Notes

Introduction

1. Mohandas K. Gandhi, “Indian Art, Its Neglect,” Young 1 no. 8 (May 31, 1919): 3. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid. 4. For details on these, see Lisa Trivedi, Clothing Gandhi’s Nation: Homespun and Modern India (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007). 5. Karen Livingstone and Linda Parry, eds., International Arts and Crafts (: Victoria and Albert Museum, 2005). 6. For some of the major statements of this debate, see Marika Vicziany, “The Deindustrialization of India in the Nineteenth Century,” Indian Economic and Social History Review 16 no. 2 (1979): 105–146; Amiya Kumar Bagchi, “‘The Deindustrialization of India’: A Reply,” Indian Economic and Social History Review 16 no. 2 (1979): 147–161; and Colin Simmons. “‘De-industrialization,’ Industrialization and the Indian Economy, c. 1850–1947,” Modern Asian Studies 19 no. 3 (1985): 593–622. 7. Tirthankar Roy, Traditional Industry in the Economy of Colonial India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Tirthankar Roy, Artisans and Industrialization: Indian Weaving in the Twentieth Century (: Oxford University Press, 1993); Douglas Haynes, “The Logic of the Artisan Firm in a Capitalist Economy: Handloom Weavers and Technological Change in Western India, 1880–1947,” in Institutions and Economic Change in , ed. Burton Stein and Sanjay Subrahmanyam (: Oxford University Press, 1996), 173–205; Douglas Haynes, “Artisan Cloth-Producers and the Emergence of Powerloom Manufacture in Western India, 1920–1950,” Past and Present 172 (2001): 170–198; and Willem van Schendel, Reviving a Rural Industry: Silk Producers and Officials in India and Bangladesh, 1880s to 1980s (New Delhi: Manohar, 1995). 8. Manu Goswami, Producing India: From Colonial Economy to National Space (: University of Chicago Press, 2004). Other models have been pro- vided, much earlier, in African studies, where scholars have looked at how cultural values inform the meaning of wages, money, and work, thereby dem- onstrating how core economic categories are shaped by cultural context. See Keletso Atkins, The Moon is Dead! Give Us Our Money! The Cultural Origins 206 NOTES

of an African Work Ethic, Natal, South Africa, 1843–1900 (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1993); John and Jean Comaroff, “Goodly Beasts, Beastly Goods: Cattle and Commodities in a South African Context,” American Ethnologist 17 no. 2 (May 1990): 195–216; Jane Guyer, ed., Money Matters: Instability, Values, and Social Payments in the Modern History of West African Communities (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1995); and Sharon Hutchinson, “The Cattle of Money and the Cattle of Girls Among the Nuer, 1930–83,” American Ethnologist 19 no. 2 (May 1992): 294–316. 9. For only a few of the most prominent examples, see Catherine Asher and Thomas Metcalf, eds., Perceptions of South Asia’s Visual Past (New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, 1994); Bernard Cohn, Colonialism and Its Form of Knowledge: The British in India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996); Nicholas Dirks, Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001); Sudipta Kaviraj, “Writing, Speaking, Being: Language and the Historical Formation of Identities in India,” in Nationalstaat und Sprachkonflikte in Sud-und Sudostasien, ed. Dagmar Hellmann-Rajanayagam and Dietmar Rothermund (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1992): 25–65; Gyanendra Pandey, The Construction of Communalism in Colonial North India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1990); Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial Masculinity: The “Manly Englishman” and the “Effeminate Bengali” in the Late Nineteenth Century (New York: Manchester University Press, 1995). 10. Maxine Berg, “In Pursuit of Luxury: Global History and British Consumer Goods in the Eighteenth Century,” Past and Present 182 (2004): 104; and John Styles, “Product Innovation in Early Modern London,” Past and Present 168 (2000): 129, 167. 11. Tapati Guha-Thakurta, The Making of a New “Indian” Art: Artists, Aesthetics and Nationalism in Bengal 1850–1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Partha Mitter, Art and Nationalism in Colonial India, 1850–1922: Occidental Orientations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). 12. Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya, “Painting with the Needle,” Marg 17 no. 2 (1964): 3. 13. Saloni Mathur, India By Design: Colonial History and Cultural Display (Berkeley: University of California, 2007), 46. 14. Roy, Traditional Industry in the Economy of Colonial India, 6. 15. Arindam Dutta, The Bureaucracy of Beauty: Design in the Age of Its Global Reproducibility (New York: Routledge, 2006), 275. 16. For similar design reform efforts in England see Adrian Rifkin, “Success Disavowed: The Schools of Design in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain (An Allegory),” Journal of Design History 1 no. 2 (1988): 89, 101. 17. For an overview of the major divisions in the nationalist movement for and against Western models of industrial and economic development, see Ira Klein, “Indian Nationalism and Anti-Industrialization: The Roots of Gandhian Economics,” South Asia 3 (August 1973): 93–104. 18. Goswami, Producing India, 240. NOTES 207

19. Bipan Chandra, The Rise and Growth of Economic Nationalism in India: Economic Policies of Indian National Leadership, 1880–1905 (New Delhi: People’s Publishing House, 1966). 20. Sanjay Joshi, Fractured Modernity: The Making of a Middle Class in Colonial North India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001); Veena Naregal, Language Politics, Elites and the Public Sphere: Western India under Colonialism (London: Anthem Press, 2002). 21. Gyan Prakash, Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999); Sanjay Seth, Subject Lessons: The Western Education of Colonial India (Durham: Duke University Press, 2007). 22. Partha Chatterjee, Nationalist Thought in the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse? (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986). 23. Mathur, India By Design, 48. 24. Dutta, The Bureaucracy of Beauty; Mathur, India by Design. 25. Sudipta Sen, Empire of Free Trade: The East India Company and the Making of the Colonial Marketplace (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998); Carla Sinopoli, The Political Economy of Craft Production: Crafting Empire in South India, c. 1350–1650 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). 26. Thomas Metcalf, An Imperial Vision: Indian Architecture and Britain’s Raj (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989); G. H. R. Tillotson, The Tradition of Indian Architecture: Continuity, Controversy and Change since 1850 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989); and Raymond Head, “Bagshot Park and Indian Crafts,” in Influences in Victorian Art and Architecture, ed. Sarah Macready and F. H. Thompson (London: Society of Antiquarians: Occasional Paper [New Series] VII, 1985), 139–149. 27. Mitter, Art and Nationalism in Colonial India, 1850–1922; Guha-Thakurta, The Making of a New “Indian” Art. 28. For examples of works that largely ignore politics, see Ritu Kumar, Costumes and Textiles of Royal India (London: Christie’s Books, 1999); Sherry Rehman and Naheed Jafri, Kashmiri Shawl: From Jamavar to Paisley (, India: Mapin, 2006); B. N. Goswamy, Kalyan Krishna and Tarla P. Dundh, Indian Costumes in the Collection of the Calico Museum of Textiles (Ahmedabad, India: Calico Museum of Textiles, 1993); and Oppi Untracht, Traditional Jewelry of India (New York: Henry N. Abrams, 1997). For politics as expressed in and through dress, see Emma Tarlo, Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in Modern India (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1996). 29. , Camera Indica: The Social Life of Indian Photographs (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1997); Christopher Pinney, “Photos of the Gods”: The Printed Image and Political Struggle in India (London: Reaktion, 2004); Kajri Jain, Gods in the Bazaar: The Economies of Indian Calendar Art (Durham: Duke University Press, 2007); Priya Jaikumar, Cinema at the End of Empire: A Politics of Transition in Britain and India (Durham : Duke University Press, 2006); and Sumathi Ramaswamy, ed., Beyond Appearances? Visual Practices and Ideologies in Modern India (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2003). 208 NOTES

30. C. A. Bayly, “The Origins of Swadeshi (Home Industry): Cloth and Indian Society, 1700–1930,” in The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, ed. Arjun Appadurai (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 285–321. 31. Trivedi, Clothing Gandhi’s Nation. 32. Svati Joshi, “Dalpatram and the Nature of Literary Shifts in Nineteenth- Century Ahmedabad,” in India’s Literary History: Essays on the Nineteenth Century, ed. Stuart Blackburn and Vasudha Dalmia (New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2004), 327–357. 33. Goswami, Producing India, 67, 83. 34. A very expensive, double ikat silk in which color is applied by resist dyeing the warp and weft yarn, traditionally made in Patan and . 35. For various proposals, see George Wilkens Terry to Government of Bombay, April 21, 1864. Maharashtra State Archives (hereafter MSA) General Department (hereafter GD), 1862–64: v. 15, c. 420: 275–279; “The Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art and Industry.” MSA Education Department (hereafter ED) 1875: v. 16, c. 12: 305; K. M. Chatfield to C. Gonne, May 8, 1880. MSA ED 1881: v. 27, c. 7: 140; K. M. Chatfield to Secretary to Government, Educational Department, October 16, 1888. MSA ED 1889: v. 45, c. 8: 142; John Griffiths to Director of Public Instruction, October 22, 1889. MSA ED 1889: v. 45, c. 8: 237; Government of Bombay, Report of the Director of Public Instruction in the Bombay Presidency for the Year, 1899–1900 (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1900), lv; and E. Giles, “Report on the Industrial Conference held in Bombay on 7th and 8th March 1904.” MSA ED 1905: v. 70, c. 7: 36. Hereafter annual reports from that Director of Public Instruction will be referred to as “Report of the DPI for xxxx,” with the Presidency location indicated by author. 36. Lieutenant-Colonel J. Clibborn, C. A. Radice, R. E. Enthoven, and Rev. F. Westcott, Report on Industrial Education: Part I (Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1903), 30. 37. Large, decorated wooden dowry boxes. 38. A warp-faced textile made with a silk warp and a cotton weft, often woven in striped patterns and popular in Muslim communities. 39. Embroidery done with cotton thread that has been wrapped in wire; tradi- tionally the wire was gold or silver, but cheaper metals are now more com- monly used. 40. Government of India, Census of India 1961: Vol. V, Part VII-A(21): Selected Crafts of Gujarat—Bandhani or Tie and Dye Sari of Jamnagar (New Delhi: Manager of Publications, 1969), xi. 41. Asok Mitra, Preface in Government of India, Census of India, 1961: Vol. V, Part VII-A(1): Selected Crafts of Gujarat—Agate Industry of Cambay (New Delhi: Manager of Publications, 1967), ix. 42. Government of Bombay, Report of the DPI for 1900–1901, 35. 43. Government Resolution from the Revenue Department, no. 572, 20 January 1911, appended to the end of Government of Bombay, Annual Report on the NOTES 209

Working of Co-operative Societies in the Bombay Presidency (Including Sind) for the Twelve Months Ending March 31st, 1910 (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1910). 44. N. M. Joshi, Urban Handicrafts of the Bombay Deccan (Poona: Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Publication No. 5, 1936), 7. 45. See John Griffiths, “The Brass and Copper Wares of the Bombay Presidency,” Journal of Indian Art and Industry (hereafter JIAI) 7 no. 55 (July 1896): 13–22. For changes in the brassware industry as a whole, see chap. 5 in Roy, Traditional Industry in the Economy of Colonial India, particularly pages 134–136. 46. Literally “flower-work”: usually done on veil cloths, worked from the back of the fabric generally in a flat, satin stitch, often filling the whole ground of the design. 47. See, for instance, the article on the topic by British novelist Flora Annie Steel in the JIAI: “Phulkari Work in the Punjab,” JIAI 2 no. 24 (1888): 71–72. 48. Michelle Maskiell, “Embroidering the Past: Phulkari Textiles and Gendered Work as ‘Tradition’ and ‘Heritage’ in Colonial and Contemporary Punjab,” Journal of Asian Studies 38 no. 2 (May 1999): 361–388. 49. For details on differentiation and development within crafts generally, see Roy, Traditional Industry in the Economy of Colonial India; for information on differentiation within the handloom industry in particular, see chap. 3. 50. Haynes, “The Logic of the Artisan Firm in a Capitalist Economy.” 51. See, for instance, Rosalind O’Hanlon, “Recovering the Subject: Subaltern Studies and Histories of Resistance in Colonial South Asia,” Modern Asian Studies 22 no. 1 (1988): 189–224; also the introduction in Nita Kumar, Lessons from Schools: The History of Education in Banaras (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2000). 52. A workshop or small factory owner. 53. Akhil Gupta and James Ferguson, “Beyond ‘Culture’: Space, Identity and the Politics of Difference,” Cultural Anthropology 7 no. 1 (1992): 16. 54. Roy, Traditional Industry in the Economy of Colonial India; Roy, Artisans and Industrialization; Haynes, “The Logic of the Artisan Firm in a Capitalist Economy”; and Haynes, “Artisan Cloth-Producers and the Emergence of Powerloom Manufacture in Western India.” 55. Lata Mani, “Contentious Traditions: The Debate on Sati in Colonial India,” in Recasting Women: Essays in Colonial History, ed. Kumkum Sangari and Sudesh Vaid (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1988): 88–126.

