GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN PLACE-NAMES. 255

II. ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN PLACE-NAMES IN . BY DAVID CHRISTISON, M.D., Secretary.

attentioe Th n whic bees hha n hitherto place-namee paith do t f Scotso - lan bees dha n directed mainl theio yt r meanin derivationd gan comd an , - paratively little notice has been taken of their geographical distribution. This neglect is probably due to the difficulty of collecting the materials for investigation a firse kinde th Th t f requisit.no completa s ei e eth lis f o t names, and such a list, made with great care, does exist in the archives of the Ordnance Survey. But unfortunately it has not been published, aninvestigatoe dth obliges i r d laboriousl re-colleco yt t materials, already gathered together t availabl t whicaccoms o useno T bu hi ,e .r ar h fo e- plish this exhaustively, implie completsa e transcriptio indexind nan f go namee six-ince th th n so h scale maps tasa , k beyon e strengtdy th an f o h individual. Having had occasion, however, to search the maps on the one-inch scale for another purpose, I seized the opportunity to note a certain selection of place-names, and thus to ascertain their distribution in different districts. The review is not exhaustive, indeed, because many names which figure in the six-inch maps are omitted on the one-inch sheets d becausan ; I emus t inevitably have overlooke a dcertai n numbe f name o ra searc o littl n n i sf e o h exten d difficultyan t . To trea subjece th t trula n i ty scientific manne t woulri necessare db y o tracet f possiblei , , each word, through perhaps various changess it o t , earliest recorded form; because many place-names are not what they o accept d an t , theiseebe ro m t modern forms would ofte e mosb n t misleading. To take a single example: the strange-looking Lharibryde, Morayshire, loses its unaccountable Welsh aspect when we find its earlier formLamnabridee b o t s d Lamanbride.an t herBu e agaie th n workman is without his tools. No general index of the older forms of Scottish place-names exists, although the means of making one are at e indicee Registrumhanth th n f di so Magni Sigilli, Record f Retours,o and similar works. A general index compiled from these sources, with the dates at which each name occurs in the references, would be no 256 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APKIL 10, 1893.

impossible tasr somfo k e scientific bod committer yo undertakeo t e d an , woul r place-namede stud ou th giv f o yo t e precisiosa d reliabilitynan , which without such aid are unattainable. In the present inquiry, which is only in the nature of a general sketch, I have sometimes merely given the number of occurrences of place-name root n differeni s t districts; sometime e sname th list f o ss have been added. Usuall yI hav e classifie namee dth thes sa y e stanth n di map, without inquiring whether they are what they seem to be, and whether their place e altogethemighb t no t r change traciny b d g back to the earliest forms. To have entered at any length on such inquiries, conclusione th n o drawe r b o o t sn fro e distributiomth f place-namesno , would have been to expand this paper to the dimensions of a volume. Whe e samth n e name occurs e severab o t s llistsi y timem t i , n i s understood thae exampleth t quite ar s e distinc d separatea an d t An . name whic attaches hi a hill o dt , house d burn an ,localitye , on &c. n i ,, s onli y recorde singla s da e example.

I. BEN. (1) The only part of the South of Scotland in which Ben occurs in any numbers is in the hilly region comprised in. South and North . Includin instance ge immediatelon th n ei y adjoining parf o t Dumfriesshire t occuri followin,e th n si g forty 1-ince case :th — p n sho ma Benalt (1250), Senaw (1380), Benbain (1333), Benbain, Benbeoch (1321), Benbrack (980), Benbrack (1800), Benbrack (1475), Benbrack (1621), Low Benbrack (1000), BenbraTce Hill (1000), Bencummin (739), Beneraird (1435), Benfadyen (500), Ben- gairn (1200), Bengray (1203), Beninner (2318), Benjarg, Johnn Be (1000), Senmeal (1000), Benmore (1177), Bennan (1780), Bennan (1848), Bennan (1105), Bennan, Sennan Hill, Bennan Hill (500), Bennan Hill (1157), Bennan Hill (1750), Bennan Hill (929), Maikle Bennan (1100), Bennanbreck (2000), Bennane Head, Benniguinea (1270), Benton, Bentuther Hill (800), Benwliat, Benyellery (2360), Bankben (800), Wee Black Ben (1203). e numbeTh f Bennanso r (12 remarkables )i t see thed no n mi o an , y d general to have a diminutive signification. Benbrack occurs 5 times. (2) Beyond this district I have found in Dumfriesshire but two examples, Benbuie, a farm, and Bengali Hill, Burn, and Farm, Loch- maben; in Peeblesshire, one, Benshaw Hill, Drummelzier. Further east, in the Lammermoor and Cheviot ranges, it disappears entirely. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTEIBUTION OF CERTAIN PLACE-NAMES. 257

(3) In the Ochils are five—Bengengie Hill (1855), Benshee (about 1600), Benbudc ( + 2000), Bendeucli (2363), Bentie Knowe (1750). (4) In , Benarty (1150), Benarbo Farm. (5) North of Fife and outside the Highlands I have not met with it directly as a hill, but it perhaps occurs indirectly in Loch of Little Ben- shalag; Benwells, Bendauch, Bengarton, farm-houses, Aberdeen; Benvie, a village, Forfar; Benchill, a house, Perth. (6) In the Highlands it is, of course, universally spread, but its proportion to other hill names varies much in different districts; on coveree e b O.Me sheey th f dma .to wit nexe h th Ben, td witan h Cam. A a rules , bot n Highlandi h d Lowlands san applies i n lofto dBe t , y hills, or at least to hills of relative importance ; but there are exceptions, t i occur d severaan n si l headlands r threo o e eved tw mer an ,n n i e rocks or rocky eminence e coasth n Gallowai tn e Hebrideso sth d an yA . knowledg s meaninit f eo g seem o havst e been better preserved thas ni e casth e with many place-name roots. Thus t seldo, bu hills i m s alsi n rivers. ot n Be glensI r Be e havo w o n ed an , addeit o t d comparatively rarely met with, derived from neighbouring hills, in the name f farm-housesso . . PENII . Pen, applied directly to hills, is not so frequent as Ben south of the Forth, but extends further eastward. "Whereas the Bens are clustered S.We inth . corne f Scotlando r I foun, d only thre ee sam Pensth en i district—Penwhaile, Penwherry Hill (548), and Penderry Hill (1015) ; but beyond it there are eleven, Knockspen (1128), Penbreck Ridge (1328), Penbane (1685), Penbreck (1998), Dumfries; Penvalla (1764), Lee Pen (1647), Peebles; Penniestone Knowe (1807), Ettrick Pen (2269), Pennygant Hill (1805), Penchrise (1439) d Skelfhilan , n Pe l (1745), Eoxburgh and Selkirk. North of the Forth and outside the Highlands I have noted no Pen applied to hills, but there is Penman Head on the Aberdeen coast. Applie farmso dt , burns, &c.n occurPe , s more frequentl widelyd yan , as I have note e followinth d g twenty-fiv Gallowayn i e , Ayr, Dumfries, Lanark, Mid-, East-Lothian, and Berwick; besides two farms, Penstone, Forfar, and Penick, Nairn, north of the Forth :— VOL. XXVII. R 8 25 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , APRI , 189310 L .

