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Perdagangan Lada Di Lampung Dalam Tiga Masa (1653-1930)

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Perdagangan Lada Di Lampung Dalam Tiga Masa (1653-1930) Perdagangan lada di Lampung (Iim Imadudin)… 349 PERDAGANGAN LADA DI LAMPUNG DALAM TIGA MASA (1653-1930) PEPPER TRADE IN LAMPUNG IN THREE ERAS (1653-1930) Iim Imadudin Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Jawa Barat Jln. Cinambo No.136 Ujungberung-Bandung 42094 e-mail: [email protected]/[email protected] Naskah Diterima: 28 Juni 2016 Naskah Direvisi: 26 Juli 2016 Naskah Disetujui: 22 Agustus 2016 Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan mengungkap dinamika perdagangan lada di Lampung dalam tiga sistem politik. Penelitian ini mempergunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri atas heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Perebutan pengaruh di kawasan tersebut tercipta dalam pola dominasi dan subordinasi. Lampung sebagai penghasil lada berada dalam pengaruh Banten, VOC, dan pemerintah Hindia Belanda. Dengan demikian, tidak terhindarkan berlangsungnya eksploitasi ekonomi di dalam hubungan tersebut. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa dinamika perdagangan lada di Lampung tidak terlepas dari berbagai pihak yang bersaing. Para pemainnya adalah Kesultanan Banten, VOC, dan pemerintah Hindia Belanda. Namun, tidak dapat dikesampingkan peranan elit lokal Lampung. Memudarnya perdagangan lada, selain karena faktor internal, seperti tidak optimalnya pemeliharaan kebun lada, juga disebabkan menurunnya permintaan dari pasar internasional. Faktor monopoli perdagangan lada oleh kekuatan asing turut menghancurkan sistem perdagangan lada yang telah berlangsung cukup lama. Kata kunci: perdagangan, lada, sistem politik, Lampung. Abstract This article aims to reveal the dynamics of the pepper trade in Lampung in three political systems. The study uses historical method consists of heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The struggle for influence in the region is created in the pattern of domination and subordination. Lampung as the pepper producer is under the influence of Banten, VOC, and the Dutch government. Thus, it is inevitable that there isthe economic exploitation in the relationship. The study shows that the dynamics of the pepper trade in Lampung cannot be separated from the various competing parties. The players are Sultanate of Banten, VOC, and the Dutch government. However, the role of local elites of Lampungis also taken into account. The waning of pepper trade, in addition to internal factors such as not optimal maintenance of pepper garden, also due to lower demand from the international market. The monopoly factor of the pepper trade by foreign powers also crushes the pepper trade system that has lasted long enough. Keywords: trade, pepper, political system, Lampung. Artikel ini merupakan pengembangan dari makalah yang disampaikan dalam Seminar Hasil Penelitian BPNB se-Indonesia, Makasar, 25 s.d. 28 April 2016. Penambahan dilakukan pada data baru dan pendekatan teori serta konsepnya. 350 Patanjala Vol. 8 No. 3 September 2016: 349- 364 A. PENDAHULUAN Bumi ruwa jurai menjadi wilayah Beberapa tahun belakangan ini perebutan pengaruh Palembang dan Banten wacana untuk membangkitkan kejayaan sebelum masuknya kolonialisme. Persaing- lada di Provinsi Lampung mencuat kem- an itu yang mendorong Kesultanan Banten bali. Dasar dari upaya tersebut adalah mengirimkan ekspedisi militer yang dipim- pengalaman historis bahwa bumi Lampung pin Maulana Muhammad (1580-1596) pernah menjadi salah satu penghasil lada untuk menak-lukkan Palembang. Namun, terbesar di Nusantara. Julukan Lampung serangan tersebut mengalami kegagalan. tanoh lado melekat lebih dari setengah (Ekadjati, 1997: 21). abad lampau. Pada masa VOC, perdagangan lada Memori tersebut samar-samar masih dimonopoli. Setelah VOC mengalami terkenang pada generasi yang lebih tua. kebangkrutan, pemerintah Hindia Belanda Sebuah lagu yang berjudul “Tanoh Lado” mengambil alih penguasaan lada di merekam ingatan kolektif tentang kejayaan Lampung. Kekuasaan Belanda di Lampung Lampung sebagai penghasil lada hitam di berpusat di Tulang Bawang. Pada masa masa lalu. Kenangan itu pula yang tanam paksa (1830-1870), pemerintah menginspirasi pemerintah daerah dan memaksa petani lada menjual lada kepada masyarakat Lampung menjadikan lada pemerintah melalui tangan kepala-kepala hitam sebagai salah satu bagian lambang marga. daerah ketika Provinsi Lampung diresmi- Kajian mengenai perdagangan lada kan pada tanggal 18 Maret 1964. di Lampung telah ditulis beberapa penulis Harapan tersebut memang berban- sebelumnya. Edi S. Ekadjati (1995) ding terbalik dengan realitas kekinian. mengungkap peranan Kesultanan Banten Jejaknya belum terlalu jauh. Sekurang- dalam hubungannya dengan wilayah luar. kurangnya dua puluh tahun terakhir, Atsushi Ota menulis pembajakan yang perkebunan