Chapter 1

1. Official Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue, vol. 2 (London: Royal Commission for the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations, 1851), 858. 2. For descriptions of the contents of the Indian Court, see The Crystal Palace and its Contents: Being An Illustrated Cyclopaedia of the Great Exhibition of the 210 NOTES

Industry of All Nations, 1851 (London: W. M. Clark, 1852), 65–69 and 100– 103; and Official Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue, vol. 2, 857–937. 3. Carol Breckenridge, “The Aesthetics and Politics of Colonial Collecting: India at World Fairs,” Comparative Studies of Society and History 31 no. 2 (1989): 205. 4. Quoted in Tallis’s History and Description of the Crystal Palace and the Exhibition of the World’s Industry in 1851 (London: John Tallis & Co., 1852), 239. See also John Forbes Royle writing in the Official Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue, vol. 2, 859–860. 5. For early European attempts to document Indian dyeing and printing see the work of Paul R. Schwartz, including Printing on Cotton at Ahmedabad, India, 1678 (Ahmedabad: Calico Museum of Textiles, Museum Monograph No. 1, 1969); “French Documents on Indian Cotton Painting: The Beaulieu ms., c. 1734,” Journal of Indian Textile History 2 (1956): 5–23; and “The Roxburgh Account of Indian Cotton Painting, 1795,” Journal of Indian Textile History 4 (1959): 47–56. See also George Watt, “Note on a Red and a Yellow Dye Said to Have Been Prepared in Bombay During 1787,” in Selections from the Records of the Government of India, Revenue and Agricultural Department, vol. 1, part 1:1888–89 (Calcutta, 1889): 53–58. 6. Schwartz, Printing on Cotton at Ahmedabad. 7. Buchanan’s survey was only finally edited and published some thirty years later by Montgomery Martin as The History, Antiquities, Topography, and Statistics of Eastern India (London: Wm. H. Allen & Co., 1838). 8. Carla Sinopoli, The Political Economy of Craft Production: Crafting Empire in South India, c. 1350–1650 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), chap. 5; Tripta Verma, Karkhanas Under the Mughals from Akbar to Aurangzeb: A Study in Economic Development (Delhi: Pragati Publications, 1994). 9. C. A. Bayly, “‘Archaic’ and ‘Modern’ Globalization in the Eurasian and African Arena, ca. 1750–1850,” in Globalization in World History, ed. A. G. Hopkins (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2002), 50–51. 10. C. A. Bayly, Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). 11. David Ludden, “India’s Development Regime,” in Colonialism and Culture, ed. Nicholas Dirks (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1992), 252. 12. Bernard Cohn, Colonialism and Its Form of Knowledge: The British in India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 5. 13. Quoted in Lala Baji Nath, “Some Factors in the Industrial and Commercial Development of India,” in Report of the First Indian Industrial Conference Held at Benaras on Saturday, the 30th December, 1905 (Allahabad: The Indian Press, 1906), 299. 14. Manu Goswami, Producing India: From Colonial Economy to National Space (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004). 15. See, for instance, David Arnold, Colonizing the Body: State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth Century India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, NOTES 211

1995); James Mill and Satadru Sen, eds., Confronting the Body: The Politics of Physicality in Colonial and Post-Colonial India (London: Anthem Press, 2004). 16. For a more extended discussion of the emergence of a new definition of what constituted “traditional” Indian design, see Abigail McGowan, “‘All That is Rare, Characteristic or Beautiful’: Design and the Defense of Tradition in Colonial India, 1851–1903,” Journal of Material Culture 10 no. 3 (2005): 263–287. 17. John Forbes Royle, On the Culture and Commerce of Cotton in India and Elsewhere (London: Smith, Elder, & Co., 1851), Appendix: “Papers Referring to the Proposed Contributions from India for the Industrial Exhibition of 1851,” 590–591. 18. Paul Greenhalgh, Ephemeral Vistas: The Expositions Universelles, Great Exhibitions and World’s Fairs, 1851–1939 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988); Lara Kriegel, “Narrating the Subcontinent in 1851: India at the Crystal Palace,” in The Great Exhibition of 1851: New Interdisciplinary Essays, ed. Louise Purbrick (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001), 149; Lara Kriegel, Grand Designs: Labor, Empire, and the Museum in Victorian Culture (Durham: Duke University Press, 2007), 115–117. 19. Official Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue, vol. 2, 857; Jeffrey A. Auerbach, The Great Exhibition of 1851: A Nation on Display (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), 100. 20. John Forbes Royle, “Lecture XI: The Arts and Manufactures of India,” in Lectures on the Results of the Exhibition: Delivered before the Society of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (London: David Bogue, 1852), 397. 21. Owen Jones made his comments as chair of John Forbes Royle’s lecture to the Society of Arts. (Forbes Royle, “Lecture XI: The Arts and Manufactures of India,” 401). 22. Owen Jones, The Grammar of Ornament (London: Day & Son, 1856). 23. Tallis’s History and Description of the Crystal Palace, 240, 238. 24. The Cambridge scientist William Whewell spoke for many when he dismissed the beauty of India’s crafts as a sign of barbarism. Thus he argued that, within India, “the arts are mainly exercised to gratify the tastes of the few; with us, to supply the wants of the many. There, the wealth of a province is absorbed in the dress of a mighty warrior; here, the gigantic weapons of the peaceful potentate are used to provide clothing for the world.” William Whewell, “The General Bearing of the Great Exhibition on the Progress of Art and Science,” in Lectures on the Results of the Exhibition: Delivered before the Society of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (London: David Bogue, 1852), 14. 25. Official Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue, vol. 2, 936. 26. Matthew Digby Wyatt, “Orientalism in European Industry,” Macmillan’s Magazine 21 (1870): 553. 27. Matthew Digby Wyatt, The Industrial Arts of the Nineteenth Century: A Series of Illustrations of the Choicest Specimens Produced by Every Nation at the Great Exhibition of Works of Industry, 1851, 2 vols. (London: Day & Son, 1851, 1853). 212 NOTES

28. Larry D. Lutchmansingh, “Commodity Exhibitionism at the London Great Exhibition of 1851,” Annals of Scholarship 7 no 2 (1990): 207, 208. 29. Royle, “Lecture XI: The Arts and Manufactures of India,” 391. 30. Tallis’s History and Description of the Crystal Palace, 239. 31. Auerbach, The Great Exhibition of 1851, 133–134. 32. Official Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue, vol. 2, 857–937. 33. Ibid., 932. 34. The Crystal Palace and Its Contents, 101. 35. Royle, On the Culture and Commerce of Cotton in India, Appendix, 586–587. 36. Gottfried Semper, “Science, Industry and Art: Proposals for the Development of a National Taste in Art at the Closing of the London Industrial Exhibition,” in The Four Elements of Architecture and Other Writings, trans. Harry Francis Mallgrave and Wolfgang Herrman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989 [1852]), 142. 37. John Ruskin, Modern Painters (vol. 3, 1856) as quoted in Partha Mitter, Much Maligned Monsters: History of European Reactions to Indian Art (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), 240–241. 38. Royle. “Lecture XI: The Arts and Manufactures of India,” 331. 39. See, for example, Schwartz, Printing on Cotton at Ahmedabad; Schwartz, “French Documents on Indian Cotton Painting”; Schwartz, “The Roxburgh Account of Indian Cotton Painting”; and Maxine Berg, “In Pursuit of Luxury: Global History and British Consumer Goods in the Eighteenth Century,” Past and Present 182 (February 2004): 85–142. 40. Tallis’s History and Description of the Crystal Palace, vol. 2, 163. 41. Ibid., 193. 42. Official Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue, vol. 2, 931. 43. Compared with the 30,000 square feet allotted to India in 1851, the Indian Courts at the 1886 Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London occupied some 103,000 square feet; the space given over to the subcontinent at the Empire Exhibition of 1924 was larger still, totaling five acres. (Government of India, Revenue and Agricultural Department, Resolution, Cir. No. 15/5–8, February 17, 1888. Baroda Public Records Office [hereafter BPRO], Huzur English Office, Misc. Dept. section 65, file 8A. Arindam Dutta, “The Politics of Display: India 1886 and 1986,” Journal of Arts and Ideas 30–31 [1997]: 120). 44. Other major Indian exhibitions in the nineteenth century included Madras (1855), Hyderabad (1856), Coimbatore (1857), Calcutta (1864, 1873, and 1883), (1864, 1881, and 1893), Nagpur (1865), Jubbulpore (1866), (1867), Akola (1867), Karachi (1869), and Mysore (1888). For a discus- sion of Indian incorporation into a global exhibitionary project, see Peter H. Hoffenberg, An Empire on Display: English, Indian and Australian Exhibitions from the Crystal Palace to the Great War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001). 45. Gyan Prakash, Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), 21. NOTES 213

46. Ibid., 30. 47. Royle, On the Culture and Commerce of Cotton in India, Appendix, 593–595. 48. For a listing of major international exhibitions, with a focus particularly on England, Australia, and India, see the bibliography in Hoffenberg, An Empire on Display. 49. S. F. Markham and H. Hargreaves, The Museums of India (London: Museums Association, 1936), 6–7. 50. See John Forbes Watson, The International Exhibition of 1862: Classified and Descriptive Catalogue of the Indian Department (London: Her Majesty’s Commissioners, 1862), iv; Report on the Jubbulpore Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures and Produce, December 1866 (Nagpur: Central Provinces Printing Press, 1867), 2; General Report of the North-West Provinces Exhibition, Held at Agra, February 1867 (Roorkee: Thomason Civil Engineering College Press, 1868), 20; and Dr Birdwood to Government of Bombay, July 14, 1880. MSA: ED 1880: v. 21, c. 277. 51. Lieut. A. Y. Shortt to Henry Carter, July 8, 1854. MSA: GD 1856: v. 73, c. 92. 52. “The Carved Teak Wood Screen of the Bombay Court,” JIAI 1 no. 11 (May 1886): 82. 53. Henry Y. D. Scott, Memorandum: International Exhibition of 1872: Representation of Peasant Jewellery, August 8, 1871. MSA: GD 1871: v. 21, c. 8. 54. T. C. Hope, Report on the Broach Exhibition of 1868–69 (Bombay: Education Society’s Press, 1869), 8–9. 55. Ibid., 14. 56. Ibid. 57. Ibid., 11–12. Organizer of the machinery exhibits, the Khandesh collector L. R. Ashburner specifically excluded from the exhibition anything he thought unsuitable for Indian conditions, fearing that the “impression on the native mind would have been such as seriously to check the introduction of machin- ery generally.” (Ibid., 11–12). 58. Elphinstone, Letter to Minute No. 4739 of 1855, August 31, 1855. MSA: GD 1855: v. 61, c. 814. 59. Dr. Henry Carter to Secretary to the Local Committee of Surat and Broach, August 21, 1854. MSA: GD 1856: v. 73, c. 92. 60. Ibid. 61. Reverend Dr. Alexander Garden Fraser to W. Hart, June 19, 1857. MSA: GD 1857: v. 55, c. 34. 62. Dr. Wellington Gray to K. M. Chatfield, April 21, 1876. MSA: GD 1876: v. 67, c. 485. Dr. D. MacDonald to Deputy Municipal Commissioner for the City of Bombay, December 17, 1898. MSA: ED 1898: v. 54, c. 534. 63. David Washbrook, “Agriculture and Industrialization in Colonial India,” in Agriculture and Industrialization, ed. Peter Mathias and John A. Davis (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1996), 168. 64. Dr. Wellington Gray to Director of Public Instruction, Bombay, November 22, 1873. MSA: GD 1874: v. 42, c. 316; Dr. Wellington Gray to K. M. Chatfield, April 21, 1876. MSA: GD 1876: v. 67, c. 485. 214 NOTES