Penbleath Farm. Penkil Castle. Penneld Farm. Penbreck Burn. Penkill Bridge. Pennersaughs Farm Pencaitland Parish, &c. Penkill Burn. Penston Village. Pencloe Farm. Penkiln Farm. Penpont Parish. Pencote House. Penlaw Farm. Penwhapple Burn. Pencraig Wood. Penmanshiel Village. Penwhirn Burn. Pendriech Farm (2). Penmore Farm. Penwinnie Farm. Pengrain Farm. Fennel Burn. Cockpen Parish. Thes e exclusivar e e forth m f eo Penny, which generan i , t leasta la s i , different root, signifying a subdivision of land. It is possible that Pen itself may in some cases be either a contraction of Penny or of Peten, or a corruption of some other root. It may also be a question whethe e truth r e Pens come directl locae y ar fro e Cymrilr mo th n cPe corruption e Gaelith f so c Ben. e Highlands th comy n I ma e n fro Gaelie Pe ,m th c Peighinn, pennya . t doeI e attachet seeb sno o mt hillso t d t onl bu ,houseso yt I hav. e noted Peninarine, South Uist; Penmore, Penalbanach, Pennycross, Penny- gown, Mull; Peninver, Mul Kintyref lo t Pein,Bu . possibl variatioya n of Pen, occurs also combination ,i n with chorran, chonnich, soraig, more, lea, drain, Skye; lodden, avalla, gown, ; and meonach, Arisaig (c.f. Pinminnoch, Gallowa Ayr)d yan . III. PIN. Of the few Pins applied to hills, five—Pinhain Hill (754), Dupin Hill, Pindonnan (1097), Pinverains (1200) d Pinbreckan , Hill (1133)—are round Loch DoonS.We th n .i , regio Scotlandf no onle yTh . others are Pinstane (1682), Lanark; and Pinderrachy (1682), Forfar. To farm-houses it is applied thirteen times, all in the S.W. of Scotland :—Pinclanty, Pingarie, Pinhannah, Pinmacher, Pinmerry (2), Pinminnocli (2), Pinnure, Pinvally, PinwMrrie, Dupin, Letterpin. Unles e acceptsw s genuina , e examples, Pingle, Pirikstone (1235)g Ri , and Glespin, in Dumfries; PinTcerton, East Lothian; and the strangely expatriated Pinhoulland, Walls, .

IV. FIOLD, FIELD, FEA, FELL, FALL(?), VAL, BHAL. It is characteristic of this root that in contrast with Ben, Bar, and some other hill roots s almosi t i , t invariabl suffiya x ; another character- GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN PLACE-NAMES. 259

istic, in which it agrees with Ben but differs from Bar, is that it very rarely strays from the hills to the habitations at their feet. . Fell.—1 The great e Fellhom th Southe n Scotlani f sth e o n i - s i d West I hav. e noteGallowan i 8 d4 y and adjoinine .th g par Ayrshiref o t , and 27 in Dumfries. But 9 are also found stretching along the south of . Elsewhere there are only solitary outliers,—Culter Fell, wit shouldes hit r Fell Shin, Lanark; Campsie Fells,e Th Fells d Stirlingan ; Fell Cleugh, Berwic k; Goat Fell, Arra n; Ord Fell, Aberdeen. ) Galloway.—Beside(a 7 simpl1 s e examples, suc s "Fell,"a h "The Fell," "Fell Hill," &c. r Long,o , Round,. Wee, White, Braid Fell, &c., the root occurs in. Balrazie Fell, Barraer Fell, BarlockJiart Fell, Bar- mullie Fell, Barnsallie Fell, Barskeoch Fell, Brockloch Fell, Boreland Fell, Bught Fell, Caimon Fell, Carsecreuch Fell, Chang Fell, Craigairie Fell, Oraigeach Fell, Criffel, Culverilian Fell, Eldrig Fell, Glassock Fell, Gleniron Fell, Glenwhapple Fell, Larg Fell, Mochrum. Fell, Stey' Fell, Strawarren Fell, Tod Fell, Thorter Fell, Urrel Fell. As a prefix it occurs only in Fellnaw, one of the two farm-house examples, unless we include fore th m "Fell of, Felln i "f Barhullion, o Fell f Carleton,o hillo tw n s i the Burrow Head district, and Fell of Esehonoan, near Loch Doon. In Galloway its application to high hills is rare, and the difference in this respect as compared with Dumfries, Eoxburgh, and Lanark is remarkable. o t 0 Unde10080 o 0t r 150 o 0t Above 500 ft. 1000 ft. 1500 ft. 2000 ft. 2000 ft. Total. Galloway '2 4 3 , 2 = 5... 0 3 1 1 . Dumfries, &c., 0 2 15 18 5 = 40 (b) Dumfries.—Arnton Fell, Auldton Fell, Birny Fell, Black Fell, Capel Fell, Cowan Fell, Craffel, Craig Fell, Din Fell, Dinly Fell, Dod Fell, Ewes- down Fell, Fingland Fell, Grange Fell, Hart Fell (2),HowgillFell,Larriston Fell, Loch Fell, Mosshope Fell, Pike Fell, Rivox Fell, Roan Fell, Swatte Fell, Wind Fell, Wintercleuch prefia Fell.s A t occurxi s onl Felln yi Rig. (c) Eoxburgh.—Berry Fell, Dod Fell, Dryden Fell, Ellson- Fell, Ewenshope Fell, Peel Fell, Saughtree Fell, Skelfhill Fell, Whin Fell. 2. Fall.—This form I have met with only in the somewhat doubtful cases of Hill of Quintfall,- , and Grootfall, S. Eonaldsay.. 1 Six others in Galloway were not ascertained precisely, but they are all. low. . PROCEEDING 0 26 SOCIETYE TH F O S , APRI , 189310 L .

3. Field is' the form on the O.M. in a considerable number of hills in , although " hill" itsel s mori f e common. Virdi Field occurs several times d a therColter an s ,i e Field (cf. Gutter Fell, Lanark). Artfield Fell (888), "Wigtownshire, may be a, sole repre- sentativ . Scotland.S n ei . 4. Feld occurs onl Hammn yi Feld (1326 Tounafeld,d )an . 5. Fiold is the form in a few instances, all on the mainland of Orkney. 6. Fea is confined to Orkney, and mainly to , where it occurs* as Baili Fea, Binga Fea, Genie Fea,. Gfrut Fea, High Fea, Langi Fea, Meikle Fea, Mel Fea, Moi Fea, Moor Fea, Sky Fea, Sui Fea, and Wee mainlande t wit alss th Hill,i a n o t me Feht i Andrewo Fe t S an i ,bu ; s ; Bruna (213)a Fe , Stromness Eousan i d Kier-Feaan n ,yi Hill (700). 7. Val, Bhal, the latter a mere Gaelic variation from the purer Norse Val, are found mainly in the Hebrides, invariably as hill-tops of every degree^ of height, and always as attached affixes, in contrast with the forms Fell, &c., whic e almoshar invariabls a t y detached followe Th . - ing are some examples of its combinations :— (a) Hebrides, from South northwards.—Heishival (625), Vatersay. Sheaval (1260), Hartaval (1000) n ErivalBe , (654) n TangavalBe , (1092), Barra. Arnaval, Maraval, Roneval, Earaval, Carrisaval, Layaval, Rueval, Reinaval (all 900),d betweean -0 Stulavaln20 (1227), South Uist. Rueval (409), Benbecula. Unival, Marraval, STeealtaval, Flisaval, Eaval, Burrival (between 16d 1238)3an , 1ST. Uist. Oreual (2165), Ullaval (2153), Leosaval, Uisgnaval, TJlaval, and Bolaval Scarattaval, Harris. In all these the affix is vol. Bhal is the form from the North of Harris through Lewis. Examples : Roinebhal, Cear- ndbhal, N. Harris; Feathdbhal, Druim Chrinnabhal, Tom Dithdbliail, I hav l Lewiseal numbenotea n , I ;86 d r exceedin ge Bens thath f o t in the Hebrides by 18. In Lewis and Harris val or bhal occurs 3 times2 n ;Be 3 time Sout5 d f 3 an Harristimeso 3 h d l an s va , e sometimear l va sd an groupe 5 n times4 Be n d . Be together, sometimes separately. It will be observed that val or bhal is invariably preceded by a vowel, generally a. ) Rum.—(6 Orval, Barlteval, Allival, Trallval, AsMval, Ashval, Ruinsi- val, Gleann Duibhal (1): GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN PLACE-NAMES. 261