lada hitam di sana tak terurus. terjadi di Selat Sunda pada abad ke-19. Iim Pemerintah Daerah setempat hanya meraup Imadudin (2008) mendeskripsikan hu- sedikit sumber devisa dari sektor tersebut. bungan Lampung-Banten dalam perspektif Pada tahun 2000 komoditas ekspor sejarah. Laelatul Masroh (2015) mendes- lada hanya menyumbang 15,18 persen dari kripsikan perkembangan perke-bunan dan total ekspor. Ribuan hektar kebun lada perdagangan lada di Lampung 1816-1942. banyak ditinggalkan sebab jenis rempah itu Artikel ini memiliki perbedaan dengan diserang penyakit busuk pangkal batang. artikel dengan tema yang ditulis sebe- Selain itu, produktivitasnya minim yakni lumnya. Pertama, artikel ini mencoba berkisar antara 300 sampai 500 kilogram melihat dalam perspektif yang lebih luas, per hektar.1 tidak hanya soal perdagangan, tetapi juga Lada dalam sejarah Lampung telah adanya dominasi politik dan ekonomi. melalui perjalanan panjang. Pada masa Kedua, dilihat dari rentang waktunya yang kekuasaan Banten, kesultanan melakukan panjang, artikel ini membandingkan kontrol yang kuat atas daerah-daerah perdagangan lada dalam penguasaan poli- penghasil lada, seperti Lampung, tik yang berbeda-beda. Palembang, Bengkulu, dan Jambi. Ketiga Kajian tentang perniagaan lada di nama terakhir akhirnya melepaskan diri Lampung menarik untuk dilakukan. Secara dari pengaruh Banten. Sementara, metodologis, Ilmu Sejarah dalam menghu- Lampung dalam jangka waktu yang cukup bungkan dirinya dengan masa kini lama dipengaruhi, dan memberi surplus menggunakan tiga pendekatan pada Kesultanan Banten. (Kuntowijoyo, 2003: xviii). Pertama, pendekatan genetis. Melalui pendekatan ini 1http://news.liputan6.com/read/5296/pemda- dapat diketahui bagaimana dinamika lampung-membangkitkan-bisnis-lada-hitam, penanaman dan perdagangan lada diakses 28 Juni 2016 pukul 8.56 WIB. Perdagangan lada di Lampung (Iim Imadudin)… 351 Lampung. Ada kontinuitas dan diskon- Barat, Perpustakaan Balar Arkeologi tinuitas, serta fase pasang-surut. Kedua, Bandung, PDII LIPI, dan Perpustakaan pendekatan komparasi, melalui pendekatan Universitas Indonesia. ini dapat diketahui perkembangan ekonomi Tahap selanjutnya adalah tahap dalam sistem politik yang berbeda-beda, kritik, dengan membuat perbandingan dari yakni masa Kesultanan Banten, VOC, dan beberapa sumber atau membandingkannya pemerintah Hindia Belanda. Ketiga, dengan fakta-fakta yang ada sebelumnya. paralelisme historis, melalui pendekatan Tahap ketiga adalah interpretasi, yaitu ini dapat dimengerti adanya pola-pola proses menafsirkan berbagai fakta menjadi penguasaan dalam distribusi perdagangan sebuah rangkaian yang logis. Secara lada. Secara umum, lada Lampung sebagai praksis, interpretasi dilakukan secara topik kajian yang menarik (interesting analitis (menguraikan fakta) dan sintesis topic) ditentukan bukan hanya karena (menghimpun fakta). Pemahaman verbal faktor lada, tetapi mengingat peristiwa saja tidak memadai untuk menginter- kelampauan yang mewarnai dinamika pretasikan informasi yang terkandung sosial, ekonomi, dan budaya di wilayah dalam sumber sejarah. Oleh karena itu, tersebut. Selain topiknya menarik, kajian diperlukan pula interpretasi teknis, fak- ini juga memiliki arti penting bagi upaya tual, logis, dan psikologis. Penggunaan membangkitkan kembali ekonomi lada berbagai model interpretasi akan mengha- yang mulai berkembang sekarang ini.2 silkan pemahaman yang bersifat menyelu- ruh dan mendalam. Tahap terakhir adalah B. METODE PENELITIAN penulisan sejarah, fakta-fakta yang telah Penulisan artikel ini menggunakan diinterpretasikan dituliskan dalam suatu metode sejarah. Metode sejarah adalah penulisan yang sistematis dan kronologis. proses menguji dan menganalisis secara Dengan menggunakan metode kritis rekaman dan peninggalan masa sejarah, penulis mendapatkan panduan lampau berdasarkan data yang diperoleh bagaimana secara teknis artikel ini dapat (Gottschalk, 1985: 39). Gilbert J. dikerjakan secara efektif dan akurat. Garraghan (1957: 33) mendefinisikan Efektif dalam pengertian tahap demi tahap metode sejarah sebagai seperangkat aturan dikerjakan secara tertib. Akurat dalam dan prinsip-prinsip yang sistematis untuk pengertian hanya sumber yang telah mengumpulkan sumber-sumber sejarah menjadi fakta yang sejarah yang dapat secara efektif, menilainya secara kritis, dan dijadikan bahan penulisan. Selain itu, menyajikan sintesis dari hasil-hasil yang unsur diakronis yang menunjukkan sejarah dipakai dalam bentuk tertulis. sebagai ilmu tentang thinking in time Metode sejarah terdiri atas empat (berpikir dalam waktu) sangat tahapan. Tahap pertama, heuristik, yaitu diperhatikan. melakukan pencarian sumber yang Penulis mempergunakan konsep berkaitan dengan objek yang diteliti dominasi dan subordinasi untuk menjelas- melalui penelitian di perpustakaan (library kan pengaruh tiga sistem politik terhadap research). Literatur diperoleh melalui studi
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