65. Dr. George Birdwood to , July 19, 1858. MSA: GD 1858: v. 64, c. 15. 66. Dr. George Birdwood to Secretary to Government, General Department, May 15, 1861. MSA: GD 1861: v. 7, c. 82. 67. Italics in the original. John Forbes Watson, The Textile Manufactures and the Costumes of the People of India (reprinted by the Indological Book House, Varanasi, 1982 [1866]), 3. 68. Deborah Swallow, “The India Museum and the British-Indian Textile Trade in the Late Nineteenth Century,” Textile History 30 no. 1 (1999): 29–45. 69. Governor Fitzgerald quoted in Hope, Report on the Broach Exhibition of 1868– 69, Appendix D: Address of the Broach Exhibition Committee and Reply of His Excellency the Governor, 31–32. 70. Ibid., Appendix G: Selections from Reports of the Jurors, 53–55. 71. Ibid., Appendix F: List of Prizes Awarded at the Broach Exhibition of 1868, 44–48. 72. Ibid., Appendix G, 50. 73. George Wilkins Terry and E. W. Ravenscroft to Chief Secretary to Government, General Department, July 30, 1872. MSA: GD 1872: v. 24, c. 588: 73. 74. C. Bernard, Report on the Arts, Manufactures and Produce at the Nagpur Exhibition (Nagpur, 1866), 22. 75. Elphinstone, Minute No. 4739 of 1855, August 31, 1855. MSA: GD 1855: v. 61, c. 814; 128. 76. Nicholas Dirks, Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), chaps. 7–10. 77. Tony Ballantyne and Antoinette Burton, ed., Bodies in Contact: Rethinking Colonial Encounters in World History (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005); Mill and Sen, eds., Confronting the Body. 78. Thomas Holbein Hendley, London Indo-Colonial Exhibition of 1886: Handbook of the Jeypore Courts (Calcutta: Calcutta Central Press, 1886), 26. 79. “Sir George C. M. Birdwood, K.C.I.E., C.S.I, M.D., LL.D.: His Life and Work,” JIAI 8 no. 65 (1899): 45–47. 80. George Birdwood, The Industrial Arts of India (London: Chapman & Hall, 1880), 1–2. 81. Ibid., 154–162. 82. Ibid., 312. 83. Government of Bombay, General Department, Resolution No. 3395 of 1880, November 10, 1880. MSA: ED 1880: v. 27, c. 505. 84. Birdwood, The Industrial Arts of India, vi. 85. P. S. Melvill to Acting Minister of the Baroda State, February 12, 1881. BPRO: Huzur English Office, Rev. Dept. section 238, file 1. 86. Government of Bombay, Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol. XVIII, Part II: Poona (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1885), 173–210. 87. Government of Bombay, General Report on the Administration of the Bombay Presidency for the Year 1871–72 (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1873), 364–368. NOTES 215

88. Swallow, “The India Museum and the British-Indian Textile Trade in the Late Nineteenth Century.” This lack of interest in production was revealed in the basic organizing principles of the project, which separated goods out “according to function, quality, material and decoration.” (Watson, The Textile Manufactures and the Costumes of the People of India, 4.) Since weaving tech- niques were not part of his basic classification structure, silk-bordered cottons woven on identical looms appeared scattered throughout the survey accord- ing to their use as turbans, saris, or dhotis. 89. Government of Bombay, Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol. XVIII, Part II: Poona, 186–191. 90. Ibid., Vol. XVI: Nasik (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1883), 51–53, 145–146. 91. Ibid., Vol. V: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1880), 123–124. 92. See, for instance, H. J. R. Twigg’s monograph on carpet weaving in the Bombay Presidency, the first chapter of which summarizes information on carpet weaving from all the district gazetteers of the presidency. H. J. R. Twigg, A Monograph on the Art and Practice of Carpet-Making in the Bombay Presidency, 1908 (reprinted in Art and Industry Through the Ages: Monograph Series on Bombay Presidency [New Delhi: Navrang, 1976]). As the Diwan of Baroda, Kazi Shahabudin, argued in 1881, because crafts changed little from year to year, “a description of them once given will hold good for a long period.” (Kazi Shahabudin to P. S. Melvill, February 24, 1881. BPRO: Huzur English Office, Rev. Dept. section 238, file 1.) 93. Government of Bombay, Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol. XX: Sholapur (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1884), 269. 94. Ibid., 103–118, 138. 95. Government of India, Home Department (Education), Resolution No. 1999, June 18, 1888. MSA: ED 1888: v. 64, c. 563: 102. 96. John Griffiths to L. Harvey, January 8, 1894. MSA: ED 1894: v. 33, c. 70: 267; Government of Bombay, Resolution No. 776, March 2, 1894. MSA: ED 1894: v. 33, c. 70: 307. See his report “Brass and Copper Wares of the Bombay Presidency,” JIAI 7 no. 55 (July 1896): 13–22. 97. Government of India, Home Department (Education), Resolution No. 1999, June 18, 1888. MSA: ED 1888: v. 64, c. 563: 102. 98. J. R. Martin, A Monograph on Tanning and Working in Leather in the Bombay Presidency, 1903 (reprinted in Art and Industry Through the Ages, 318–319); E. Maconochie, A Monograph on the Pottery and Glass-Ware of the Bombay Presidency, 1895 (reprinted in Art and Industry Through the Ages, 263); R. R. F. Kirk, A Monograph on Paper-Making in the Bombay Presidency, 1907? (reprinted in Art and Industry Through the Ages, 306, 309). 99. Five of the monographs (on silk, dyeing, pottery, iron and steel, and leather) had separate sections devoted to the key castes involved in production; the remaining studies only named different castes, without giving ethnographic detail on their customs, habits, or general characteristics. 216 NOTES

100. C. G. H. Fawcett, A Monograph on Dyes and Dyeing in the Bombay Presidency, 1908 (reprinted in Art and Industry Through the Ages, 87). 101. Ibid., 90. 102. In his monograph on carpet weaving in the Bombay Presidency, H. J. R. Twigg laid even more emphasis on the embodied, experiential nature of dyeing knowledge. His section on dyeing of wool for carpets, for instance, included no recipes for dyes at all, as he declared they would only be “espe- cially wearying and of no practical use whatsoever. It is only in the dye-shed itself that dyeing can be learned.” (Twigg, A Monograph on the Art and Practice of Carpet-Making in the Bombay Presidency, 180.) 103. Quoted in John Griffiths to K M. Chatfield, June 22, 1883. MSA: ED 1883: v. 21, c. 706: 187. 104. Government of India, Revenue and Agricultural Department, Resolution No. 1, January 3, 1884. MSA: ED 1892: v. 51, c. #583: 1. 105. The Story of the Sir J. J. School of Art (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1958), 47–54. 106. K. M. Chatfield to C. Gonne, May 8, 1880. MSA: ED 1881: v. 27, c. 7; Government of Bombay, General Department. Letter to Resolution, No. 2526 of 1884, July 19, 1884. MSA: ED 1884: v. 25, c. 115. 107. Government of Bombay, General Department. Letter to Resolution, No. 2526 of 1884, July 19, 1884. MSA: ED 1884: v. 25, c. 115, 42. 108. Ibid. 109. Dr. D. Macdonald to Municipal Commissioner for City of Bombay, May 25, 1886. MSA: ED 1886: v. 28, c. 534. 110. Thomas Holbein Hendley, Memorials of the Jeypore Exhibition 1883, vol. 1 (London: W. Griggs, 1884), v. 111. G. H. R. Tillotson, The Tradition of Indian Architecture: Continuity, Controversy and Change since 1850 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), 66. 112. Quoted in “The Opening of the Albert Hall and Museum at Jeypore,” JIAI 2 no. 19 (1888): 21; Thomas Holbein Hendley, Handbook to the Jeypore Museum (Calcutta: W. Griggs, 1895), 2. For a similar description of the carving work at the Jaipur Museum, see , Letters of Marque (Allahabad: A. H. Wheeler & Co., 1891), 23. 113. For an analysis of its role in documenting and defining traditional design see Deepali Dewan, “Scripting South Asia’s Visual Past: The Journal of Indian Art and Industry and the Production of Knowledge in the Late Nineteenth Century,” in Imperial Co-Histories: National Identities and the British and Colonial Press, ed. Julie Codell (London: Associated University Presses, 2003), 29–44. 114. Government of India, Revenue and Agricultural Department, Resolution No. 1, January 3, 1884. MSA: ED 1892: v. 51, c. 583: 1. 115. Dewan, “Scripting South Asia’s Visual Past,” 35. “An Annotated Index to the Arts and Industries of India: The North-West Provinces and Oudh,” JIAI 1 no. 7 (July 1885): 1. NOTES 217

116. “An Annotated Index to the Arts and Industries of India,” 3. 117. Dewan, “Scripting South Asia’s Visual Past,” 36. 118. For an overview of Hendley’s contributions to Indian arts, see “The Late Colonel Thomas Holbein Hendley,” JIAI 17 no. 136 (1917): 82–86. 119. Hendley, Memorials of the Jeypore Exhibition 1883, vol. 1, v. 120. B. A. Brendon, “Woollen Fabrics of the Bombay Presidency,” JIAI 10 no. 82 (April 1903): 17–18; S. M. Edwardes, “Silk Fabrics of the Bombay Presidency,” JIAI 10 no. 81 (January 1903): 1–6. 121. Compare, for instance, Edwardes’ 1900 A Monograph upon the Silk Fabrics of the Bombay Presidency and his article “Silk Fabrics of the Bombay Presidency,” which appeared in the JIAI in January 1903. 122. Quoted in Government of Bombay, Report of the DPI for 1890–91, 27. 123. Hendley, London Indo-Colonial Exhibition of 1886, 12. 124. Ibid., 13. 125. Clare Wilkinson-Weber, “Women, Work and the Imagination of Craft in South Asia,” Contemporary South Asia 13 no. 3 (September 2004): 296–297. 126. J. R. Royle quoted in E. C. Buck, Resolution, Cir. No. 15/5–8, Government of India, Revenue and Agricultural Department, February 17, 1888. BPRO: Huzur English Office, Misc. Dept. section 65, file 8A. 127. Quoted in Hoffenberg, An Empire on Display, 186. 128. L. R. W. Forest to John Griffiths, July 3, 1890. MSA: ED 1890: v. 24, c. 624. 129. Director of Public Instruction to Secretary to Government, General Department, October 17, 1904. MSA: ED 1904: v. 27, c. 579: 55. 130. “Appendix VIII: Speeches made at opening ceremony of industrial and agricultural exhibition at Benaras,” in Report of the First Indian Industrial Conference Held at Benaras, lxxxvii–lxxxviii. 131. Dewan, “Scripting South Asia’s Visual Past,” 40. 132. Sanjay Seth, Subject Lessons: The Western Education of Colonial India (Durham: Duke University Press, 2002), 4, 30, 31. 133. Arjun Appadurai, “Number in the Colonial Imagination” in Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997), 133. 134. Bernard Cohn, “The Census, Social Structure and Objectification in South Asia” in An Anthropologist among the Historians, and Other Essays (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1987), 228–229. 135. Ludden, “India’s Development Regime,” 270. 136. Seth, Subject Lessons, 172–176. 137. John Styles, “Product Innovation in Early Modern London,” Past and Present 168 (August 2000): 124–169. 138. “Deshi Karigarine Uttejan Aapva Vishe” [Regarding encouragement to be given to native arts and crafts], Buddhiprakash 23 no. 8 (1876): 170. To give but one example, the 1879 government gazetteer noted that Muslim paper makers in Ahmedabad bound community members to secrecy on production 218 NOTES