(c) Skye.—The root reappears here, but only on its "West side, in • Stockval, Dirrivallan, Arnaval, Roinival, Ben CorTcoval, Skoval, Healaval, Horneval, Hartaval, Helaval, Borneval, Reieval. (d) Orkne d Shetland.—Apparenan y t example e Vavalar s a hill)( , Hyval a house)( , ; Scaval a hill)( , Stronsay n Orkneyi , d an ; perhaps Hill of Troliva, Yell, Shetland; but some of these may be variant f Wall.so (e) Another possible exampl s Golvali e Hill, . Shanval, a house 1250 feet above the sea, Strathspey; Shinval, a farm, Nairn; Lyn f Shenval,no Tomintoul; Shenevall, a farm , Dundonnel, "W. Koss- shire; SJieaneval (Loch Brora), Braeval (2), farms, Sutherlandshire; Shin- val and Ceanheesaval, farms, Caithness, are probably the Gaelic Sean bJiaile, although it seems strange to find bhaile in the form of val, asso- ciated almost solely with forms of sean. Y. BARE, BAR. The Gaelic Barr occurs in Scottish topography in both its primi- tive meanings—"top and point": in the former sense abounding in certain districts, in the latter rare, and applied to promontories or headlands. It is possible that the latter may also be the original meaning in inland examples, but the great mass of these are un- doubtedly hills. It is true the names of a great many farm-houses begin with Bar, and in not a few of these a corresponding hill with the same name is not found on the map; but this may be either because it was thought inconvenien unnecessarr o t prino y t name th t e twice r becauso , e its application to the original hill had fallen out of use, while it was retaine habitatioe th r foote dfo th .t na e commoTh n form Barn s derivabli e "f eitheo p "a to r n fror mBa or Bearna "a gap." In , where Bar in any form is com- paratively rare, Bearna seem n importancei o exceet s r r Ba dD s a , Joyce gives in his Index fourteen townships derived from Bearna, and only eleven fro n Scotlanmi t Bar. r greatlBu Ba d y exceeds Barnn i numbers, includina Bearna.t f derivativee o g no th d n I an a n sr botBa f ho few cases, particularly in the N.E. counties, Barn in the form of Barnyards, and possibl othen yi r combinations apparentls i , Englise yth h Barn. 2 26 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , APRI , 189310 L .

Although there is no apparent reason why Bar should not be applied to the higher hills, yet in fact it is confined almost without exception to the lower ones. Barbeys Hill (1594), Ayr, is the giant of the Bars, Middle Bar Knowe (1357), in the Cheviots, .a questionable example, takes -the second place, and even Barrholm Hill (1163) and Barden- rtoch Hill (1082) tower high above most f theio r fellow Gallowayn i s , very man f whicyo 0 fee onle 50 t har abovo yt froseae 0 n I th em30 . Argyleshire the highest Bar attains but 1052 feet, and it is only in one case, in which the root .occurs apparently in the plural, Bliein Bharrain (2345), Arran, tha considerabla t e elevatio reacheds ni . greae Th t ) hom e (a Lowland"Weste Barf th th liseo y n i n tm , i s i s yieldin Renfrewd an r g 15Ay . Gallowayn n 7i i 1 9 d an , (6) Eastward the number rapidly decreases, there being only 18 in Stirlin Lanarkd gan 1d Dumfriesn 0i an , . (c) In the eastern half of the Lowlands it almost disappears, Midlothian furnishin , Barnbougle,3 g Barbauchlaw, e doubtfuth d an l Barley Dean. East-Lothian, 2; Dunbar, r d Ifess,1 an Ba wit s it h Bara Church, &c. Roxburgh, 3 ; Bar Burn, Alderybar (a farm), and Middle Bar Knowe. (1357). Berwick, none, as Bartlehttl and Barnside can scarcel acceptee yb trus da e examples. (d) In Fife and Kinross it seems equally deficient, Barbara fields, Barrington, d Silverbartonan bein e onld verth gan yy questionable claimants. (e) In all the Scottish mainland further north and west, excluding Argyle, I have only noted 19. (/) In Argyle the number is considerable:—86 on the mainland, 12 in the islands; thus apportioned—hills, 29; points, 4; rock in the sea ; port 1 , ; 1 ,streams ; glen 2 , ; 1 ,dwellings . 59 , (g) In the Hebrides, Skye, and neighbouring islands, it almost -dies out again, although Barra is a conspicuous example among a few others; and in Orkney and Shetland I have not met with it at all. The actual number in Scotland must be considerably greater than appears on the 1-inch map, as in Galloway, where I noted 157, Sir r her Ba s suppose ei * e derivation Iris a t th Barrrefeo t dt -S ho t y rbu , ma n possibly be from the adjoining promontory, Bar Ness. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIO CERTAIF NO N PLACE-NAMES3 26 .

Herbert Maxwell's fuller list gives 172 ; Mr F. &. Coles finds 93 in Kirkcudbright alone.

VI. KAME, KAMES, KAIM, KAIMS. I do not know that the derivation of this word has been made out. t I appear e associateb o t s d either with slight, perhaps moraine-like eminences witr o , h longish (comb-likw lo , e V) ridges. Although nowhere numerous examplee th , widele ar t ssur yno e spreadm thaa I thavI . e noted them so carefully as other roots, but my lists contain none in Galloway. Elsewhere in South Scotland it appears 8 times as K. hill, . know time8 . rig K r otheK o s ,r sa eo r form implying elevatiod n ;an 13 times simpl. (applieK s . a yhouseo houses)K t d s a , r castleo , . &c , Furthe e Highlandsth r n northi s rarei d t an ,i , ; indeed I ,hav e only noted 9 examples—5 in Argyle, 1 of which is a corruption of Camus, a bay; and 4—Maiden Kames, on the coast, Stonehaven; Kames of Candy, Aberdeen ; Kame of Duffus, ; and Kames, Blairgowrie—are in the north-eastern counties. In Orkney and Shetland there are 20- Here the application is somewhat different. Most are either sea-rocks e coast r oth clos o nr small o o ,t e , narrow (comb-like?) promontories, such as K. of Stews, Stack of K., K. of Gamy, which are the only Kames on the 1-inch map in Orkney; Gristal K., ; K. of Riven Noup, Noup K., Lokati K., Mid K., K. of Isbister, Meo Kame Skerry, Easter and Wester K., Ruska K., K. of Flouravoug, and Holey n Shetlandr i three o . K o , Tw however. , e ordinarseeb o mt y inland hills, such as K. of Corrigall (588), Fair Isle, Hoo Kame (888), Nesting: and a few others are inland ridges; West K., Weisdale; K. of Sandwich and The Comb (?) in Yell. The only " Fort" in connection with the root is on Kaimes Hill, Dalmahoy, Midlothian. VII. COOM, COOMB, COMB. Although signifyin placw n Anglo-Saxoi glo ea a t hill t bu , no n enclosed by hills, a valley, this appears to occur in Scotland also as r o nam a n r i loft fo e1 y t hills d onlformbu y time0 an l ,an y1 al , n si near Dumfriesshire. Coomsfell (1609), Comb Head (1998), White Coomb (2695), Coom Burn (Wamphrey), Cooms n Farm,thai e t ar 264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 10, 1893.

county; Coom Dod (2082), on the border of Lanark and Peebles; Coom (1699w La d Coom)an Burn, Selkirkn i ; Comb Hill (1687d )an Coomb Edge (1650), on the north slope of the Cheviots. The only possible instance north of the Forth and Clyde appears to be Dunscomb (1330), one of the Kirkpatrick hills, Dumbartonshire.

