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Chemical Physics 96 Springer Series in Chemical Physics Springer Series in chemical physics 96 Springer Series in chemical physics Series Editors: A. W. Castleman, Jr. J. P. Toennies K. Yamanouchi W. Zinth The purpose of this series is to provide comprehensive up-to-date monographs in both well established disciplines and emerging research areas within the broad fields of chemical physics and physical chemistry. The books deal with both fun- damental science and applications, and may have either a theoretical or an experi- mental emphasis. They are aimed primarily at researchers and graduate students in chemical physics and related fields. Please view available titles in Springer Series in Chemical Physics on series homepage http://www.springer.com/series/676 Astrid Graslund¨ Rudolf Rigler Jerker Widengren Editors Single Molecule Spectroscopy in Chemistry, Physics and Biology Nobel Symposium With223Figures 123 Editors ProfessorAstridGraslund¨ Professor Jerker Widengren Stockholm University Royal Institute or Technology (KTH) Department of Biophysics Department of Biomolecular Physics 10691 Stockholm, Sweden 10691 Stockholm, Sweden E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected] Professor Rudolf Rigler SwissFederalInstituteofTechnologyLausanne(EPFL) 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland E-Mail: [email protected] Series Editors: Professor A.W. Castleman, Jr. Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University 152 Davey Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA Professor J.P. Toennies Max-Planck-Institut fur¨ Stromungsforschung¨ Bunsenstrasse 10, 37073 Gottingen,¨ Germany Professor K. Yamanouchi University of Tokyo, Department of Chemistry Hongo 7-3-1, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan ProfessorW.Zinth Universitat¨ Munchen,Institutf¨ ur¨ Medizinische Optik Ottingerstr.¨ 67, 80538 Munchen,¨ Germany Springer Series in Chemical Physics ISSN 0172-6218 ISBN 978-3-642-02596-9 e-ISBN 978-3-642-02597-6 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-02597-6 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009934497 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublicationor parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design:SPiPublisherServices Printed on acid-free paper Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Nobel Symposium, June 2008, at the S˚anga S¨aby Conference Foreword By selecting the first week of June 2008 for the Nobel Symposium “Single Molecular Spectroscopy in Chemistry, Physics and Biology”, Rudolf Rigler, Jerker Widengren and Astrid Gr¨aslund have once again won the top prize for Meeting Organizers, providing us with a Mediterranean climate on top of the warm hospitality that is unique to Sweden. The S˚anga S¨aby Conference Center was an ideal place to spend this wonderful week, and the comfort of this beautiful place blended perfectly with the high calibre of the scientific programme. It was a special privilege for me to be able to actively participate in this meeting on a field that is in many important ways complementary to my own research. I was impressed by the interdisciplinary ways in which single molecule spectroscopy has evolved and is currently pursued, with ingredients originating from physics, all branches of chemistry and a wide range of bio- logical and biomedical research. A beautiful concert by Semmy Stahlhammer and Johan Ull´en further extended the interdisciplinary character of the sym- posium. I would like to combine thanks to Rudolf, Jerker and Astrid with a glance into a future of other opportunities to enjoy top-level science combined with warm hospitality in the Swedish tradition. Z¨urich, Kurt W¨uthrich April 2009 Participants of the Nobel-Symposium 138: First row: Sarah Unterkofler, Anders Liljas, Xiao-Dong Su, Birgitta Rigler, Carlos Busta- mante, Toshio Yanagida, Steven Block, Xiaowei Zhuang, Sunney Xie. Second row: Ivan Scheblykin, Lars Thelander, Petra Schwille, Watt W. Webb, Rudolf Rigler, Jerker Widengren, Peter Lu, Shimon Weiss, William E Moerner, David Bensimon. Third row: Anders Ehrenberg, Yu Ming, Fredrik Elinder, Kazuhiko Kinosita, Vladana Vukojevic, Masataka Kinjo, May D Wang, Yu Ohsugi, Shuming Nie, Andreas Engel, Peter G Wolynes, Michel Orrit, Hans Blom, Johan Hofkens. Fourth row: Claus Seidel, Heike Hevekerl, Taekjip Ha, Evangelos Sisamakis, Per Ahlberg, Joseph Nordgren, Kurt Wthrich, Sune Svanberg, Bengt Nordn, Paul Alivisatos, Per Thyberg, Richard