matters, while in other crafts parents refused to teach their daughters for fear that the latter would divulge family secrets to their husband’s household after marriage. (Government of Bombay, Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol. IV: Ahmedabad [Bombay: Government Central Press, 1879], 134.) 139. Michele Archambault, “Blockprinted Fabrics of Gujarat for Export to Siam: An Encounter with Mr. Maneklal T. Gajjar,” Journal of the Siam Society 77 no. 2 (1989): 71–74. For other examples of such family pattern books, see Jim Masselos, “The Artist as Patron: Women’s Embroidery in Gujarat,” in Popular Art in Asia: The People as Patrons, ed. Jim Masselos (Sydney: University of Sydney, 1984): 34–46. 140. Manecklal Gajjar, Interview, November 9, 2000, Pethapur, Gujarat. For more on the transition from private to public design in the late nineteenth century, see Abigail McGowan, “Private Goods in the Public Eye: Design Books for Crafts in Late Nineteenth Century India,” paper presented at the 34th Annual Conference on South Asia, Madison, Wisconsin, October 6–9, 2005. 141. Tirthankar Roy, “Music as Artisan Tradition,” Contributions to Indian Sociology 32 no. 1 (1998): 21–42. 142. Deepali Dewan, “The Body at Work: Colonial Art Education and the Figure of the ‘Native Craftsman,’” in Confronting the Body, 127. 143. Saloni Mathur, “Living Ethnographic Exhibits: The Case of 1886,” Cultural Anthropology 15 no. 4 (2001): 507. 144. T. N. Mukharji, A Visit to Europe (London: Edward Stanford, 1889), 99. 145. Griffiths, “Brass and Copper Wares of the Bombay Presidency,” 14.

Chapter 2

1. “Deshi Karigarine Uttejan” [Encouragement to native crafts and industry], Buddhiprakash, 24 no. 1 (January 1877): 10–14. 2. “Udhyog” [Industry], Buddhiprakash 44 no. 7 (July 1897): 205–212. 3. “Deshi Karigarine Uttejanne Lagti Babad” [Regarding the encouragement and promotion of native crafts and industry], Buddhiprakash 24 no. 7 (July 1877): 152. 4. “Hunnar” [Industry], Stri Bodh 37 no. 9 (September 1893): 193. 5. “Masik Nondh” [Monthly notes], Buddhiprakash 50 no. 3 (March, 1903): 91. 6. “Hunnar,” Stri Bodh (September 1893): 193. 7. See, for example, the suggestions offered in “Udhyog,” Buddhiprakash (July 1897): 205. 8. “Masik Nondh,” Buddhiprakash (March, 1903): 91. 9. Arindam Dutta, The Bureaucracy of Beauty: Design in the Age of Its Global Reproducibility (New York: Routledge, 2007), 255–256. 10. Gyan Prakash, Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), 6. 11. David Ludden, ‘India’s Development Regime,” in Colonialism and Culture, ed. Nicholas Dirks (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992), 252. NOTES 219

12. “Deshi Karigarine Uttejan-Part 1” [Encouragement to native crafts and industries-Part 1] Buddhiprakash 24 no. 4 (April 1877): 76. 13. Sumit Sarkar, The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, 1903–1908 (New Delhi: People’s Publishing House, 1973), 124–131. 14. Glyn Barlow, Industrial India (Madras: G. A. Natesan, 1904), 69. 15. Ibid., 118. 16. Romesh C. Dutt, “Industrial India: A Review,” The Indian Review 5 no. 7 (July 1904): 440. 17. “Hunnar na Chupavi Rakhva Vishe: Bhashan” [Regarding keeping industry secret: A speech], Buddhiprakash, 2 no. 2 (February 1856): 33–34. 18. “Hunnar na Chupavi Rakhva Vishe: Bhashan” [Regarding keeping industry secret: A speech] (continued from previous issue), Buddhiprakash 2 no. 3 (March 1856): 46. 19. “Deshi Karigarine Uttejan-Part 2” [Encouragement for native arts and crafts- Part 2], Buddhiprakash, 23 no. 10 (October 1876): 238. 20. David Ludden, “Orientalist Empiricism: Transformations of Colonial Knowledge,” in Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives from South Asia, ed. Carol A. Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), 251. 21. Official Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue, Vol. II (London: Royal Commission for the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations, 1851), 936, 929. 22. Quoted in John Forbes Royle, “Lecture XI: The Arts and Manufactures of India,” in Lectures on the Results of the Exhibition: Delivered before the Society of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (London: David Bogue, 1852), 398. 23. See, for example, Gottfried Semper, “Science, Industry and Art: Proposals for the Development of a National Taste in Art at the Closing of the London Industrial Exhibition,” in The Four Elements of Architecture and Other Writings, trans. Harry Francis Mallgrave and Wolfgang Herrman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989 [1852]), 130–167. 24. For a sense of these influences, see Karen Livingstone and Linda Parry, eds., International Arts and Crafts (London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 2005). 25. George Birdwood, Two Letters on the Industrial Arts of India (London: W. B. Whittington and Co., 1879), 3–4. 26. Naazia Ata-Ullah, “Stylistic Hybridity and Colonial Art and Design Education: A Wooden Carved Screen by Ram Singh,” in Colonialism and the Object: Empire, Material Culture and the Museum, ed. Tim Barringer and Tom Flynn (New York: Routledge, 1998), 70. 27. Birdwood, The Industrial Arts of India, 312. 28. Flora Annie Steel, “Phulkari Work in the Punjab,” JIAI 2 no. 24 (1888): 71, 72. 29. “The British Indian Section, Paris Universal Exhibition, 1889,” JIAI 3 no. 28 (1890): 22. 30. Steel, “Phulkari Work in the Punjab,” 71, 72. 220 NOTES

31. Thomas Wardle, “The Indian Silk Culture Court,” JIAI 1 no. 15 (1886): 117. 32. Ibid., 122. 33. Birdwood, The Industrial Arts of India, 312. 34. Ibid., 334, 336. 35. Ananda Coomaraswamy, Medieval Sinhalese Art (Broad Campden: Essex House Press, 1908); Rajput Painting (New York: Oxford University Press, 1916); The Dance of Siva (New York: Sunwise Turn, 1918); The History of Indian and Indonesian Art (New York: E. Weyhe, 1927). 36. On issues unrelated to crafts, Coomaraswamy and Birdwood had much less in common. Their sharpest differences arose around the question of Indian fine arts; Coomaraswamy was one of the earliest, most impassioned defenders of the beauty, sophistication, and worth of Indian painting and sculpture, while Birdwood, as his infamous comparison of an image of the Buddha to a suet pudding demonstrated, found no value in them whatsoever. 37. Roger Lipsey, Coomaraswamy, vol. 3: His Life and Work (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977), chap. 5. 38. Ananda Coomaraswamy, The Indian Craftsman (New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt, Ltd, 1989 [1909]), 58. 39. Alvin C. Moore, Jr., “Foreword,” The Indian Craftsman, xii–xiii. 40. T. N. Mukharji, A Visit to Europe (London: Edward Stanford, 1889), 222–223. 41. Tallis’s History and Description of the Crystal Palace and the Exhibition of the World’s Industry in 1851 (London: John Tallis & Co., 1852), 193. 42. Ibid., 236. See also The Crystal Palace and Its Contents: Being An Illustrated Cyclopaedia of the Great Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations, 1851 (London: W. M. Clark, 1852), 101. 43. William Whewell, “The General Bearing of the Great Exhibition on the Progress of Art and Science,” in Lectures on the Results of the Exhibition: Delivered before the Society of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (London: David Bogue, 1852), 15. 44. Prem Behari, “Industrial Development of India,” in Report of the First Indian Industrial Conference Held at Benaras on Saturday, the 30th December, 1905 (Allahabad: the Indian Press, 1906), xxxiii. 45. Ibid. 46. Alfred Chatterton, “The Salem Weaving Factory,” in Report of the Third Industrial Conference Held at Surat on the 30th December 1907 (Madras: Indian Industrial Conference, 1908), 196. 47. Behari, “Industrial Development of India,” xxxiii. 48. Thomas Wardle, Tissue or Textile Printing as an Art: A Lecture Delivered at the Manchester Municipal School of Art Museum on Wednesday, March 15, 1890 (Manchester: Marsden & Co., 1890), 13. 49. Brenda M. King, Silk and Empire (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005), pt. 2. 50. Government of Bombay, Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol. IV: Ahmedabad (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1879), 141, 111. NOTES 221

51. See, for instance, D. A. Shah, An Historical Summary and Critical Examination of the Indian Point of View in Economics: Being the Manockjee Limjee Gold Medal Essay of the University of Bombay, for the Year 1916 (Bombay: Bombay Vaibhav Press, 1920), 55; and “Hunnar Vishe” [Regarding industry], Buddhiprakash 17 no 2 (February 1870): 32. 52. “The Exigencies of Progress in India,” Journal of the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha 15 no. 4 (April 1893): 23. 53. R. N. Mudholkar, “Presidential Address,” in The Industrial Conference held at Madras, December 1908 (Madras: G. A. Natesan & Co., 1909), 19. 54. Quoted in B. G. Kale, “Small Industries in India,” The Indian Review 12 no. 1 (January 1911): 77. 55. Alfred Chatterton, Agricultural and Industrial Problems in India (Madras: G. A. Natesan & Co., 1904), 137. 56. Indian Industrial Commission, Minutes of Evidence Taken before the Indian Industrial Commission, 1916–1918, Vol. IV: Bombay (London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1919), 245, 323. 57. “The Exigencies of Progress in India,” 16–17. 58. Mukharji, A Visit to Europe, 77–78. No less a person than the great chem- ist P. C. Ray agreed; see S. , “Science, Technical Education and Industrialisation: Contours of a Bhadralok Debate, 1890–1915,” in Technology and the Raj: Western Technology and Technology Transfers to India, ed. Roy MacLeod and Deepak Kumar (New Delhi: Sage, 1993), 119. See also Barlow, Industrial India, 57, 61. 59. Alfred Chatterton, Industrial Evolution in India (Madras: “The Hindu” Office, 1912), 54. See also Calcutta International Exhibition of 1883–84: Reports of the Bombay Committee and Others (Bombay: Times of India Press, 1884), Appendix E., Mr. Griffiths’ Report, 14. 60. John Wallace, “Technical Education for the Workman,” in Report of the Third Industrial Conference Held at Surat, 47–48. 61. Lala Baji Nath, “Some Factors in the Industrial and Commercial Development of India,” in Report of the First Indian Industrial Conference Held at Benaras, 300. See also Charles Harvey as quoted in “The Art Crafts of India,” The Indian Review 17 no. 2 (February 1916): 140. 62. “Udhyog,” Buddhiprakash (July 1897): 209. 63. “The Gaekwar on the Industrial Development of India,” The Indian Review 3 no. 12 (December 1902): 633. 64. For a discussion of the development and content of the village republic ideal and its implications for South Asia, see Jan Breman, The Shattered Image: Construction and Deconstruction of the Village in Colonial South Asia, (Providence, RI: Foris Publications, 1988); Ronald Inden, Imagining India (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1990). 65. See for instance B. R. Grover, “An Integrated Pattern of Commercial Life in the Rural Society of North India during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,” in Money and the Market in India, 1100–1700, ed. Sanjay 222 NOTES