VIII. WAED, WART, VORD.

Although there is scarcely a county in the English-speaking parts of e Scottisth h mainlan t leasa e exampl t e rooon tdth no t f thas o e ha t Ward, it is in the Northern Islands, and particularly in the Shetland group, that their peculiar home is to be found, the number there pro- bably exceedin rese f Scotlanth o t gl thaal t n togetheri t dpu . (a) In the Orkneys I have noted Ward Hill 10 times; Wart Hill twice; Wart twice; Ward f Housebay,o f Redland;o The Wards ; Hill of Wards; and Ward Point; 19 in all. n Shetlani t (b)Bu d Ward occur times4 4 s , Wart once d Vordan , 6 times; 51 in all. There is not a parish, and scarcely a habitable island, in which it does not occur at least once. In almost all cases the application is to hills, which are often the highest or most conspicuous islane oth f r districdo whicn i t h the yinstance2 3 occur n I e for. sth m f ,o s War i . , W suc of ds a h Veester, Reawick, Virdaskule, Dragoness, Outrdbister, Arisdale, . Oncon Copister, o t s i eoccur d an s wit f Heodafield.ho . Field,5 instanceW n I n i specifie th s c name pre- cedes Ward—Erness W.; Kirka ;. MuckleW ; Green. ;. W AbramsW . W Other form e Ward, ar se Ward Th r Wards,o d Wardan Hill. e example Th e primitivth f o s e form Vord Ramnae ar Vord (700d )an Vords (300), Sandness; Gamla Vord (200), Whalsey; Vord Hill (388), Saxa Vord (935), Yardand ; Hill, Fetlaris It . remarkable thae onlth t y representativ n Bossi e , Sutherlandd an , Caithness is Wart Hill (412), near Wick. (c) In the north-eastern counties I have noted Ward or Wards 36 times, as Wardhead (11), Wardend (7), Wardhill (2), &c. It occurs in the plural in Wards of Alves, of Afforsk, Wester Wards, Oreenwards. In this region the connection is rarely, directly at lea.st, with hills, and GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIO CERTAIF NO N PLACE-NAMES5 26 .

the frequency with which the combination is with head and end suggest significatioe sth "f n o Districts. " southerthe (d)In n countie listsmy s sho examplesw24 formthe sin , of Wardlaw (8), Wardlaw Hill, Ward, Wardpark, ne.uk,n I end, . &c Galloway, however, I have noticed but one, The Ward, or The Ward Burn, New e LuceWardlawsTh . probable ar y " Watch hills.e Th " slogaMaxwelle th f no "s si Bid e Wardlaw." . DALEIX , DAIL, DAL e Highlands ,th affin DIa n i xs L a Orkned an , y and Shetland. I did not note this root generally in the Lowlands. Its application e greateth o t r valley f Dumfrieso s , Lanark, Roxburgh d Peeblean , s i s well known, but it does not occur often among the smaller valleys, either in these or the neighbouring counties. I looked for it carefully on mape th f Gallowayso , Dumfries, Selkirk Peeblesd an , d onlan , y found Glenstockadale, Kilcoquadale, Liddesdale, Kirkdale, Troudale, Troiodale, Grobdale, Moudale, Galloway; Dryfesdale, Megdale, Howdales, Dumfries ; Birkindale,d an Selkirk. Ther alss i e o Lenddl,nenx Galloway n Ayri , - shire. In the north-eastern counties I have tested it from north of the middl f Aberdeenshireo soute th o het sid Moraf eo y Krth havd ,an e found Netherdale, StocJcadale, Burreldales, Phillexdale, Conniesdale, Walkerdales, Surradale, d Caimdale. somn an i t eHighlands e Bu partth f so , particu- larly the Islands, and in Orkney and Shetland, it is frequent, sometimes in the greater valleys, but far more often in the smaller, and even the very small and perhaps streamless vales. It is found in the following combinations, almost always as an affix, beginning in the south. Islan f Arran.—do Chalmadale, Kiskadale, Ormidale, Scorrodale. Island of Bute.—Birgadale, Ardroscadale. Jura.—Aoisdale, Asdale, Brosdale, Garrisdale, Gfrundale, Grunnddle, Leondal, LuVharnadale, Sgamadail, Trosdale. Mull. —Scarisdale. .—Carradale, freasdale, Ifferdale, Mausdale, Rhonadale, Torrisdale. Mainlan f Argyle.—o d Andail, Bhorradale, Borrodale, t i naAl m Chomdhail, Crippesdale, Eilegaddle, Ghardale, Liddesdale, Loudale, Mungusdale, Ormidale, Scaddale, Stockdale, Rasgadil. 266 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 10, 1893.

Hebrides—Small Southern Isles.—Allasdale, Crubridale, Eolisdale, Maddasdale, Skipisdal, Tungusdale. S. Uist.—Barrodale, Boisdale, Dremisdale, Hellisdale, Labisdale, Liodale, Rudale. Benbecula.—Borasdale, Gramisdale. N. Uist.—Libidale. Harris.—Beesdale, Bhruthadail, JBorosdale, Cheothadail, Dibadal Uarac d loracan h h (villages), Dliibadail, Dibidil, Eorradal, Geirsdale, GUrunndail,' O-ravadale, Gunisdale, Lacasdail, Langadale, Laxd.ale, Laxadale, Leomadal, Lingdale, Liundail, Maodal, Meodale, Module, Muladal, Phuordail, Raonadail, Scaladale, Scarrasdail, Sceaaladail, Sgannadail, Shuainagadail, Skeaudale, Stuladale, Thorradail, Ualladale, Uamadale, Ulladale. Skye.—Armadale, Bernisdale, Caladal, Caradal, Daladale, Dibidal, Duisdale, Elendale, Eskidal, Husdale, lonadal, Lynedale, Merkadale, OlUsdal, Onisdal, Bisadal, Romisdal, Scaladal (3), Scamadal, Sleadale, Sneosdal, Suardal, Surnardale, Tungadal. Eigg.—Gflendale, Charradale, Galmisdale (Leac Gliuidlial).a Canna.—Garrisdale. Bum.—Dibidil, Papadil, Guirdil. Mainland— and Eoss.—Alladale, Arnisdale, Attadale, Beasdale, Bianasdale, Bindal, Borrisdale, Broeadale, , D-iebi- dale, Erradale, Eskadale, Fhearnasdail, Flowerdale, Gfradal, Horrisdale, Kerrysdale, Meadale, Obsdale, Rusdale, Slattadale, Sworddale, Taodale, Torradale, Udale, Ulladale. Sutherlan d Caithness.—an d Achardale, Achvarasdale, Armadale, Asdale, Auehrimsdale, Berriedale, Duasdale, Fionndail, Halladale, Helmsdale, Keoldale, Langdale, Migdale, Mudale, Mungusdale, Navidale, Ospisdale, Ousdale, Rimsdale, Rumsdale, Scalabsdale, Sletdale, SMnsdale, Spinningdale, Sordale, Swordale, Taldale, Tliorrisdail, Torranshondal, Tormsdale, Tresdale, Westerdale, Weydale. Orkney.—Airedale, Aithsdale, Bernidale, Berridale (2), Berriedale, Berrydale, Blubersdale, Brendale, Galdale, Deepdale (3), Durlcadale, Durrisdale, Easedale, Ervadale, Eslcadale, Heldale, Kingsdale, Leenies- dale, Lendersdale, Lesliedale, Lyradale, Milldale, Muddisdale, Naversdale, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OP CERTAIN PLACE-NAMES. 267

Niggdale, Quandale, Quoyadale, Ramsdale, Russadale, Sandsdale, Scorra- dale, Stourdale, Stowersdale, Swnnwrsdale, Sunnydale, Sioandale, Swine- dale, Syardale, also Dale, The Dale, &c. (11), Dalesport, Hill of Dale, Dale Helzie,of 'Dale Redland,of Dale. Cottthe of Shetland.—Arisdale, Berdale, Breidale, Boradale, Bresdale, Canisdale, Cannisdale, Cladisdale, Clodisdale, Colvadale, Grookadale, Curdale, Deep- dale (2), Diubidale, Durradale, Foradale, Glassdale, Hagdale (2), Hamnadale, Helendale, Heatherdale, Heodale (2), Kirkadale, Lambadale, Laxdale, Lerradale, Migadale, Milldale, Mongiersdale, Mooradale, Omandsdale, Ordadale, Pettadale (2), Quendale, Royldale, Scammidale, Sevdale, Shendale, Shinniversdale, Silvadale, Skelladale, Smerdale, Smir- Jeesdale, Smirnadale, Tonasdale, Trolladale, Tronadale (2), Turdale, Uradale, Valladale, Veedal, Vegadale, Virdadale, Weisdale (2), Winnas- wartadale, Wlwallsdale, Wormadale. Also Dalee , DaleTh r (7)o , Dale Voe, Voe of Dale, Hill of Dale, Dalepark, Daleton, Dalescord Hill, Dale Odsta,of Ure,of Daal, Daal,The Dalsa Field, Dalamutdale. Dale in Orkney and Shetland is doubtless derived from the Norse Dalr, although the original broad sound of the A seems almost entirely lost. In the Worth Highlands and Hebrides, where Norse occupation was strong and prolonged, the same derivation may be claimed, although descen possibls i t e froe Gaelimth e Dail "fiela r plain.do " a Dal s a prefix o commos , n ove a grear t par f Scotlando t s unquestionabli , f yo Gaeli affixn c a e probabilit origins th ,a t bu ; favoun yi Norsa f o r e origin for Dal and Dale is strong. In the deed of foundation of Kataness Cathedral, between 122 d 1245an 3 , both d daledalan occu purn i r e Norse names—Askesdal d Helgedall e an Soute th f Scotlano hn I . d dale is no doubt the Anglo-Saxon Dale or Dell.