Keller, Andriy Chmyrov, Johan Elf, Per Rigler, Kai Hassler, Gustav Persson, J¨urgen K¨ohler, Eric Betzig, Thomas Schmidt, Christoph Br¨auchle, Elliot Elson, M˙ans Ehrenberg, Dimitrios K Papadopoulos, Ingemar Lundstr¨om, Horst Vogel, Stefan Wennmalm, Hermann Gaub, H˚akan Wennerstr¨om, Yosif Klafter, Julio Fernandez. Preface The development of Single Molecule Detection and Spectroscopy started in the late eighties. The developments came from several areas. Fluorescence-based single molecule spectroscopy developed in particular from (i) holeburning and zero phonon spectroscopy of organic molecules at cryo temperatures and (ii) confocal fluctuation spectroscopy of emitting molecules at elevated tempera- tures. Of crucial importance for these approaches was the ability to suppress background radiation to the point where signals of single molecules could be detected. Today, confocal single molecule analysis is the dominating approach, particularly in chemistry and in biosciences, but attempts to combine analysis at low and high temperatures are being pursued. In parallel with this development, significant progress has been made in the field of single molecule force spectroscopy. Approaches based on atomic force microscopy, optical trapping, microneedles or magnetic beads have made it possible to investigate mechanical properties, and not least, the interplay between mechanics and chemistry on a single molecule level. In June 1999 the first Nobel Conference on Single Molecule Spectroscopy was organized in S¨odergarn Mansion, Liding¨o (Sweden) and a comprehensive presentation of the results obtained in the first decade of single molecule analysis was given (Orrit, Rigler, Basche (eds.) 1999) Now after almost another decade, it was of interest to find out whether the developments and promises presented at the S¨odergarn Conference were still valid or had even exceeded our expectations. The contributions to this volume come from the pioneers of the early period of single molecule spectroscopy as well as from other laboratories which have made important contributions to demonstrate the importance of SM analysis in various applications in Chemistry, Physics and BioSciences. The Nobel Symposium No. 138 dedicated to Single Molecule Spectroscopy in Chemistry, Physics and Biosciences was held at the Mansion S˚anga-S¨aby situated at the island of Eker¨oinLakeM¨alaren outside Stockholm, from June 1–6, 2008. The Conference was blessed with pleasant weather and sunshine all the days. Together with the wonderful surroundings this contributed to many XPreface stimulating opportunities for individual discussions, in parallel with outdoor excursions including swimming in the lake, jogging tours, walks in the forests and sauna. The Symposium started with an evening session on molecules and dynamic processes by Kurt W¨uthrich and Martin Karplus. The program of the next days included the presentation of the fields which initiated single molecule analysis in cryo temperatures (Moerner,Orrit) followed by confocal analysis of molecular fluctuations at room temperature (Keller, Rigler, Elson, Webb, Widengren, Schwille). Major topics in the following sessions included quan- tum dots (Alivasatos, Nie), the analysis of conformational dynamics (Weiss, Ha, Seidel), the motion of molecular motors (Yanagida, Kinosita) and repli- cating assemblies (Bustamante, Block). A special session was devoted to the analysis of forces operating on single molecules (Gaub, Fernandez) as well as to high resolution imaging of single molecules (Hell, Betzig, Zhuang, Engel). Stochastic single molecule events at the cellular level were another important topic (Xie, Schmidt, Vogel, Wolynes) as well as single molecule enzymology (Lu, Xie, Rigler, Hofkens, Klafter, K¨ohler), which together with atomic force microscopy formed the basis for intense discussions. Several presentations brought the single molecule methodologies and perspectives to a sub-cellular and cellular context (Rigler, Schwille, Weiss, Bensimon, Axner, Hell, Betzig, Zhuang, Schmidt, Xie, Orwar, Br¨auchle), which seems to form one of several exciting future directions of this field. A special event was the evening concert with Semmy Stalhammer on the violin and Johan Ull´en on the piano. The violin sonata of Cesar Franck and its masterly performance matched perfectly the level and tension of the scientific sessions. As organizers we would like to thank all the invited speakers for their excellent
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