Subramhmanyam (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1990): 219–255; David Ludden, “Craft Production in an Agrarian Economy,” in Making Things in South Asia: The Role of Artist and Craftsman, Philadelphia: Department of South Asia Regional Studies, ed. Michael Meister (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1988), 103–113. 66. Christopher Baker, An Indian Rural Economy: The Tamilnad Countryside (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984), 331–332. 67. That specificity of taste had motivated John Forbes Watson’s compilation of The Textile Manufactures and the Costumes of the People of India, discussed in Chapter 1. 68. Government of Bombay, Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol. IX, Part I: Gujarat Population—Hindus (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1901), 191, 202. 69. C. G. H. Fawcett, A Monograph on Dyes and Dyeing in the Bombay Presidency, 1908, (reprinted in Art and Industry Through the Ages: Monograph Series on Bombay Presidency [New Delhi: Navrang, 1976], 84. 70. Government of Bombay, Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol. XVIII, Part I: Poona (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1885), 343, 340. 71. Government of India, Census of India 1961, Vol. V, Part VII-A(2): Selected Crafts of Gujarat—Wood Carving of Gujarat (New Delhi: Manager of Publications, 1967), 34–36. 72. G. P. Fernandes, Report on the Art-Crafts of the Bombay Presidency (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1932), 28–30, 70. 73. See Tirthankar Roy, “Acceptance of Innovations in Early Twentieth-Century Indian Weaving,” Review 60 no. 3 (2002): 507–532; and Douglas Haynes, “The Logic of the Artisan Firm in a Capitalist Economy: Handloom Weavers and Technological Change in Western India, 1880–1947,” in Institutions and Economic Change in South Asia, ed. Burton Stein and Sanjay Subrahmanyam (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996): 173–205. 74. Interview with Manecklal Gajjar, Pethapur, December 2000. See also Jyotindra Jain, “Saudagiri Prints: Textiles for Far-Off Siam,” The India Magazine (October 1985): 54–63. 75. Douglas Haynes, “The Dynamics of Continuity in Indian Domestic Industry: Jari Manufacture in Surat, 1900–1947,” in Cloth and Commerce: Textiles in Colonial India, ed. Tirthankar Roy (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1996), 304– 305; Tirthankar Roy, Traditional Industry in the Economy of Colonial India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 107–109, 114–115; J. Nissim, A Monograph on Wire and Tinsel in the Bombay Presidency, 1909, (reprinted in Art and Industry Through the Ages), 298–302. 76. Government of Bombay, Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol. XVIII, Part II: Poona (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1885), 176, 184. 77. See Roy, “Acceptance of Innovations in Early Twentieth-Century Indian Weaving”; and Haynes, “The Logic of the Artisan Firm in a Capitalist Economy.” NOTES 223

78. Haynes, “The Logic of the Artisan Firm in a Capitalist Economy,” 175. 79. Tirthankar Roy, “Out of Tradition: Master Artisans and Economic Change in Colonial India,” Journal of Asian Studies 66 no. 4 (November 2007): 966. 80. Ibid., 975–977. 81. Sabyasachi Bhattacharya, “Cultural and Social Constraints on Technological Innovation and Economic Development,” Indian Economic and Social History Review 3 no. 3 (1966): 250–252. 82. Ibid., 261. 83. Nita Kumar, The Artisans of Banaras: Popular Culture and Identity, 1880–1986 (Delhi: Orient Longman, 1988). 84. Similar obscurantism operated in agriculture. As David Ludden has argued: “The Company collected data that could have been used to construct very dif- ferent images of rural India. . . . But alternative formations were obscured and marginalized . . . by the political process that wielded authority in the produc- tion of knowledge about India.” (Ludden, “Orientalist Empiricism,” 262.) 85. See, for example, Report of the Work of the Indian Industrial Conference, Including a Record of General Industrial Activity in the Country (Madras: Thompson & Co., 1907), 42. 86. See, respectively, D. C. Churchill, “The Hand-loom in Ahmednagar,” 208–217; and Alfred Chatterton, “The Salem Weaving Factory,” 190–208; see also Chunilal B. Desai, “Hand-loom Weaving in India,” 217–225. All are in Report of the Third Industrial Conference Held at Surat. 87. Quoted in “Hindi Hunnar Udyog Parishad” [The Indian industrial confer- ence], Buddhiprakash 53 no. 1 (January 1906): 27. 88. Birdwood, The Industrial Arts of India, 1–2, 320. 89. For a discussion of this as a common practice in colonial writings about Indian society, see Bernard Cohn, “Notes on the History of the Study of Indian Society and Culture,” in An Anthropologist among the Historians and Other Essays (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1987), 143. 90. Ananda Coomaraswamy, Art and Swadeshi (New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1994 [1912]), 3–4. 91. Coomaraswamy, “Young India,” in Dance of Siva, 132. 92. Ibid., 134. 93. Carol Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer, “Introduction: Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament,” in Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives from South Asia, 12. 94. Vasudha Dalmia, The Nationalization of Hindu Traditions: Bharatendu Harischandra and Nineteenth-Century Banaras (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997). 95. Veena Naregal, Language Politics, Elites and the Public Sphere: Western India Under Colonialism (London: Anthem Press, 2001.) 96. Svati Joshi, “Dalpatram and the Nature of Literary Shifts in Nineteenth- Century Ahmedabad,” in India’s Literary History: Essays on the Nineteenth Century, ed. Stuart Blackburn and Vasudha Dalmia (New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2004), 327–357. See also R. L. Raval, “Tradition and Modernity in 224 NOTES

the Context of Social Reform Movements in Gujarat during the Nineteenth Century,” Vidya 19 no. 2 (August 1976): 88–102. 97. “Deshi Karigarine Uttejan Aapva Vishe,” Buddhiprakash (August 1876), 173. 98. Manu Goswami, Producing India: From Colonial Economy to National Space (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 231–232; Ludden, “India’s Development Regime,” 268–269. 99. Mahadev Govind Ranade, “Industrial Conference,” in Essays on Indian Economics: A Collection of Essays and Speeches (Bombay: Thacker & Company, Ltd., 1899), 181. 100. Joshi, “Dalpatram and the Nature of Literary Shifts,” 332. 101. Report of the First Indian Industrial Conference Held at Benaras, 5. 102. Prakash, Another Reason, 157, 160. 103. Goswami, Producing India, 274–276. 104. Government of Bombay, Report on Native Papers Published in the Bombay Presidency for the Week Ending 28 September 1895, 9. 105. “Udhyogoddhar” [Uplift of industry], Buddhiprakash 50 no. 10 (October 1903): 300. 106. Ranade, “Industrial Conference,” 203–204.

Chapter 3

1. Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy to Viscount Falkland, May 9, 1853. MSA: GD 1853: v. 85, c. 527. 2. Cutch State. Report on the Administration of the Cutch State for 1885–86 (Bombay: Bombay Gazette Steam Press, 1886), 80. 3. Pandit Natesa Sastu, “The Decline of South Indian Arts: Continued,” JIAI, 3 no. 29 (1890): 28. 4. Ibid., 31. 5. Ibid., 30, 32. 6. Annie E. Coombs, Reinventing Africa: Museums, Material Culture and Popular Imagination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994). 7. George Birdwood, The Industrial Arts of India (London: Chapman and Hall, 1880), 132. 8. George Birdwood, Two Letters on the Industrial Arts of India (London: W. B. Whittington and Co., 1879), 9. 9. Samarendra Nath Gupta, “The Place of Art in Indian Industries,” in Report of the Ninth Indian Industrial Conference: Held at Karachi on the 25th December 1913 (Amraoti: Indian Industrial Conference, 1914), 242. 10. Glyn Barlow, Industrial India (Madras: G. A. Natesan, 1904), 115. 11. As Annie Coombes has noted, this was hardly confined to India; indeed, fears about racial purity informed wide-ranging discussions of degeneration in art in this period. (Coombes, Reinventing Africa, 41, 56.) 12. Homi Bhabha, “Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse,” in The Location of Culture (New York: Routledge, 1994), 85–92. NOTES 225

13. Thomas Metcalf, Ideologies of the Raj (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Bernard Cohn, “Cloth, Clothes and Colonialism,” in Cloth and Human Experience, ed. Annette Weiner and Jane Schneider (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989), 303–353; Thomas Metcalf, An Imperial Vision: Indian Architecture and Britain’s Raj (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989). 14. Birdwood, The Industrial Arts of India, 334, 336. 15. Thomas Wardle, “The Indian Silk Culture Court,” JIAI 1 no. 15 (1886): 122. 16. Ananda Coomaraswamy, The Indian Craftsman (New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt, Ltd, 1989 [1909]), 35–36. 17. Ibid., 52. 18. Ibid., 41. 19. Manu Goswami, Producing India: From Colonial Economy to National Space (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 272. 20. Romesh Chunder Dutt, “The Economic Condition of India” in Speeches and Papers on Indian Questions 1901 and 1902 (Calcutta: Elm Press, 1902), 81. 21. Romesh Chunder Dutt, “Industrial India: A Review,” The Indian Review 5 no. 7 (July 1904): 440. 22. As Annie Coombes notes for the case of Africa, arguments about cultural decline appealed to audiences across the racial divide of colonial societies, supporting British claims to the need for continued power over backward natives as well as native critiques of imperial rule. (Coombes, Reinventing Africa, 38–39.) 23. Cecil Burns, “The Function of Schools of Art in India,” Journal of the Royal Society of Arts (June 18, 1909): 629. 24. Ibid., 630. 25. Ibid., 631. 26. Ibid. 27. J. A. Crowe to Venayek Wassordeo, July 14, 1857. MSA: GD 1857: v. 36, c. 95: 219. 28. Emphasis in the original. Ibid. 29. Government of Bombay, Report of the DPI for 1857–58, 103. 30. Barbara Whitney Keyser, “Ornament as Idea: Indirect Imitation of Nature in the Design Reform Movement,” Journal of Design History 11 no. 2 (1998): 127–144; Arindam Dutta, The Bureaucracy of Beauty: Design in the Age of Its Global Reproducibility (New York: Routledge, 2007), 103–106. 31. Drawing classes also formed the core of education for artisans in Britain, although for slightly different reasons. See Adrian Rifkin, “Success Disavowed: The Schools of Design in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain (An Allegory),” Journal of Design History 1 no. 2 (1988): 89–102; Dutta, The Bureaucracy of Beauty, 22. 32. Government of Bombay, Report of the DPI for 1857–58, 100. 33. Tapati Guha-Thakurta, The Making of a New “Indian” Art: Artists, Aesthetics and Nationalism in Bengal 1850–1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Partha Mitter, Art and Nationalism in Colonial India, 1850–1922 226 NOTES

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Dutta, The Bureaucracy of Beauty. 34. George Terry, “Appendix M: Extract Report from the Acting Superintendent of the Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy School of Arts and Industry” in Government of Bombay, Report of the DPI for 1858–59, 394. 35. Harry Rivett-Carnac, “Report of the Chairman of the Internal Decoration and Arrangement Committee” in Report on the Arts, Manufactures and Produce at the Nagpur Exhibition, 1865 (Nagpur, 1866), 74. 36. George T. Molecey to Venayeek Wassoodeojee, April 9, 1868. MSA: GD 1868: v. 1, c. 155: 96. 37. John Griffiths to Venayak Wassordeo, April 8, 1868. MSA: GD 1868: v. 1, c. 155: 93–94. 38. Guha-Thakurta, The Making of a New “Indian” Art; and Mitter, Art and Nationalism in Colonial India. 39. For an overview of the Ajanta project and its influence on the JJ School, see The Story of the Sir J. J. School of Art (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1958), 47–54. 40. Quoted in Ibid., 51. 41. Government of Bombay, Report of the DPI for 1890–91, 27. 42. Quoted in Ibid. 43. Burns, “The Function of Schools of Art in India,” 637. 44. For a recent exploration of hybrid designs in silver specifically, see Vidya Dehejia, Delight in Design: Indian Silver for the Raj (Ahmedabad: Mapin, 2008). 45. Report of the Conference as Regards Museums in India, Held at Calcutta on Dec. 27th to 31st, 1907 (Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1908), 24. 46. Mahrukh Tarapor, “ and British Art Education in India,” Victorian Studies 24 (Autumn 1980): 53–80; Naazish Ata-Ullah, “Stylistic Hybridity and Colonial Art and Design Education: A Wooden Carved Screen by Ram Singh” in Colonialism and the Object: Empire, Material Culture and the Museum, ed. Tim Barringer and Tom Flynn (New York: Routledge, 1998): 68–81; and Raymond Head, “Bagshot Park and Indian Crafts” in Influences in Victorian Art and Architecture, ed. Sarah Macready and F. H. Thompson (London: Society of Antiquarians, 1985): 139–149. 47. “Memoir of the Late Colonel T. H. Hendley, CIE,” JIAI 17 no 136 (1917): 82–86. 48. Lockwood de Forest to Louis Tiffany, April 24, 1881. Lockwood de Forest papers, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution (hereafter LDFP- AAA). Reel 2731: Correspondence 1858–1931: 261 and 821–826. 49. Thomas Holbein Hendley, Memorials of the Jeypore Exhibition 1883, vol 1 (London: W. Griggs, 1884), v. 50. Hendley, Memorials of the Jeypore Exhibition 1883, vol 1, vi. 51. “Extract from the Proceedings of the Government of India, in the Revenue and Agricultural Department (Museums and Exhibitions), dated January 3, 1884,” JIAI 1 no. 1 (1884): 5, 4; “Extract from the Proceedings of the Government of NOTES 227