X. HOPE. The little counties of Peebles and Selkirk, the central hill-region of Southern Scotland, contain no fewer than sixty Hopes. Thence eastward they radiate numbeth o t ef fifty-two o r , thirty-fou f theso r e beinn gi , almost all on the slopes of the Cheviots, three on the Gala Water, and eleven in the Lammermoors. Westwards they thin t rapidlyou r whilfo , e ther e twelvear Eskdalen ei e numberth , s falo t l 268 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 10, 1893. three in , two in , and one in Lanark. Northwards I have noted but five,—three on the south slopes of the Pentlands, and two to the north of that range. Isolated in the far North, in Suther- land, stands Ben Hope, with the river, loch, and farm of the same name. The sea Hopes are a small class, chiefly found in Orkney. List f f HOPEScotland.o e o \-ineli th p n So ma A. Inland, South of the Forth. Annelshope. Gameshope. Midhope. Auchope. Gillenbiehope. Mosshope. Birehope. Greenhope. Mountbengerhope, Blackhope (6). Harehope. Northhope. Blakehope. Harrowhope. Peebraehope. Bloodhope. Harthope. Phawhope. Bowerhope. Hayhope. Phenzehope. Boykenhope. Heatherhope. Philiphope. Brakehope. Hindhope. Philhope. Brockhope. Hope. Priesthope. Brovrahope. Hope Bum (2). Eiskinhope. Burnhope. Hopeburnhead. Eoughhope. Byrehope. Hope Farm. Rowhope. Calfhope. Hope Hills. Sandhope (2). Calrousthope. Hopehead. Seathope. Capehope. Hopehouse Burn. Sbielhope. Capelhope. Hopestead. Skelfhillhope. Carsehope. Hopes "Water. Smidhope. Carterhope. Hopeton House. Soonhope (2). Chapelliope. Hoppringle. Sourhope. Clift'hope. Hoprig. Stanishope. Corsehope. Horsehope. Stanhope (2). Courhope. Horseupcleuch. Summerhope. Craikhope. Hundleshope. Sundhope. Crookedhope. Jockshope. Sweethope (2). Deephope. Keilhope. Thorlieshope. Deerhope. Kelphope. Tweedhope. Dirthope. Kershope (2). Waddenshope. Dryhope. Kirkhope (4). Waterhope. Dunhope. Ladhope. Westerhope. Edgarhope. Laidlehope.. Whitehope (6). Eldinhope. Langhope. Whithope. Elfgillhope. Lanhope. Whitterhope (3). Ephope. Leithenhopes. Widehope. Eshielshope. Lewenshope. Williamshope. Ewenshope. Linghope. Winterhope. Fairliehope. Linhope. Wolfshope. Fauldshope. Longhope (2). Woolhope (2). Fawhope. Midgehope. Yearnhope. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN PLACE-NAMES. 269

B. Inland, North of the Forth. Ben Hope, with Biver, Loch, and Farm. r Coasto a CSe .. a.. Mainland. b. Orkneys. St Margaret's Hope, Firth of Forth. St Margaret's Hope. Grey Hope Bay, Aberdeen Bay. Long Hope. Hopeman (?) Village, Elgin. Kirk Hope. Pan Hope. Hopee Th , Hunda. Hopesa e derivatiose Th e th froe Icelandif mnth o c Hop inlen ,a f o t water, is obvious enough, particularly as they occur mainly in Orkney. Scandinavian influenc s possiblwa e y sufficien e extremth n i t e south of Scotland to'justify the same derivation, in the sense of land-havens n exposea n i d hilly region t thera difficultbu ; s i e n acceptini y g this, because a considerable number of Hopes occur also in the • west of , where it is scarcely possible to recognise a Scandinavian influence. In Derby, there is Hope village ; in Gloucester, Longhope ; Herefordn i , Fourihope, Hope Mamel, Hopend (2), Sollershape, Woolhope; in Shropshire, Hope Bagot, Hope Bawdier, Hope Hall, Hopesey, Rattling Hope. In the same districts we meet with the affix Hop or Op, which may possibly hav e samth e e origin n Alsop-le-dale,i , Glossop, Hanop, Derby; Hopton, Hereford; Hopton Castle, Hopton-on-the-Kole, Hopton Wafers, Monk Hopton, Shropshir e; Hayliop, Eadnor e suffiTh x. Tip,s a e th s i p n Bacup,i e samHu th y possiblr f o ema o p classe U yb . pronunciation' of the Northumberland Hopes.

XI. GILL. Gill—l,a cavern; 2, a steep, narrow glen; 3, the bed of a mountain torrent (Jamieson's Scot. Die.). I cannot identify it in the first meaning in place-names, unless such instances on the coast as Port Gill, , Ness of Gilarona and Giltarump (rocks on the coast), Shet- land derivee ar , d from caves. Certainly e greath tn i ,majorit y 'of cases, e seconGill th s i use . r thiro in d d sense t ,easil no whic e y ar h distinguished e Highlandsth n I . , Gill s rarei probabld an , y generally; represents the Gaelic Gill, Gile, whiteness, white; or Gille, a lad. 270; PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY; APRIL 10, 1893.

Wese Thth etn i verHighlandw yfe s whic t seemei mighhe m e o b tt d equivalent to the Lowland Gill, I have given in the following list:— Galloway. Laggangill (2). Swinegill. Gategill. Lodgegill. Tourgill. Gillarthur. Margin. Wallacegill.. Gillespie. Millgill. Whitegill. Gillfoot (2). Normangill. WindygilL Gillhead. Powgillcraig. Yearngill. Gilliescraig. Eaggedgill. Gillroanie. Eaggengill. Selkirk. Howgill. Bakingill. Gillmanscleuch. Kirkmagill. Eangegill. Gillkeeket. Loch Gill. Rashgill. Loch na Gill Eeingill. ; Physgill. Kobgill. Gilston (2). Port Gill. Ruegill. Gilmerton. Stanygill. Dumfries. Stibbiegill. Fife.- Addergill. Stonygill. Gilston. Allangill. Swingill. Birnygill. Tewsgill. Perth. Cadgill. Westgill (2). Cargill. Capelgill. Whirlvgill. Congill. Capplegill. Whisgill. Dargill. Carlesgill. Wolfgill. Gillybank. Craigengillan. Gilmerton. Crossgills. Lanark. Deadmansgill. Big Smagill. North-Eastern Counties. Dorneygill. Caldrongill.. Auchtygills. Effgill. Cargillstone. Gillchorn. Finnygill. Chapelgill. Gillha. Garrogill. Cowgill. Gilkliorn. Gill. Deergill. Gillybrands.. Gillbrae. Duncangill. Gillenbie. Gairgill. Caithness and Sutherland Gillesbie. GartgiU. Achnigills. Gillfoot (2). Gill. Achredigill. GillMll. Gillbank (2). Achriesgill.. Gillmartin. Gillhead. Ackergill.. Gillside. Howegill. Apagil, Tom. Gillshaw Flow. Langgill. Aukengill (2). Greygill. Leagill. BarrogilL Haregills. Littlegill. Burrigill. Hoggill. Lethgill. Gillburn. Holehousegill. Maidengill. Gilfield. Howgill (2). Eaingill. Gillivoan. Jennygill. Scabgill. Gillock (2).' Kirkgill. Snowgill. Gills. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIO CERTAIF NO N PLACE-NAMES1 27 .

