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Geology and Offshore Resources of the Solomon Islands, Joint Cruise Report

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Geology and Offshore Resources of the Solomon Islands, Joint Cruise Report GEOLOGY AND OFFSHORE RESOURCES OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS JOINT CRUISE REPORT • R/V S. P. LEE 1982 , Editors J. G. Vedder and K. S. Pound 1984 U.S. Geological Survey 345 Middlefield Road ~nlo Park california 94025 U.S.A. '!'ABLB OF COIfl'BHTS Introduction to Geology and Offshore Resources of the Solomon Islands J. G. Vedder, F. I. Coulson 1 PART 1 Navigation for CCOP!SOPAC Cruise, Leg 3, Solomon Islands W. C. Steele, K. L. Kinoshita 17 Submarine Topography of the Solomon Islands Region T. E. Chase, B. A. Seekins, K. E. Lund 18 Single-Channel Seismic, Uniboom, and 3.5-kHz Systems Used in Solomon Islands D. L. Tiffin .20 Multichannel Seismic Operations for CCOP/SOPAC Cruise, Leg 3, Solomon Islands D. M. Mann 22 Wide-Angle Seismic Reflection and Refraction Data from the Solomon Islands A. K. cooper, R. A. Wood 24 Sampling Methods, Solomon Islands J. B. Colwell, J. G. Vedder 30 PART 2 Geology of the central and western Solomon Islands F. I. Coulson, J. G. Vedder 36 Correlation of Rock Units in the Solomon Islands K. S. Pound 67 Regional Offshore Geology of the Solomon Islands J. G. Vedder, F. I. Coulson 76 Tectonics of the Southeastern Solomon Islands: Formation of the Malaita Anticlinorium L. W. Kroenke, J. M. Resig, P. A. Cooper 88 Tectonic Implications of Seismicity Northeast of the Solomon Islands P. A. cooper, L. W. Kroenke, J. M. Resig 95 Gravity Anomalies of the Solomon Islands Between 1560 and 161°E Longitude L. A. Beyer 101 ii Crustal Structure of the Solomon Islands Intra-Arc Basins from Sonobuoy seismic studies A. K. Cooper; T. R. Bruns, R. A. Wood 112 Deep Structure of the central and Southern Solomon Islands Region: Implications for Tectonic Origin A. K. Cooper, M. S. Marlow, T. R. Bruns 127 seismic Stratigraphy and Structure of sedimentary Basins in the Solomon Islands Region T. R. Bruns, A. K. Cooper, D. M. Mann, J. G. Vedder 142 Description and Interpretation of Dredged Rocks, Solomon Islands J. B. Colwell, J. G. Vedder 168 PrelLminary Descriptions of Gravity Cores from New Georgia Sound J. B. Colwell 177 Recent Depositional Patterns in the central Solomons Trough of the Solomon Islands J. B. Colwell, D. L. Tiffin 178 Foraminiferal Stratigraphy and paleobathymetry of Dredged Rock, R/V s. P. Lee Cruise, Solomon Islands J. M. Resig 184 Elevation of the Pacific Province, Solomon Islands, at the Pacific and Indo- Australia Plate Boundary J. M. Resig, L. W. Kroenke, P. A. Cooper 188 Source-Rock Evaluation of OUtcrop Samples from Guadalcanal, Malaita, and the Florida Islands, Solomon Islands B. Buchbinder, R. B. Halley 195 Offshore Petroleum Potential, Solomon Islands J. G. Vedder, T. R. Bruns 202 Summary of the Geology and Offshore Resources of the Solomon Islands J. G. Vedder 214 iii IN'l'RODDCTION TO GEOLOGY AND OFFSHORE RB$CXlRCKS OF THE SO:t.C:K)N ISLANDS J. G. vedder U. S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California, 94025 F. r, Coulson Institute of Geological Sciences, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Notts, England PURPOSEANDSCOPE This report is intended to serve a dual purpose: to review the geology of the Solomon Islands and to present new findings from a multinational marine surv-ey in 1982•.. ,A brief summary of geography •. hiStory, and culture proVides additional background on the physical features of the islands as well as their socia-political aspects. A two-part format is used for the entire report. The first part consists of general descriptions of shipboard operations, data acquisition and processing, analytical methods and tabular material. Large bathymetric maps that accompany the first part are included in a separate packet. The second part contains topical and interpretive papers. Because each contribution to the second part is intended to stand alone, some background information reappears throughout, particularly that concerning regional tectonics. Collectively, these reports are a direct outgrowth of a program of marine geoscience and mineral resource investigations arranged under the auspices of the ANZUs (Australia, New Zealand, United States) Tripartite Agreement with CCQP/SOPAC(United Nations Committee for the Coordination of Joint Prospecting for Mineral Resources in South Pacific Offshore Area). The U.S. Department of State was instrumental in negotiating the agreement and establishing the sup- port for cooperative research. Funding for implementation and operation was ?rovided by the Office of Energy of the United States Agency for International Development (AID). Additional funds were furnished by the Australian govern- ment. The various facets of research were coordinated by the office of CCOP/SOPACin FiJi. Scientific personnel were supplied by the U.S. Geological Survey, Australia, New Zealand, and other CCOP/SOPACmember nations. The investigations were made aboard the U.S. Geological Survey R/V ~ l:!