India in the Department of Revenue and Agriculture, dated Calcutta, the 14th March, 1883,” JIAI 1 no. 1 (1884): 4. 52. E. C. Buck, “Proceedings of the Arts and Museums Committee held on Friday the 7th December 1883.” MSA: ED 1892: v. 51, c. 583: 38. 53. E. C. Buck, Report on Practical and Technical Education (Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1901), 40. 54. Buck, “Proceedings of the Arts and Museums Committee held on Friday the 7th December 1883,” 38. 55. Volume one, number 6 of 1884, for instance, included articles on Bidri ware, “Rustic Ornamentation” and “Japanese and Indian Lacquer”. 56. Vikramaditya Prakash, “Between Copying and Creation: The Jeypore Portfolio of Architectural Details” in Colonial Modernities: Building, Dwelling and Architecture in British India and Ceylon, ed. Peter Scriver and Vikramaditya Prakash (New York: Routledge, 2007): 115–125. 57. Technical Art Series of Illustrations of Indian Architectural Decorative Work (Calcutta: Survey of India Offices, 1892). 58. Technical Art Series of Illustrations of Indian Architectural Decorative Work (Calcutta: Survey of India Offices, 1894), plate 2. 59. Technical Art Series of Illustrations of Indian Architectural Decorative Work (Calcutta: Survey of India Offices, 1886–1892), plate 17. 60. Thomas Holbein Hendley, Asian Carpets: XVI and XVII Century Designs from the Jaipur Palaces from Material Supplied with Permission of the Maharaja of Jaipur and Other Sources (London: W. Griggs, 1905), 7. 61. For the central provinces, see C. E. Low, “The Central Provinces and Berar Exhibition” in The Industrial Conference Held at Madras, December 1908 (Madras: G. A. Natesan & Co., 1909), 161; for Bengal and Assam, see Percy Brown, “The Artistic Trades of Bengal and Their Development,” in Report of the Fifth Indian Industrial Conference: Held at Lahore on the 30th December 1909 (Amraoti: Indian Industrial Conference, 1910), 121; for Madras, see W. S. Hadaway, Cotton Painting and Printing in the Madras Presidency (Madras: Government Press, 1917), iii. For an overview of the demand for such books, as well as for museums and exhibitions to display type collections of the best of regional art manufactures, see Proceedings of the Art Conference Held in the Technical Institute at Lahore (Calcutta: Government Central Printing Office, 1894). 62. Percy Brown, “Artistic Trades of the Punjab and Their Development,” in The Industrial Conference Held at Madras, December 1908, 178–79. 63. Ibid., 179. 64. Hendley, Asian Carpets, 8. 65. H J. R. Twigg, A Monograph on the Art and Practice of Carpet-Making in the Bombay Presidency (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1907) (reprinted in Art and Industry Through the Ages: Monograph Series on Bombay Presidency [New Delhi: Navrang, 1976], 146, 198–99.) A similar system operated in the Punjab, where carpet firms looked to the Lahore jail factory for designs. (C. Latimer, “Carpet Making in the Punjab,” JIAI 17 no. 131, [1916]: 24.) 228 NOTES

For a discussion of the role jails played in the creation and circulation of tradi- tional designs, see Abigail McGowan, “Convict Carpets: Jails and the Revival of Historic Carpet Design in Colonial India,” paper presented at the 37th Annual Conference on South Asia, Madison, Wisconsin, October 2008. 66. Colonel Jacobs to Lockwood de Forest, January 25, 1894. LDP-AAA, Reel 2731: Correspondence 1858–1931: 632–636. 67. Proceedings of the Art Conference Held in the Technical Institute at Lahore, 11. 68. J. Sime to Secretary to the Government of India, Home Department, March 1, 1895. MSA: ED 1896: v. 81, c. 345. 69. Hendley, Memorials of the Jeypore Exhibition 1883, vol 1, v. 70. Thomas Holbein Hendley, London Indo-Colonial Exhibition of 1886: Handbook of the Jeypore Courts (Calcutta: Calcutta Central Press, 1886), 34. 71. Twigg, A Monograph on the Art and Practice of Carpet-Making in the Bombay Presidency, 144, 135; K. M. Chatfield to Secretary to Government, Educational Department, October 16, 1888. MSA: ED 1889: v. 45, c. 8. 72. For supervision of jail industries, see K. M. Chatfield to Secretary to Government, Educational Department, October 16, 1888. MSA: ED 1889: v. 45, c. 8: 141–144. For the exhibition of past students’ work, see E. Giles to Secretary to Government, Educational Department, August 13, 1900. MSA: ED 1900: v. 21, c. 509: 333. For the industrial arts normal school, see John Wallace to Government of Bombay, Educational Department, April 15, 1910. MSA: ED 1919: v. 77, c. 7. 73. Technical Art Series of Illustrations of Indian Architectural Decorative Work (Calcutta: Survey of India Offices, 1886–1892), 1. 74. Buck, “Proceedings of the Arts and Museums Committee held on Friday the 7th December 1883.” 75. Government of India, Revenue and Agricultural Department, “Resolution No. 1: Extract from the Proceedings of the Government of India, in the Revenue and Agricultural Department (Museums and Exhibitions),” January 3, 1884. MSA: ED 1892: v. 51, c. 583: p. 3. 76. Lord Ripon, “Opening the Industrial and Fine Arts Exhibition at Simla” in Speeches and Published Resolutions of Lord Ripon, ed. Ram Chandra Palit (Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press, 1882), 109. 77. “The Viceroy on the Delhi Arts Exhibition,” The Indian Review 4 no. 1 (January 1903): 51. 78. Lord Ripon, “Opening the Industrial and Fine Arts Exhibition at Simla,” 109. 79. Twigg, A Monograph on the Art and Practice of Carpet-Making in the Bombay Presidency, 201–208. Twigg opened the chapter—titled “The Carpet- Purchaser’s ‘Vade-mecum’”—with the following explanatory note: “The introduction of such a subject into an Industrial Monograph may seem unwarranted, but as not a few would-be purchasers refrain from buying from ignorance of the points which indicate a good carpet, a few very simple guides calling for little technical knowledge may be of use.” (Ibid., 201). 80. “Extract from the Proceedings . . . the 14th March, 1883,” 1. NOTES 229

81. Dr. Henry Carter to Secretary to the Local Committee of Surat and Broach, August 21, 1854. MSA: GD 1856: v. 73, c. 92. 82. Dr. George Birdwood to William Hart, August 31, 1858. MSA: GD 1858: v. 65, c. 736. 83. Thomas Holbein Hendley, Handbook to the Jeypore Museum (Calcutta: W. Griggs, 1895), 68. 84. “Kachchh Pradarshan” [The Kutch Exhibition], Buddhiprakash 31 no. 2 (February 1884): 10. 85. L. R. W. Forest to John Griffiths, July 3, 1890. MSA: ED 1890: v. 24, c. 624. 86. Report of the Conference as Regards Museums in India, Held at Calcutta on Dec. 27th to 31st, 1907 (Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1908), 27. 87. Ibid. 88. Government of India, Revenue and Agricultural Department, Resolution, July 20, 1892. MSA: ED 1892: v. 51, c. 583: 1. For a similar statement of goals at the end of the century, see John Griffiths to Secretary to Government, General Department, April 5, 1897. MSA: ED 1898: v. 54, c. 534: 238. 89. Northwest Frontier Provinces and Oudh Provincial Museum, Lucknow, Minutes of the Managing Committee from August 1883 to 31 March 1888 with Introduction (Allahabad: Northwest Frontier Provinces and Oudh Government Press, 1889), 281. 90. For information on these emporia, see as follows. For Lahore and Nagpur: A. G. Clow, The State and Industry (1920-27) (Calcutta: Government of India, 1928), 64–65; for Lahore and Bangalore: Report of the Conference as Regards Museums in India, 26–27; for Kanpur: V. N. Mehta, “The Government School of Arts and Crafts, Lucknow,” Journal of Indian Industries and Labour 2 no. 1 (February 1922): 48–54; for Madras and Rangoon: Indian Industrial Commission, Report (Calcutta: Government Printing, 1918), 198; and, for Madras: Dr. J. R. Henderson, “Note on the Victoria Technical Institute, Madras” in The Book of the Madras Exhibition, 1915-16 (Madras: Madras Government Press, 1916), 409–411. 91. Mahadeo Ballal Namjoshi to J. Nugent, December 4, 1888. BPRO: Huzur English Office, Misc. Dept. section 65, file 1. 92. F. S. Lely to Secretary to Government, General Department, April 21, 1897. MSA: ED 1898: v. 54, c. 534: 223. 93. Baroda State, Baroda Administration Report, 1911–12 (Bombay: Caxton Works, 1913), 147. 94. Baroda State, Baroda Administration Report, 1916–17 (Bombay: Times Press, 1918), xxxii, 230. 95. “The Viceroy on the Delhi Arts Exhibition,” 51. 96. George Watt, Indian Art at Delhi, 1903: Being the Official Catalogue of the Delhi Exhibition, 1902–1903 (Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1903), 4. 97. Prepared at the Bombay School of Art, the Bombay room was considered a big success; the room won the gold medal for the best example of Indian 230 NOTES

Art furnishing, and the entire contents were purchased by the Nizam of Hyderabad. (Watt, Indian Art at Delhi, 4–5.) 98. Lord Curzon, “Indian Art Exhibition at Delhi” in Lord Curzon in India: Being a Selection from His Speeches as Viceroy and Governor-General of India, 1898– 1905, ed. Sir Thomas Raleigh (New York: Macmillan Company, 1906), 208. 99. Emphasis added. “The Viceroy on the Delhi Arts Exhibition,” 51. 100. For details on de Forest’s efforts on behalf of Indian arts, and his contacts with others involved in similar attempts, see his unpublished manuscript, Indian Domestic Architecture (hereafter referred to as IDA). LDFP-AAA, Reel 2732: Writings. 101. Lockwood de Forest to Mr. Pritchett, March 22, 1920. LDFP-AAA, Reel 2731: Correspondence 1858–1931: 923. 102. Lockwood de Forest, Illustrations of Design: Based on Notes of Line as Used by the Craftsmen of India (Boston: Ginn and Co., 1912), iii. 103. Lockwood de Forest to Mr. M. D. C. Crawford, November 30, 1918. LDFP- AAA, Reel 2731: Correspondence 1858–1931: 862. 104. Lockwood de Forest to Louis Tiffany, July 9, 1881. LDFP-AAA, Reel 2731: Correspondence 1858–1931: 276. 105. de Forest, IDA, 1140–1141. Looking back in 1911 on his family’s long involve- ment with the AWCC, Muggunbhai’s youngest son, Purushottambhai, wrote to de Forest that “it was through your angelic hand that my father began his new life after the adversity was tired of our family and became the victim of your business rod. Those days and your presence in my house on that memorable day I shall never forget.” (Purushottambhai Hutheesing to Lockwood de Forest, June 16, 1911. LDFP-AAA, Reel 2731: Correspondence 1858–1931: 695.) 106. de Forest, IDA, 1158. 107. Workman or artisan. 108. de Forest, IDA, 1146; de Forest to Muggunbhai, March 30, 1881. LDFP-AAA, Reel 2731: Correspondence: 254. See also de Forest to Muggunbhai, June 3, 1881. LDFP-AAA, Reel 2731: Correspondence: 269. 109. de Forest, IDA, 1269. 110. Meta de Forest to Mother, March 22, 1882. LDFP-AAA, Reel 2731: Correspondence: 417. 111. de Forest, IDA, 1143–1144. 112. de Forest to Tiffany, December 28, 1881. LDFP-AAA, Reel 2731: Correspondence: 302. de Forest himself was so pleased with the pieces from the workshop that he later declared in his memoirs that they had been “the most important things in the exhibition.” (de Forest, IDA, 1250.) 113. de Forest to Tiffany, March 17, 1882. LDFP-AAA, Reel 2731: Correspondence: 318; Meta de Forest to Mother, June 30, 1882. LDFP-AAA, Reel 2731: Correspondence: 446. 114. de Forest to Tiffany, November 15, 1881. LDFP-AAA, Reel 2731: Correspondence 1858–1931: 294; Calcutta International Exhibition of 1883– 84: Reports of the Bombay Committee and Others (Bombay: Times of India Press, 1884), Appendix E, Mr. Griffiths’ Report, 8–9. NOTES 231