Gothegill. Eosgill (a burn). Eooniegill. Langergill. Varagill (2). Skeckingill. Eeisgill. Vidigill (4), (all burns). Withiegill. Eibigill. Vikisgill (a burn). Eivigill. Shetland. Eivigill, Beinn. Arraii. Arnimsgill. Eosegill. Corrigills. Broogill. Suisgill. Scaftigill, Glen. Gilarona, Ness of. Traligill. Gill (2). Udrigill. Hebrides. ' Gillbraes. UrigiU. GiH Meodale. Gilsa Water. ' Sagairtt Gin a l . Giltarump, small rockn so Skye. coast. Broisgill (a burn). Orkney. Ketteiggill. Brunigill (a burn). Gill (3). Littlagill. Buabisgill. Gill Bay. Mudesgill. Galtrigil burn)a l( . Gill of Garth. Mungigill. Huisgill (a burn). Gilliselly. Eulesgill. Idrigil burn)a l( . Gillistrang. Sugill. Lorgill (2), (river). Naaversgill (Fair Isle). Swartagill. Oisgill (a burn). Orgill. Wariegill. Bingill. Einnigill.

XII. LANE. Accordin Jamiesono gt , " lanSoute th e f Scotlan "n ho i d signifies "a brook, havin gmotio a scarcele b o sloo t ns s wya perceptible;" secondly, "part streaa f so thif mo s kind derivee h d ; "frot an s i Icelandi e mth c Lbn, " stagnation." Another possible derivation, however Gaelie th s ci , Lbn, "a marsh, pond r meadow,o , a ver I hav p yd ema "an noticee th n o d few burns called Lbn, Eildean,n examplr fo na n estreamLb a , Tongue, Sutherland. So few are these, however, that the ]S"orse derivation of the numerous Galloway Lanes seems more probable. From e leveth l e countrnaturth f o ey through which they flowd theian , r winding course on the map, these Lanes seem to justify Jamieson's definition;. and, as an example of the secondary derivation, I may men- tioe Collinth n Burn, Kirkcudbright, which, when t i meander, s through e sandth f Auchencairo s n Bay, change s namit s e into " Auchencairn Lane." The e "rang Laneth f eo s "s extremeli y limited e hillTh y . country round Loch Doon, at the junction of Ayr, Dumfries, and Galloway, is their centre, from which they radiat a shor t ebu t distance into Western 272 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , APKI , 189310 L .

Ayr, Upper Nithsdale d chieflan , y Northern Galloway, althoug ha few , soute , reacit th Solwaf e hn o hi th y Firth n thiI .s limited region they number fifty-two, as follows :— Auchenoairn Lane. Craigdinnie Lane. Lanecroft. Auchlane. Curroch Lane. Lane Foot. Auchtitteuch Lane. Dalveen Lane. Lanegate, EasWestd an t . Balloch Lane. Dargall Lane. Lanehead. Barend Lane. Dibbin Lane. Laneside (2). Beoch Lane. Eglin Lane. Lanemark. Boghead Lane. Fingland Lane. Lane Underbrae. Bogrie Lane. Furmstone Lane. Loch Lane. Braedennoch Lane. Gala Lane. Minnigall Lane. Camelon Lane. Gowkslane. Potterland Lane. Carlingwark Lane. Grobdale Lane. Saugh Lane. Carrick Lane. Kirkgunzeon Lane. Torlane Burn. Carsephairn Lane. Lane (2). Torrlane. Clatteringshaws Lane. Lane, Big. Tunskeen Lane. Cooran Lane. Lane, Little (3). Whitespout Lane. Corra Lane. Lane Burn. The only Lanes I have noted beyond this region are in' East- Lothian—Tanderlane and Oullane. XIII. GRAIN. Grain, another South-Scottish name for streams, is derived from Gren-a, Swedishd ol , Grein-a, Icelandic, "divideo t " (Jamieson, Knot. Die.), and signifies " the branches of a tree, of a river, or of a valley at s uppeit r end. s localisatioIt " s quitni e different from tha f Lane,o t being in Dumfries (27), chiefly in its eastern part; Peebles and Selkirk (10); Lanark (4); Eoxburgh (3); East-Lothian (1). Archie Grain. Grain. Moss Grain Burn. Barrygrain Rig. Grainhall. Northgrane Burn. Berry Grain. Grainhead. Nort Soutd han h Grain (2). Blackgrain (3). Grainsburn. Pengrain. Oabberstongrains. Hairgrain Burn. Rashy Grain. Cauldlaw Grain. Hairgrain Edge. Eowantree Grain. Caulker Grain. Hairgrain Rig. South Grain. Causeway Grain Head. Haregrain Rig. Trowgrain Middl hill)a e( . Chapel Grain. Hengrain. Ugly Grain. Clerkhill Grains. Kirstane Grain. Upper Grain. Cold Grain. Kingsgrain. Wellgrai hill)a ( d . nDo Darlaw Hill Grain. Long Grain (2). Willowgrain Hill. • Dungrain Law. Long Grain Knowe. Windshiel Grain. East Grain. Master Grain. GEOGEAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN PLACE-NAMES. 2?3

Straying far north are Grains of Fetteresso, Kincardine, and North Grain, Aberdeen. XIV. BECK. Beck is very limited in numbers and range, as I have only noted 20 in Dumfries, almosAnnandalen i n Lanarkl i al t1 t I occurd . an ,s a s affin a Allerbeck,n i x Archerbeck, Bodesbeck, Craigbeck, Elbeck, Fishbeck, Fopperbeck, Greenbeck, Kingsbeck, Merebeck, Stoneybeck, Torbeck, Trout- beck, Watei'beck; as a prefix in Beekfoot, Beckhall, Beckton ; also as Beck, Becks, Beck Burn, Glenzierd an Beck.

XV. STRAND. Strand in Scottish signifies " a small brook; a gutter; an occasional rill produced by rain," according to Jamieson, who adds that it has no such meaning in other northern languages. Sir Herbert Maxwell derives t fro i Gaelie mth c sruthan. I hav e onlt wit 5 exampley1 me h s it f so applicatio streams,—nto LowesLocthe of h Strand, Strand, Wigtown; Castle Yards Strand, Comarroch Strand, Goat Strand, Blade Strand, Sprit Strand, Loch Strand (a burn), Ged Strand, Cold Strand, Kirkcud- brigh t; Steel Strand, Dumfries; Uily Strand, Strand,w Co Baits Cross and Strand, Berwick; Burn of Strand, issuing from Loch Strand, Walls, Shetland. XVI. LAKE. Mshbeck Lake, Earshaig Lake, Dumfries, and Altrieve Lake, Selkirk, are burns, and there is a Lakehead farm-house on an unnamed burn in Dumfries. Possibly former lakes, now dried up, gave the names to these ;t knoalthougno wo d tha I ha singl t e Scottish " Lakew no " survives on the map unless the Lake of Monteith, so universal is " Loch " in both Highlands and Lowlands. As the foregoing six place-names are often applied to very trifling streams, it is probable that many are omitted from the one-inch map, and a search of the 6-inch scale might materially add to the number of examples here given. XVII. BAL. Although in the vast majority of cases Bal is prefixed to the names VOL. xxvu. s 4 27 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , APRI , 189310 L .

