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On the Geographical Distribution of Certain Place-Names in Scotland

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On the Geographical Distribution of Certain Place-Names in Scotland GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN PLACE-NAMES. 255 II. ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN PLACE-NAMES IN SCOTLAND. BY DAVID CHRISTISON, M.D., Secretary. attentioe Th n whic bees hha n hitherto place-namee paith do t f Scotso - lan bees dha n directed mainl theio yt r meanin derivationd gan comd ,an - paratively little notice has been taken of their geographical distribution. This neglect is probably due to the difficulty of collecting the materials for investigation a firse kinde th Th t f requisit.no completa s ei e eth lis f o t names, and such a list, made with great care, does exist in the archives of the Ordnance Survey. But unfortunately it has not been published, aninvestigatoe dth obliges i r d laboriousl re-colleco yt t materials, already gathered together t availabl t whicaccoms o useno T bu hi ,e .r ar h fo e- plish this exhaustively, implie completsa e transcriptio indexind nan f go namee six-ince th th n so h scale maps tasa , k beyon e strengtdy th an f o h individual. Having had occasion, however, to search the maps on the one-inch scale for another purpose, I seized the opportunity to note a certain selection of place-names, and thus to ascertain their distribution in different districts. The review is not exhaustive, indeed, because many names which figure in the six-inch maps are omitted on the one-inch sheets d becausan ; I emus t inevitably have overlooke a dcertai n numbe f name o ra searc o littl n n i sf e o h exten d difficultyan t . To trea subjece th t trula n i ty scientific manne t woulri necessare db y o tracet f possiblei , , each word, through perhaps various changess it o t , earliest recorded form; because many place-names are not what they o accept d an t , theiseebe ro m t modern forms would ofte e mosb n t misleading. To take a single example: the strange-looking Lharibryde, Morayshire, loses its unaccountable Welsh aspect when we find its earlier formLamnabridee b o t s d Lamanbride.an t herBu e agaie th n workman is without his tools. No general index of the older forms of Scottish place-names exists, although the means of making one are at e indicee Registrumhanth th n f di so Magni Sigilli, Record f Retours,o and similar works. A general index compiled from these sources, with the dates at which each name occurs in the references, would be no 256 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APKIL 10, 1893. impossible tasr somfo k e scientific bod committer yo undertakeo t e d an , woul r place-namede stud th ou giv f o yo t e precisiosa d reliabilitynan , which without such aid are unattainable. In the present inquiry, which is only in the nature of a general sketch, I have sometimes merely given the number of occurrences of place-name root n differeni s t districts; sometime e sname th list f o ss have been added. Usuall yI hav e classifie namee dth thes sa y e stanth n di map, without inquiring whether they are what they seem to be, and whether their place e altogethemighb t no t r change traciny b d g back to the earliest forms. To have entered at any length on such inquiries, conclusione th n o drawe r b o o t sn fro e distributiomth f place-namesno , would have been to expand this paper to the dimensions of a volume. Whe e samth n e name occurs e severab o t s llistsi y timem t i , n i s understood thae exampleth t quite ar s e distinc d separatea an d t An . name whic attaches hi a hill o dt , house d burn an ,localitye , on &c. n i ,, s onli y recorde singla s da e example. I. BEN. (1) The only part of the South of Scotland in which Ben occurs in any numbers is in the hilly region comprised in. South Ayrshire and North Galloway. Includin instance ge immediatelon th n ei y adjoining parf o t Dumfriesshire t occuri followin,e th n si g forty 1-ince case :th — p n sho ma Benalt (1250), Senaw (1380), Benbain (1333), Benbain, Benbeoch (1321), Benbrack (980), Benbrack (1800), Benbrack (1475), Benbrack (1621), Low Benbrack (1000), BenbraTce Hill (1000), Bencummin (739), Beneraird (1435), Benfadyen (500), Ben- gairn (1200), Bengray (1203), Beninner (2318), Benjarg, Johnn Be (1000), Senmeal (1000), Benmore (1177), Bennan (1780), Bennan (1848), Bennan (1105), Bennan, Sennan Hill, Bennan Hill (500), Bennan Hill (1157), Bennan Hill (1750), Bennan Hill (929), Maikle Bennan (1100), Bennanbreck (2000), Bennane Head, Benniguinea (1270), Benton, Bentuther Hill (800), Benwliat, Benyellery (2360), Bankben (800), Wee Black Ben (1203). e numbeTh f Bennanso r (12 remarkables )i t see thed no n mi o an , y d general to have a diminutive signification. Benbrack occurs 5 times. (2) Beyond this district I have found in Dumfriesshire but two examples, Benbuie, a farm, and Bengali Hill, Burn, and Farm, Loch- maben; in Peeblesshire, one, Benshaw Hill, Drummelzier. Further east, in the Lammermoor and Cheviot ranges, it disappears entirely. