of Sikkim assessment , seed collection for nursery and lab study requires prior permission
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2. Food security and agriculture Involvement of cluster group Agroforestry species, this govt. development department agency have identified cluster (FSADD) groups in throughout Sikkim. 3. Horticulture and cash crop Few clusters will be involved Department in future.
4. Sikkim Organic mission under Policy development and For organic certification FSADD organic certification 5. Sikkim State Co-operative Marketing of products Marketing of the products Supply and Marketing Federation ltd. (SIMFED)
10. Additional (publication, recommendations, etc.)
Publications Time Period (Research Papers, Information Material, Policy drafts, Patents, etc.)
Annual [18-19] Two papers published and one communicated
11. Project Concluding Remark
Kindly update the following Progress Parameters for the Reporting Period:
Project Objectives Project Output Progress made against Remarks Monitoring indicators (specified in sanction letter) Population and habitat Population Habitat suitability model Development of assessment, ecological niche assessment and developed for D. indica, model for D. modelling and conservation of habitat suitability R. chinensis and H. indica, R. chinensis Ophiocordyceps sinensis, model developed for salicifolia and species and H. salicifolia Hippophae salicifolia, D. indica, R. abundance data collected. completed. Docynia indica and Rhus chinensis and H. chinensis in the Sikkim salicifolia. Himalaya Impact of climate change Population Model developed for on distribution of O. assessment of O. O. sinensis. sinensis developed sinensis through through Ecological Niche field survey and Modelling. fine tuning of the model under process. Value chain analysis, Value chain analysis Value chain analysis for Value chain establishment of forward and for Hippophae Hippophae salicifolia, analysis for D. backward linkages, and salicifolia, Ophiocordyceps sinensis indica and R. prospects of Access and Ophiocordyceps initiated chinensis under Benefit Sharing of the selected sinensis initiated process species Nutritional analysis, and Product like Jam, Nutritional analysis of Nutritional analysis protocol development of Jelly and Pickle products like Jam and completed. Hippophae salicifolia, developed from the Chuk.
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Docynia indica and Rhus fruits of D. indica chinensis for value addition of developed. products Traditional made products like Chuk prepared from the fruits of R. chinensis and D. indica Development of propagation Development of Development of Work under technology and technology propagation propagation technology process transfer for Hippophae technology for R. for H. salicifolia in under salicifolia, Docynia indica and chinensis and D. process. Rhus chinensis to target indica initiated. beneficiaries. Development of Policy Will be completed by Will be completed by Work under guidelines for the entire value third year third year progress chain by involving relevant government and other associated agencies
Methodology (in brief) Objective 1: Field survey in the study sites, Population assessment were conducted through direct count of all the individual from all the four district of Sikkim. Objective 2: Questionnaire survey on the perception of species FGD and PRA Objective 3: Assessment of economic potential through market survey within and outside Sikkim Cost benefit analysis Establishment of linkages with the market agencies and the communities Arrangement of Access and Benefit Sharing with the companies and targeted communities Objective 4: Bio-chemical analysis of the fruits through standard biochemical techniques. Antioxidant, Phytochemical and Nutritional analysis of fruits of D. indica, R. chinensis and H. salicifolia were analysed, further nutritional properties of products like Jam and Chuk were analysed. Establishment and standardization of protocol for value added product were developed. Objective 5: Establishment of nursery. Standardization of propagation techniques. Objective 6: Multi-institutional consultation. Major Research Achievements: Will be completed by third year Brief Conclusion-the current year Population assessment and Niches modeling of the target progress-during the reporting periods species completed. (point-wise): Village level consultations programme were organized in villages in east and north Sikkim with village elders, self help groups (SHGs), Panchayats, etc., to generate awareness and conservation of the species Field surveys were conducted in maximum locations in Page | 37
08 pre-identified sites other sites were also surveyed. 07 awareness programmes were organized in north and west Sikkim. 02 Multi-institutional consultation/brainstorming meeting was also organized. 01 National seminar organised by Sikkim University in collaboration with partner institute. Traditional Knowledge holders involved in extraction of juice from D. indica and R. chinensis identified during the village consultation were approached for practical demonstration of juice extraction in a traditional method. Live video and photo documentation of the process involved in extracting juice were done. Product development like juice, jam and jelly completed at laboratory level for Rhus, Hippophae and Docynia species Nurseries being developed at Linkey – Bering and Sumik – Khamdong in east Sikkim and interested women SHGs members were provided hands on training on their cultivation process and sapling distributed. 01 Laboratory training and 01 field training was conducted at the Department of Botany Sikkim University and in West Sikkim. Nutritional and phytochemical analysis of fruits and products completed. Package of practices under compilation. Progress achieved (%): 80% Remaining work to be done: 20%
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