of inhabited places t occasionalli t ye , y strays amon hillse gth , deriven di all probability from dwellings at their foot, but of which there is not always evidenc mape th . n eo Thi chiefls i s case Kirkcudbrighyth n i e t and Ayr, where we find Bdlig Hill, Balcarry Hill, Balhannie (553), Balsliaig (1047), Balminnoch (1750), Ballageoch (1084), and Ballen- cleucli Law (2267). In the Highlands I have only noticed Balcnock (2092), Lochlomond. n IrelanI l beginSa d namee o fewen th s f so r than 6400 townships (Dr Joyce). Althoug t nearlhno commoo ys f o n Scotlandi ne on s i t i , e mosth t frequen d widelan t y r place-names,spreaou f o d d occuran s nearly 800 times on the one-inch map; being most abundant in the South-Wes Lowlandse th f o t , Fife e North-Easterth , n Countiese th d an , Eastern Highlands. In the West and North Highlands and Hebrides s comparativeli t i y rare, althoug s fairli t hi y numerou Argylen si n I . the Central Lowlands it is very rare, and in Roxburgh and Berwick is altogether absent. In the following enumeration round numbers are appropriatioe giventh d an , countieo nt t alwayno s si s strictly correct. (a.) Sout Scotlanf ho , Lanar d: 90 Gallowa r , Lothiank19 Ay d yan s 7, Dumfries 3, Peebles 1. In all, about 110. (b.) Fife and Kinross 65. (c.) North-Eastern Counties: Forfar 75, Kincardine 25, Aberdeen l 200al . n I 100. (d.) Lowland Coasts of Banff and Elgin 6. (e.) Sutherlan Caithnesd dan . 38 s (/.) Perth 110. (<7.) Mainlan f Invernessdo , Boss Cromartd an , y 120. (h.) Mainland of Argyle 43. («'.) Hebrides 20. (&.) Skye 5, Mull 8, Jura 0, 12, Coll and Tiree 7, 2, Seil and Luing 3, Bute 2, Arran 11. In all, 48. (1.) Shetlan d: Eallamas Geo, Little Balia Clatt, Baliasta ; pro- bably only apparent examples. I give the Fifeshire combinations for comparison with the Pits:— Balado. Balbairdie. Balbedie. Balbaird (2). Balbarton. Balbie. GEOGKAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIO CERTAIF NO N PLACE-NAMES5 27 .

Balbirnie. Balgarvie. Balmain. Balbreikie. Balgeddie. Balraalcolm. Balbriggy. Balgonie (3). Balmeadow. Balbuthie. Balgorthie. Balmerino. Balcaithly. Balgove. Balmonth. Balcanquhal. Balgregie. Balmullo. Balcarren. Balgrie. Balmule. Balcaskie. Balgrove. Balmuto. Balchrystie. Balharvie. Balnealhill. Balcomie. Balhousie. Balniel. Balcorrao (2). Balinbreich. Ballone. Balcurvie. Balindean. Balquhomry. Baldastard. Ballingall (2). Balram. Baldinnie. Ballingry. Balrymonth. Baldridge. Balintaggart. Balsillie. Baldutha. Ballass. Balwearie. Bali'arg. Ballo. Bellycoman. Balfour. XVIII. PBT, PIT, &c. The oldest forms, as recorded in the Book of Deer, are Pet, Pett, and Pette. It there occurs with proper names, as Pett and Pette mic Gar- nait, Pette Malduib, t MecPe Cobrig, t Ipair, t Pe als bu o with specific names s Pettea , n mullen.a r SkenD e regard Pictishs a t i sd say an , s that " it seems to mean a portion of land." The gradual and finally almost complete change from Pet to Pit is shown in the Reg. Mag. Sig. From 1306 to 1420 Pet alone occurs, numbee th f instanceo r s s followsbeina , g12 , Petachop, Petardy, Peten- dria, PetfmMon (Clackmannan), Petgery (Kincardine), Petglassy (Fife), Pethfour, Pethfour (Aberdeen), Pethwer (), PetmuJajston, PetqioJwnardy (Perth), Petvet (Strathearn). From 1420 to 1513, when many more names are recorded in charters than previously, Pit makes its appearance th s alsa s i thef t o et mPe 0 used1Pe 1 7 d timesn i an , t bu , only form occurs 11 2presene th times t A othete .day th rn ,o hand t Pi , is represented 171 times on the one-inch map, and Pet only in 10 instances. The number of names under these two heads was very much greater formerly than now, unless ther# .are many omissione th n o s one-inch map, as in Dr Skene's table of the distribution of generic names over Scotland (Arcliceol. Cambr., 1865 . 340),p , taken from the Eecorf do Eetours finde ,t h 26 sPi 4 times, Pitten 16 timestimes5 3 t ;,Pe 31 alln 5i . certaiA n loss indee s dknowi havo nt e occurre n severai d l localities 276 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 10, 1893. e substitutioth y b f r HalPit.no fo e presenManth f o ye h t Pitsn ca identified with ancient Pets. s strictli t range Pi y Th f limitedo e s greaIt . e tNorth th sea s i t - Eastern Counties, between the Forth and Moray Firth—127, in a total of 171, are found there ; 35 push their way into the Eastern part of Perth and Inverness; 7 stray north of the Moray Firth; and only 2 cross the Firt Forthf o h , unless Pittlesheugh, Berwick includede e b th y n I ma , . combinations, the frequency of terminations in y or ie is noticeable. It amounts to 80 in 171, and is greatest in Fife, where the proportion is 21 in 37. . (a.) Soute Forthth f , Pitcox,ho 2 , East-Lothian, Pitcon, Ayr, (6.) Fife and Kinross 37. Pitachop. Piteadie. Pitlessie. Pitarthie. Pitencrieff. Pitlethie. Pitbladdo. Pitendriech. Pitlochie. Pitcairlie. Pitenweem. Pitlour. Pitcairn. Pitfirrane. Pitmidden. Ptconmark. Pitgorno. Pitmillie. Pitconnachie. Pitilock (2). Pitrachnie. Pitcorthie (3). • PitscottiePitkiery.. Pitcrnvie. Pitkinnie. Pittornie. Pitcullo. Pitkinny. • Pitwhannatrie. Pitdinnie. Pitlair. Pitthcondie. Crieffe th n (a.),O Perth Blaid ,an r Athol sheets. 31 , Pitacher. Pitentian. Pitlochry. Pitagowan. Piteoeh. Pitlowie. Pitcairn (2). Pitermo. Pitmacky. Pitcastle (2). Pitfour. Pitmiddle. Pitcog. Pitheavlis. Pitmurthly. Pitcur. Pitkeathly. Pitnacree. Pitempton. Pitkellony. Pitnappie. Pitenderoch. Pitkerril. Pitpointie. Pitendynie. Pitlandy. Pitroddie. Pitensorn. Pitlandie. (d.) Blairgowrie, Forfar, and Arbroath sheets, 20. Pitairlie. Pitendriech. Pitlivie. Pitbeadie." Pitewan. Pitmickie. Pitcarrity. Pitforthie. Pitmudie (2). Pitcarmick. Pitgarvie. Pitmuies. ' - Pitcrochny. Pitkennedy. Pitscandly. Pitcundrum, Pitkerrie. Pitskelly. :Pitdray. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN PLACE-NAMES. 277

(e.) Countie f Kincardineso , Aberdeen, Elgin, Nairn, Banff. 68 , Pitandlich. Pitenheath. Pitnmrchie. Pitarrow. Pitenkerrie. Pitnaealder. Pitbee. Pitenteach. Pitnamoon. Pitblae. Pitentieth. Pitneisk. Pitblain. Pitfancy. Pitodrie. Pitcaple. Pitfichie. Pitolrichie. Pitoarles. Pitforthie. Pitoothies. Pitcarry. Pitfoskie. Pitprone. Pitchroy. Pitfour. Pitreadie. Pitchurn. Pitgair. Pitrichie. Pitcow. Pitgaveny (2). Pitscatf. Pitcowdens. Pitgersy. Pitscow (2). Pitcraigie. Pitglassie (2). Pitscurry. Pitdelphin. Pitinour. Pitskellie. Pitdoulsie. Pitlurg (2). Pitsligo (2). PitelacMe. Pitmachie. Pitspunkie. Pitenderich. Pitmedden (5). Pitulie. Pitendriech (2). Pitmillan. Pitvaich. Pitengardner. Pitmunie. Pitwathie. Pltyot. (/.) North-Eastern Inverness. 6 , Pitelachie. Pitkerrold. Pitourie. Pitchurn. Pitmain. Pityoulish. (g.) Eastern Eoss and Cromarty, 4. Pitglassie. Pitmadathie. Pitcalmie. Pitkerries. Pitnellies. (h.) Sutherland (Golspie). 2 , Pifture, Pitgrudy. («'.) Orkney, 1. Pittaquoy. To these, Pickletillum and Garpit, Fife, PicUillum (2), Pedillum, d Pictfield,an N.E. Counties e addeb y s probabla d ma , e corruptionf o s Pit. And Petycur, Fife, Peattie, Pett, Perth, Pettens, Patties, Petty- muek, N.E. Counties, Pettey, Eoss, Pettyvaich, Inverness, Petillery, Galloway, and Pettycon Shiel, Ayr, are probable survivors of the form t the l Pet.Bu requiral y e investigatio o decidt n e their claimy B . accepting them totae th , raises li 187o dt . t unknowno e ar n Englandi n t Pi d ,an Botwhatevet Pe h r their derivatio . nbe Petham, thery ma e Petworth, Pitmead, Pitminster, Pitsea, Pitsford, Pitstones (or Pightlesthorne) are examples. 8 27 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , APRIL 10, 1893.