§. during 23 days at sea. The cruise began at Honiara, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands on May 19, 1982, and concluded at Rabaul, Papua NewGuinea on June 11, 1982. The principal study area was the Central Solomons Trough; although additional tracklines were run across adjoining basins, intrarc ridges and flanking trenches in order to help resolve regional structure. Veddex , Coulson: Introduction 1 GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY ANDCULTURE Geographically, the northwest-trending Solomon Islands archipelago (Fig. 1) stretches across more than 900 km of the southwestern Pacific OCean between 5"S and 11"s latitude, and 154"E and 163"E longitude. As a political eneiey, however, the Solomon Islands are spread over a considerably different area. The Eastern Outer Islands, which are geologically related to the Fiji Basin and the Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides) archipelago, are governmentally managed by the Solomon Islands. Bougainville, which is geologically part of the Solomon Islands, is administered by Papua NewGuinea. Tectonically, the Soloman Islands form a segment of the Melanesian island-arc complex, which extends as a sinuous belt southeastward from the islands of the Admiralty Group in Papua New Guinea through Vanuatu and Fiji to Tonga and the Kerrnadec Islands. Names that have been applied to this region include Outer Melanesian Zone (Glaessner, 1950), Melanesian Re-entrant (Coleman, 1970), and Melanesian Borderlands (Coleman and Packham, 1976). The six large islands of Choiseul, New Georgia, Santa Isabel, r.uadalcanal, Malaita, and San Cristobal form two chains that are separated by cw Georgia Sound at the northwest and Indispensable Strait at; the south- east. Smaller islands within the double chain include Nggela (Florida Is-lands-), Russell Islands, Ulawa, and Uki. Each of the large islands is elo~- gate and oriented northwest except Guadalcanal, which is broadly sigmoidal and oriented nearly east-west; and Malaita, which has a north-northwest trend. The islands of the northeastern chain are arranged in a left-stepping echelon pattern. OUtlining the northwest end of NewGeorgia Sound are the Shortland Islands, the largest of which are Alu, Fauro, Mono, oveu , and Cerna. Nearly 400 Jan of open ocean separates the main islands from the Easeern OUter Islands, which include the santa Cruz group (Nendo, Vanikolo, Utupua, Reef Islands, Duff Islands). Still farther east are Tikopia, Anuta, and Fatutaka, which lie within the North Fiji Basin. None of these eastern islands are described in this report. The large atoll of Ontong Java is about 275 km north of santa Isabel, and remote Sikaiana is about 200 kJn east of northern Malaita. The low-lying islands of Bellona and Rennell are about 175 km south of GuadalcanaL Guadalcanal is the largest (-6,000 kJn2in area - 150 km long, 45 km wide) and highest (Mt. Makarakombuo, 2,447 m altitude) of the Solomon Islands. The total land area of the Solomons is estimated to be about 27,750 smz , The ••ndigenous population is approximately 235,000: a number that is expected to double by the year 2000. Most of the large islands have steep relief and are covered by tropical rain forest, except for the grasslands along the northern coastal belt on GuadalcanaL The archipelago is outside the usual hurricane belt and lies within a zone of oceanic equatorial climate, where temperatures usually range between 22" and 32"C and the humidity averages about 80 percent. Southeast tradewinds generally prevail between March and December. As much as 635 cm of rain per year falls on the southern coast of Guadalcanal (Hackman, 1980). Although sea and air services link the main islands, limited roads make travel on the islands difficult. Beyond the influence of the larger towns, Melanesian tribal culture dominates. The earliest inhabitants probably moved into the archipelago more than 3,000 years ago. First contact with Europeans was in February 1568 when a two-ship Spanish expedition under the commandof Alvara de Mendana de Neyra made landfall at Santa Isabel and spent the next six months exploring some of the larger islands. An attempt at colonization on a second voyage in 1595 Vedder, Coulson; Introduction 2 ended in failure when Mendana died, and the encampment at Graciosa Bay on Nendo was abandoned. Other early explorers were Quieros (1595-1606), Carteret ( 1767) , Bougainville ( 1768) , Surville ( 1769) , Short land ( 1788) , O'Entrecasteaux (1791), and La Perouse (1799). Visits by Europeans virtually ended until the period between 1840 and 1860, when the trochus shell and sandalwood trade, together with whaling, brought ships to the islands. The arrival of planters (after 1870), blackhirders (slavers) between 1850-1900, and missionaries (after 1850) had severe cultural impact on the native populace. Up to 1920, the population was sparse and actually declined in cer- tain areas as a result of blackbirding, introduced diseases, and tribal head- hunting. Since World War II, the number of Melanesians liVing in the islands has increased more than twofold. English and pisin (pidgin) are the languages commonly used although numerous dialects are spoken on individual islands.
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