115. For the Jaipur orders, see de Forest to Tiffany, July 13, 1882. LDFP-AAA, Reel 2731: Correspondence 1858–1931: 340. For the Rajkot and other orders, see Muggunbhai Hutheesing, “Invoice of (100) one hundred Wooden panels kept here in reserve by Muggunbhai Hutheesing by the order of Lockwood de Forest,” no date (ca. 1883). LDFP-AAA, Reel 2733: Financial material: 668, 673. 116. de Forest to Tiffany, July 13, 1882. LDFP-AAA, Reel 2731: Correspondence: 341. 117. de Forest, IDA, 1264. 118. Caryl Coleman, “India in America,” The Decorator and Furnisher 6 (March 1885): 202–203; William Henry Shelton, “The Most Indian House in America,” House Beautiful 8 no. 1 (June 1900): 422. See also Raymond Head, “Indian Crafts and Western Design from the Seventeenth Century to the Present,” Royal Society of Arts Journal (January 1988): 125. 119. de Forest, “Exhibition of Pictures and Sketches by Lockwood de Forest, National Academician,” LDFP-AAA, Reel 2732: Writings: 742. 120. de Forest, IDA, 1271. 121. de Forest, IDA, 1308. 122. See, for instance, Purushottambhai Hutheesing to de Forest, April 14, 1911. LDFP-AAA, Reel 2731, Correspondence: 691–693; Purushottambhai to Messrs. Tiffany Studios, June 2, 1911. LDFP-AAA, Reel 2731, Correspondence: 699–701; and Purushottambhai to de Forest, June 16, 1911. LDFP-AAA, Reel 2731, Correspondence: 695–698. 123. Purushottambhai Hutheesing to de Forest, June 16, 1911. LDFP-AAA, Reel 2731, Correspondence: 697. 124. de Forest, IDA, 1318. 125. Meta de Forest to Mother, December 11, 1892. LDFP-AAA, Reel 2730: Correspondence 1858–1931: 254. Calcutta International Exhibition of 1883–84, Appendix E, Mr. Griffiths’ Report, 8. 126. de Forest, IDA, 1329. 127. Government of India, Report of the Committee on Co-Operation in India (Simla: Government Central Press, 1915), 1, 2. 128. E. M. Edwardes, Monograph Upon the Silk Fabrics of the Bombay Presidency, 1900, (reprinted in Art in Industry Through the Ages [New Delhi: Navrang, 1976], 48.) 129. Tirthankar Roy, Traditional Industry in the Economy of Colonial India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). 130. P. N. Mehta, Report on the Handloom Industry (Bombay: Government Press, 1909), 1. 131. V. N. Mehta, “Co-Operation and Cottage Industries,” The Bombay Co-Operative Quarterly 5 no. 4 (March 1922): 194. 132. Alfred Chatterton, “Hand-loom Weaving,” Journal of Indian Industries and Labour 1 no. 3 (August 1921): 391. 133. Mehta, “Co-Operation and Cottage Industries,” 195. 134. Chatterton, “Hand-Loom Weaving,” 391. 232 NOTES

135. K. R. Kulkarni, “The Spinning Wheel and the Co-Operative System,” The Bombay Co-Operative Quarterly 5 no. 1 (June 1921): 9–10. 136. H. W. Wolff, “The Small Industries of India,” The Bombay Co-Operative Quarterly 3 no. 3 (December 1919): 133–134. 137. P. G. Shah, “Cottage Industries in India,” The Bombay Co-Operative Quarterly 2 no. 3 (December 1918): 141. 138. Shah, “Cottage Industries in India,” 146. 139. Government of Bombay, Annual Report on the Working of Co-Operative Societies in the Bombay Presidency Including Sind for the Twelve Months Ending March 31st, 1915 (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1915), 17. Hereafter annual reports from that series will be referred to as “Annual Report on the Working of Co-Operative Societies,” with the different years indicated by publication date, and the presidency location indicated by author. 140. H. W. Wolff, “Introduction” in Indian Co-Operative Studies (University of Bombay Economic Series No. 2), ed. R. B. Ewbank (Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1920), 5. 141. Quoted in Goswami, Producing India, 251–252. 142. Government of Bombay, Annual Report on the Working of Co-Operative Societies (1917), 3, 20. 143. Proceedings of the Conference of Registrars of Co-Operative Credit Societies Held at Simla on the 25th September 1906, and Following Days (Simla: Government Central Printing Office, 1906), 18–19. 144. Government of Bombay, Annual Report on the Working of Co-Operative Societies (1915), 5. 145. Government of Bombay, Annual Report on the Working of Co-Operative Societies (1907), 5. 146. Government of Bombay, Annual Report on the Working of Co-Operative Societies (1912), 11; Government of Bombay, Annual Report on the Working of Co-Operative Societies (1919), 17; Baroda State, Report of the Committee on the Economic Development of the Baroda State, 1918–19 (Bombay: Times Press, 1920), 163. 147. Government of Bombay, Annual Report on the Working of Co-Operative Societies (1912), 11. Government of Bombay, Annual Report on the Working of Co-Operative Societies (1919), 17. 148. Government of Bombay, Annual Report on the Working of Co-Operative Societies (1919), 17. 149. For government faith in the prospects for cooperatives among leather work- ers, see Government Resolution from the Revenue Department, no. 572, 20 January 1911, appended to the end of Government of Bombay, Annual Report on the Working of Co-Operative Societies, 1910. Six leatherworkers’ cooperatives are mentioned in the 1908 annual report by the Registrar of Cooperatives for the Bombay Presidency (Government of Bombay, Annual Report on the Working of Co-Operative Societies, 1908: 4); by 1911 there was a total of 17 such societies (Government of Bombay, Annual Report on the Working of Co-Operative Societies, 1911, 16.) NOTES 233

150. A caste name, usually denoting leather workers. 151. Government of Bombay, Annual Report on the Working of Cooperative Societies (1913), 15. 152. Merchant-moneylenders. 153. Proceedings of the Provincial Co-Operative Conference Held in Poona, August 29–30, 1912 (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1912), 46. 154. Proceedings of the Provincial Co-Operative Conference Held in Poona, September 1–2, 1910 (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1910), 6. For other dangers posed by sowkars if cooperatives failed to provide full services, see Government of Bombay, Annual Report on the Working of Cooperative Societies (1914), 2. 155. See, for instance, G. K. Chitale, “Note on Nagar Weavers’ Union and Weavers’ Societies in Nagar District” in Proceedings of the Provincial Co-Operative Conference Held in Poona, August 29–30, 1912, Appendix XVI, 48–49. 156. See, for instance, N. M. Joshi’s assessments of the problems facing artisanal cooperatives in Urban Handicrafts of the Bombay Deccan (Poona: Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Publication No. 5, 1936), 161–162; also S. K. Raja, “Handicrafts in India,” International Labour Review 35 (1937): 501. 157. Government of Bombay, Annual Report on the Working of Co-Operative Societies (1919), 17. 158. Douglas Haynes, The Making of Small-Town Capitalism: Artisans, Merchants and the Politics of Cloth Manufacture in Western India, 1870–1960, unpub- lished book manuscript, chapter 6, pp. 38–39. 159. Government of Bombay, Report of the DPI for 1894–95, lxii. 160. Quoted in Government of Bombay, Report of the DPI for 1890–91, 27. 161. Proceedings of the Art Conference Held in the Technical Institute at Lahore, 31. For similar views, see also Hendley’s comments at the same conference ibid., 12–13. 162. de Forest, IDA, 1269. 163. Government of India, Census of India 1961, Vol. V, Part VII-A(2): Selected Crafts of Gujarat—Wood Carving of Gujarat (New Delhi: Manager of Publications, 1967), 32. 164. H. Clayton, “The Position of the Registrar,” Indian Co-Operative Studies, (University of Bombay Economic Series No. 2), ed. R. B. Ewbank (Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1920), 171. 165. Indian Cooperative Union, “Survey of Associations of Handicraft Artisans, Dealers and Exporters,” unpublished survey sponsored by the All India Handicrafts Board, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India, December 1958, 160.

Chapter 4

1. “Deshi Kala Uttejanna Bhashanma Boleli Kavita” [A poem recited at the speech for the encouragement of native arts], Buddhiprakash 36 no. 7 (July 1889): 161. 2. “The Exigencies of Progress in India,” Journal of the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha 15 no. 4 (April 1893): 6, 13–14. 234 NOTES

3. Hemendra Prasad Ghose, “Swadeshi-cum-Boycott,” The Indian Review 9 no. 4 (April 1908): 267, 266. 4. Pudomjee made his argument in the context of written testimony submitted to the 1902 Clibborn commission appointed by government to consider the question of technical education. (Dorabji Pudomjee to H. O. Quin, Secretary to Government, Educational Department, February 5, 1902. MSA: ED 1902: v. 62, c. 7: 186.) 5. Michael Adas, Machines as the Measure of Man: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989). 6. Government of Bombay, Report of the DPI for 1889–90, Appendix F, xl. 7. See for instance the complaints of Rai Saheb Lala Girdhari Lal, the managing director of a mill in Delhi, at the first Indian Industrial Conference in 1905. (Report of the First Indian Industrial Conference Held at Benaras on Saturday, the 30th December, 1905 [Allahabad: The Indian Press, 1906], 379.) 8. Report of the Third Industrial Conference Held at Surat on the 30th December 1907 (Madras: Indian Industrial Conference, 1908), xi. 9. “Deshi Karigarine Uttejan Aapva Vishe” [Regarding encouragement to be given to native crafts and industry], Buddhiprakash 23 no. 8 (August 1876): 173. See also the Bombay weekly paper the Rast Goftar for November 1898; Report on Native Newspapers Published in the Bombay Presidency for the Week Ending 19 November 1898 (hereafter RNN with the week indicated in the title) (Bombay), 16; and G. Sabramania Iyer in Report of the First Indian Industrial Conference Held at Benaras, 367. 10. “Deshi Karigarine Uttejan” [Encouragement to native crafts and industry], Buddhiprakash 24 no. 11 (November 1877): 250. 11. Quoted in Report of the Third Industrial Conference Held at Surat, 15–16. 12. Gyan Prakash, Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), 171–172. 13. On technical education see, for example, “Education in India: A Tale of Obscurantism and Failure, Sir Sankaran Nair’s Indictment,” Young India 1 no. 7 (May 28, 1919): 7. 14. See, for example, Deepak Kumar, ed., Science and Empire: Essays in Indian Context, 1700–1947 (New Delhi: Aramika Prakashan, 1991), 126–138; Makrand Mehta, “Science versus Technology: The Early Years of the Kala Bhavan, Baroda, 1890–1896,” Indian Journal of History and Science 27 no. 2 (1992): 145–169; Deepak Kumar, Science and the Raj, 1857–1905 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995). 15. See, for instance, Sabyasachi Bhattacharya, “Introduction: An Approach to Education and Inequality,” in Education and the Disprivileged: Nineteenth and Twentieth Century India, ed. Sabyasachi Bhattacharya (Delhi: Orient Longman, 2002): 1–32; Veena Naregal, Language Politics, Elites and the Public Sphere: Western India under Colonialism (London: Anthem Press, 2001). 16. Governor General in Council, Memorandum, August 20, 1857. MSA: GD 1857: v. 43, c. 441. NOTES 235