XIX. BIB. This Scandinavian suffix, limite numbersn di widels i , y spread. Wigtownshire—Appleby, Corsbie, Sorbie. Kirkcudbright—Ernambi e O.M. th t properln bu ,eo y Ernambrie. Dumfries—all in the southern half of the county. Albie (2), Canonbie, Denbie, Dunnabie, Esbie, Gillenbie, Gillesbie, Girnirtenbie, Lammeribie, Lockerbie, Middlebie, Mumbie, Newbie (2), Percebie, Sibbaldbie, Warmanbie, Wysebie, Boinbie. Berwick—Corsbie (castle). Ayr—Crosby, Magby, Sterby, Busbie (castle), and another Busbie. Lanark—Busby, Columbie. Lothians—Humbie (2). Fife—Humbie. Perth—Battleby (at Luncarty). Granting that they are all genuine examples, they number only 35. Corbie, associated with Castle, Crags, &c., is probably from the Scots for a Raven. XX. HAM. Th I believe e, is Saxom , ha neve n more sparingly representedI . have only noted Penninghame, Edingham, KirJepatriclc-Durham, Gallo- way ; Eaglesham, Lanark; Birgham, Ednam, Oxnam (earlier Eden- ham, Oxinham), Roxburgh; Coldingham, Kimmerghame, Berwick; Morham, Tynningham, Wliittinghame, Oldhamstocks, East-Lothian; Stittenham, Ross; Nottingham, lasCaithnesso ttw muse Th t .surel e yb modern importations. The list would be somewhat increased if Letham Fife,'and Letham, adde Forfar e more b y th der o ;ma improbabl, e Birnam, Boddam, FriocWieim; still mor e holmsf th i some f o e e provb o t e alteration f ham.so

XXI. HlEST. I have noted onl Dumfries—n i y ninex Si . Broclchillhirst, Ironhirst, Collinhirst, Mumbiehirst, Hollinhirst, d Hirstan Craig (1233); one— Nettlehurst, in Ayr ; one—Ferniehirst, in Gala "Water; and one—Fernie- hirst, in Roxburgh. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN PLACE-NAMES. 279

XXII. GIRTH, GAKTH. namew fe e s witTh h this terminatio Soute th f Scotlanhn o ni e dar probably from the Norse. I have only noted Fairgirfh, Martingirtli, Kirkcudbright; Gadgirth, Ayr; Hartsgarth, Foregirth, Auldgirth, Tun- dergarth, Applegarth, Girthhead, Cowgarth Mow, Dumfrie prois it - s ;but bably disguise Biggar,dn i Lanark, Biggart, Ayr Biggarts,d an , Dumfries. XXIII. THWAITB. This affix is almost unknown in Scotland. Murraythwaite and Oraiuthwaite, Dumfries, are the only examples I have noted. I have include searchemy din s roots connected with prehistoric forts, Dun, Chester, &c., but I reserve them for another occasion. The limits of my paper permit only a few general remarks in con- clusion. The distribution of place-names may obviously be studied with advantag ways—(1o tw n i eI hav s a )e already done, each root separately y takinb ) g(2 ; them conjointl n speciai y l districtss i t I . interesting, for example, to find that Fife is a home of Pit and Bal, but not of Bar; that Galloway contains Bar and Bal, but not Pit, although, grantin a Pictis ge b thi ho st word t hommighe i , th lookee en i b t r dfo Southere oth f n Pict sam e s: als th fino t eon di distric t that althougha Celtic predominanc s confirmei e e presencth y b df Ben, o e a certai n Scandinavian influenc recognisee b y prevalence th ema y db f Felld eo an possibl e occasionath y f Lane,yb o d lan occurrence gill, , dale.,d Me an f o searchiny b s i t I g each district exhaustively t merelno , selectiny b y g certain place-names as I have done, that a subject too vast for general treatment may be successfully attacked piecemeal. proportioe Th Scandinaviae th f o n n elemen n Scottisi t h place-names s alsi o well worth workin e forgotte b gt i mus t outt no tbu , n that i t existe sb almosy ma n affixta d universalls an ,a a prefi t s a bu x t no y entirely misseordinarn a n i d y alphabetical inquiry proportioe Th . s ni obviously much greater than in Ireland, where Dr Joyce could only identify fifteen Scandinavian derivatives ; wherea searchesy m s , exclud- Orkneg in Shetlandd yan confined ,an Fell,o t d gill, ~bie,daled an (where probably Norse), reveal about 500 examples. If the infusion of Norse blood, particularl Highlandse th gaugee n ye considerabli b th y y db ma , e 280 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 10, 1893.

numbe f Scandinaviao r n place-names e differentiatio,th e Highlanth f no d from the Irish and Welsh Celt may be partially explained, and especi- ally his capacity to rise in military service,—although not only in that,— as shown by the extraordinary number of men bearing Highland clan- names that have come to the front within little more than a century of our own time—a number quite out of proportion to the scanty population, never exceeding half a million, from which they originally sprung. n considerinI subjece gth t fro mnumericaa l poin viewf o t t musi , e b t remembered that many individual place-name t havno ey beema s n introduce e racth ey db fro m whose language the e e derivedyth ar f I . meaning of a convenient term is known to an intruding race, it may be adopte them y continud b an spreae presene b th o et o d t t daythin I s. probably wa gooya de existin manth f yo g Gills, JBecJcs, d Grains,an r fo example, may have arisen. Thaplace-namew ne t s continu e introduceb o t ef course o , is d , well known. Hence we have such foreign importations as the names of generals who were at one of the great battles in the Low Countries applied to a number of " Mounts " on an estate in Ayrshire ; Dunkirk, Oudenarde, Portobello, Havannah, Inkerman, Balaclava, Sevastopol, Joinville, Egypt, . EosettaAmon&c . &c g, odditiee O.My th n ma . o s mentionee b d Kittlenaked (three example Fifen si , Kincardine Elirkd an , - cudbright), Naked Tar a hill( n , 1607), Achpopuli, Breadless, Water- less, Allfornought, Pityme, Dearbought Bla'weard an , y (several examples). e moderTh n pioneer work n Scottiso s h Place-Names f whico l al h, contain valuable information, are—(1) Studies the,n i Topography f Gal-o loway (Sir Herbert Maxwell, Bart., 1887). (2) A general sketch, entitled Place-Names of Scotland (the Eev. Jame . JohnstonB s , 1892). (3) The Place-Names of Argyleshire (Professor Mackinnon), a work unfor- tunatel columne Scotsmanye th o confineTh t t f so ye s da newspaper ) (4 . Place-Names n Straflibogiei (James Macdonald, F.S.A. Sc., 1891)) (5 . To these may well be added the Eemarks on Place-Names in Dr Skene's " Eace and Language of the Picts" (Arch. Cambr., 3d series, xi., 1865), together with the table (see p. 20), remembering that the latter takes hardly any cognisance of names applied to natural features of the country, being necessarily almost confine lando dt s mentione chartersn di .