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTEIBUTION OF CERTAIN PLACE-NAMES. 257 (3) In the Ochils are five—Bengengie Hill (1855), Benshee (about 1600), Benbudc ( + 2000), Bendeucli (2363), Bentie Knowe (1750). (4) In Fife, Benarty (1150), Benarbo Farm. (5) North of Fife and outside the Highlands I have not met with it directly as a hill, but it perhaps occurs indirectly in Loch of Little Ben- shalag; Benwells, Bendauch, Bengarton, farm-houses, Aberdeen; Benvie, a village, Forfar; Benchill, a house, Perth. (6) In the Highlands it is, of course, universally spread, but its proportion to other hill names varies much in different districts; on coveree e b O.Me sheey th f dma .to wit nexe h th Ben, td witan h Cam. A a rules , bot n Highlandi h d Lowlands san applies i n lofto dBe t , y hills, or at least to hills of relative importance ; but there are exceptions, t i occur d severaan n si l headlands r threo o e eved tw mer an ,n n i e rocks or rocky eminence e coasth n Gallowai tn e Hebrideso sth d an yA . knowledg s meaninit f eo g seem o havst e been better preserved thas ni e casth e with many place-name roots. Thus t seldo, bu hills i m s alsi n rivers. ot n Be glensI r Be e havo w o n ed an , addeit o t d comparatively rarely met with, derived from neighbouring hills, in the name f farm-housesso . PENII . Pen, applied directly to hills, is not so frequent as Ben south of the Forth, but extends further eastward. "Whereas the Bens are clustered S.We inth . corne f Scotlando r I foun, d only thre ee sam Pensth en i district—Penwhaile, Penwherry Hill (548), and Penderry Hill (1015) ; but beyond it there are eleven, Knockspen (1128), Penbreck Ridge (1328), Penbane (1685), Penbreck (1998), Dumfries; Penvalla (1764), Lee Pen (1647), Peebles; Penniestone Knowe (1807), Ettrick Pen (2269), Pennygant Hill (1805), Penchrise (1439) d Skelfhilan , n Pe l (1745), Eoxburgh and Selkirk. North of the Forth and outside the Highlands I have noted no Pen applied to hills, but there is Penman Head on the Aberdeen coast. Applie farmso dt , burns, &c.n occurPe , s more frequentl widelyd yan , as I have note e followinth d g twenty-fiv Gallowayn i e , Ayr, Dumfries, Lanark, Mid-Lothian, East-Lothian, and Berwick; besides two farms, Penstone, Forfar, and Penick, Nairn, north of the Forth :— VOL. XXVII. R 8 25 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , APRI , 189310 L . Penbleath Farm. Penkil Castle. Penneld Farm. Penbreck Burn. Penkill Bridge. Pennersaughs Farm Pencaitland Parish, &c. Penkill Burn. Penston Village. Pencloe Farm. Penkiln Farm. Penpont Parish. Pencote House. Penlaw Farm. Penwhapple Burn. Pencraig Wood. Penmanshiel Village. Penwhirn Burn. Pendriech Farm (2). Penmore Farm. Penwinnie Farm. Pengrain Farm. Fennel Burn. Cockpen Parish. Thes e exclusivar e e forth mf eo Penny, which generan i , t leasta la s i , different root, signifying a subdivision of land. It is possible that Pen itself may in some cases be either a contraction of Penny or of Peten, or a corruption of some other root. It may also be a question whethe e truth r e Pens come directl locae y ar fro e Cymrilr mo th n cPe corruption e Gaelith f so c Ben. e Highlands th comy n I ma e n fro Gaelie Pe ,m th c Peighinn, pennya . t doeI e attachet seeb sno o mt hillso t d t onl bu ,houseso yt I hav. e noted Peninarine, South Uist; Penmore, Penalbanach, Pennycross, Penny- gown, Mull; Peninver, Mul Kintyref lo t Pein,Bu . possibl variatioya n of Pen, occurs also combination ,i n with chorran, chonnich, soraig, more, lea, drain, Skye; lodden, avalla, gown, Hebrides ; and meonach, Arisaig (c.f. Pinminnoch, Gallowa Ayr)d yan . III. PIN. Of the few Pins applied to hills, five—Pinhain Hill (754), Dupin Hill, Pindonnan (1097), Pinverains (1200) d Pinbreckan , Hill (1133)—are round Loch DoonS.We th n .i , regio Scotlandf no onle yTh . others are Pinstane (1682), Lanark; and Pinderrachy (1682), Forfar. To farm-houses it is applied thirteen times, all in the S.W. of Scotland :—Pinclanty, Pingarie, Pinhannah, Pinmacher, Pinmerry (2), Pinminnocli (2), Pinnure, Pinvally, PinwMrrie, Dupin, Letterpin. Unles e acceptsw s genuina , e examples, Pingle, Pirikstone (1235)g Ri , and Glespin, in Dumfries; PinTcerton, East Lothian; and the strangely expatriated Pinhoulland, Walls, Orkney.
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