17. Dr. George Buist to the Court of Directors, January 1, 1850. MSA: GD 1850: v. 94, c. 102. 18. Government of Bombay, Report of the DPI for 1875–76, 50; Government of Bombay, Report of the DPI for 1891–92, 29. 19. William Hunter to William Hart, March 25, 1857. MSA: GD 1857: v. 43, c. 441; Abdala David Sassoon, Elinor David Sassoon, David Sassoon, Reuben David Sassoon to William Hart, March 25, 1857. MSA: GD 1857: v. 43, c. 441. 20. Governor General in Council, Memorandum. August 20, 1857. MSA: GD 1857: v. 43, c. 441. 21. Edward Howard to William Hart, July 25, 1857. MSA: GD 1857: v. 43, c. 441. 22. Arthur Crawford to John Nugent, April 2, 1883. MSA: ED 1883: v. 32, c. 353. 23. For lists of the industrial schools in western India, giving their dates of open- ing, see E. Giles, “Replies to the Interrogations of the Industrial Commission,” January 16, 1902. MSA: ED 1902: v. 62, c. 7; and Mehta, “Science Versus Technology,” 147–149. For a more extended discussion of industrial educa- tion for artisans in this period, see Abigail McGowan, “Educating Artisans as Colonial Modernity: Industrial Education in Late Nineteenth Century Western India,” in Claiming Power from Below: Dalits and the Subaltern Question in India, ed. Manu Bhagvan and Anne Feldhaus (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2008): 84–100. 24. Government of Bombay, Report of the DPI for 1874–75, 149–150. 25. K. M. Chatfield to Chief Secretary to Government, Educational Department, November 11, 1879. MSA: ED 1880: v. 19, c. 8. 26. Government of Bombay, Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol. IV: Ahmedabad (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1879), 141. 27. E. Giles, A. W. Thomson, and Cecil Burns to Secretary to Government, Educational Department, January 13, 1902. MSA: ED 1902: v. 62, c. 7. 28. K. M. Chatfield to Chief Secretary to Government, Educational Department, November 11, 1879. MSA: ED 1880: v. 19, c. 8: 7; H. W. Lewis to Educational Inspector, Southern Division, April 22, 1880. MSA: ED 1880: v. 19, c. 8: 151. 29. K. M. Chatfield to Chief Secretary to Government, Educational Department, November 11, 1879. MSA: ED 1880: v. 19, c. 8: 7, 12. 30. Col J. R. Mannsell to Col. C. J. Merriman, February 24, 1881. MSA: ED 1881: v. 30, c. 335: 600–601. For Mannsell’s other complaints about the Dharwar school, see Col J. R. Mannsell to Col. C. J. Merriman, January 16, 1881. MSA: ED 1881: v. 30, c. 335: 588–596. 31. H. W. Lewis to J. Elphinston, September 20, 1879. MSA: ED 1880: v. 19, c. 8: 87. 32. Report from J. R. Middleton included in Arthur Crawford to C. Gonne, September 5, 1881. MSA: ED 1882: v. 31, c. 37: 227. 33. See for instance, Lieutenant-Colonel J. Clibborn, C. A. Radice, R. E. Enthoven, and Rev. F. Westcott, Report on Industrial Education: Part II: Proceedings of Conferences (Calcutta, Superintendent of Government Printing, 1903), 6. 34. Nita Kumar, Lessons from Schools: The History of Education in Banaras (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2000), 120–150 and chap. 1. 236 NOTES

35. K. M. Chatfield to C. Gonne, November 24, 1876. MSA: ED 1876: v. 25, c. 50: 137. 36. H. G. Pollisen to J. Elphinston, September 23, 1879. MSA: ED 1880: v. 19, c. 8: 46. 37. K. M. Chatfield to Chief Secretary to Government, Educational Department, November 11, 1879. MSA: ED 1880: v. 19, c. 8: 3. 38. See H. G. Pollisen to J. Elphinston, September 23, 1879. MSA: ED 1880: v. 19, c. 8: 54; H. W. Lewis to J. Elphinston, September 20, 1879. MSA: ED 1880: v. 19, c. 8: 62–63. 39. For problems recruiting artisans to the Ratnagiri School of Industry, see Report included in Arthur Crawford to C. Gonne, September 5, 1881. MSA: ED 1882: v. 31, c. 37: 191, 285. For retention problems across industrial schools, see Clibborn et al., Report on Industrial Education: Part I (Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1903), 8–9. 40. Quoted in Papers Relating to Technical Education: 1886–1904 (Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1906), 29. 41. “Resolution on Industrial Schools in India,” The Indian Review 5 no. 1 (January 1904): 57. 42. Quoted in Syed Nurullah and J. P. Naik, A History of Education in India dur- ing the British Period (Bombay: Macmillan & Co., 1951), 696. For a general overview of the problems with industrial education in the Bombay Presidency in particular, see E. Giles, A. W. Thomson and Cecil Burns to Secretary to Government, Educational Department, January 13, 1902. MSA: ED 1902: v. 62, c. 7: 98–100. 43. Sanjay Seth, Subject Lessons: The Western Education of Colonial India (Durham: Duke University Press, 2002), 160. 44. RNN for the Week Ending 26th November 1898 (Bombay), 15. 45. The Industrial Conference held at Madras, December 1908 (Madras: G. A. Nateson, 1909), 48–49. 46. Tirthankar Roy, Traditional Industry in the Economy of Colonial India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 6. 47. Government of Bombay, Report of the DPI for 1885–86, cxx–cxxi; Government of Bombay, Report of the DPI for 1889–90, 32; E. Giles, “Replies to the Interrogations of the Industrial Commission,” January 16, 1902. MSA: ED 1902: v. 62, c. 7. 48. A Compendium of Art, Arts and Crafts, Technical, Industrial, Commercial, Agricultural and Veterinary Institutions in the Province of Bombay (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1939), 20, 37. 49. E. C. Buck, Report on Practical and Technical Education (Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1901). 50. For the recommendations of the Simla conference, see J. F. Hewett to the Government of Bombay, November 20, 1901. MSA: ED 1902: v. 62, c. 7. 51. See Clibborn et al, Report on Industrial Education: Part I and Part II. 52. Clive Dewey, “The Government of India’s ‘New Industrial Policy’, 1900–1925: Formation and Failure,” in Economy and Society: Essays in Indian Economic NOTES 237

and Social History, ed. K. N. Chaudhuri and Clive Dewey (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1979), 219. 53. Clibborn et al, Report on Industrial Education: Part II, 3. For the full text of the Government resolution, see “Resolution on Industrial Schools in India,” 57–62. 54. Lord Curzon, “Speech delivered at the opening of the Educational Conference at Simla on the 2nd September 1901.” MSA: ED 1902: v. 22, c. 427. 55. Quoted in Clibborn, et al., Report on Industrial Education: Part II, 6. 56. “Resolution on Industrial Schools in India,” 61. 57. For the new standards and exams, see E. Giles, A. W. Thomson and Cecil Burns to Secretary to Government, Educational Department, January 13, 1902. MSA: ED 1902: v. 62, c. 7, 99. For the drawing course, see Government of Bombay, Educational Department, Resolution No. 1456 of 1902, August 7, 1902. MSA: ED 1902: v. 22, c. 427. 58. Government of Bombay, Educational Department, Resolution No. 3000, December 12, 1908. MSA: ED 1910: v. 77, c. 7. 59. R. N. Mudholkar, “Education and Industrial Development,” in The Congress and Conference of 1905, Being a Collection of all the Papers Read and Submitted to the First Industrial Conference at Benares (Madras: G. A. Natesan & Co., 1906), 34. John Wallace, the editor of the Indian Textile Journal in Bombay, agreed, arguing to the Indian Industrial Conference at Surat in 1907 that the only proper object of industrial education was “to improve the efficiency of the native craftsman so that he may turn out more and better work and get a better return for his labour.” (Report of the Third Industrial Conference Held at Surat on the 30th December 1907, 52.) 60. Clibborn et al., Report on Industrial Education: Part II, 107. 61. Alfred Chatterton, Agricultural and Industrial Problems in India (Madras: G. A. Natesan, 1904), 136. 62. David Arnold, Colonizing the Body: State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth Century India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995); James Mills and Satadru Sen, Confronting the Body: The Politics of Physicality in Colonial and Post-Colonial India (London: Anthem Press, 2004); Rachel Tolen, “Colonizing and Transforming the Criminal Tribesman: The Salvation Army in British India” American Ethnologist 18 no. 1 (February 1991): 106–125. 63. For a recent collection on the imperial context, see Tony Ballyntyne and Antoinette Burton, Bodies in Contact: Rethinking Colonial Encounters in World History (Durham: Duke University Press, 2005). For artisanal education in Britain, see Arindam Dutta, The Bureaucracy of Beauty: Design in the Age of Its Global Reproducibility (New York: Routledge, 2007), 133; and Adrian Rifkin, “Success Disavowed: The Schools of Design in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain (An Allegory)” Journal of Design History 1 no. 2 (1988): 96–97. 64. Quoted in Buck, Report on Practical and Technical Education, 4. 65. Deepali Dewan, “The Body at Work: Colonial Art Education and the Figure of the ‘Native Craftsman,’” in Confronting the Body, ed. James Mills and Satadru 238 NOTES

Sen, 130; Saloni Mathur, “Living Ethnographic Exhibits: The Case of 1886” Cultural Anthropology 15 no. 4 (2001): 507. 66. Satadru Sen, “Schools, Athletes and Confrontation: The Student Body in Colonial India,” in Confronting the Body, ed. James Mills and Satadru Sen, 58; Tolen, “Colonizing and Transforming the Criminal Tribesman,” 117, 119–20. 67. Quoted in Buck, Report on Practical and Technical Education, 26. 68. As the association’s secretary put it, the group aimed to ameliorate “the condi- tion of the artisan class in general which, when compared with that of the self- opinionated and self-conceited so-called foremost races of the present day, owing to their having possessed manifold opportunities and diverse means to keep us back by the exercise of legal repressive—rather oppressive—measures at their command, socially, intellectually, politically and in various other ways.” (S. V. Kulkarni to W. Lee-Werner, February 22, 1893. MSA: ED 1893: v. 27, c. 313.) 69. A. Satyanarayana, “Growth of Education among the Dalit-Bahujan Communities in Modern Andhra, 1893–1947,” in Education and the Disprivileged, ed. Sabyasachi Bhattacharya, 50–83. 70. Commissioner of Police, Bombay, to W. Lee-Werner, March 17, 1893. MSA: ED 1893: v. 27, c. 313. 71. Mudholkar, “Education and Industrial Development,” 38. 72. See, for instance, Lala Baji Nath, “Some Factors in the Industrial and Commercial Development of India” in Report of the First Indian Industrial Conference Held at Benaras, 290; and R. N. Mudholkar, “Presidential Address” in The Industrial Conference Held at Madras, December 1908 (Madras: G. A. Natesan & Co., 1909), 50. 73. Quoted in Report of the First Indian Industrial Conference Held at Benaras, 30. 74. E. Giles, “Report on the Industrial Conference Held in Bombay on 7th and 8th March 1904,” May 11, 1904. MSA: ED 1905: v. 70, c. 7. 75. Tolen, “Colonizing and Transforming the Criminal Tribesman,” 107. 76. For sericulture, see Dr. George Birdwood to Secretary to Government, General Department, May 1, 1860. MSA: GD 1860: v. 27, c. 123, 312–331. For efforts to investigate clays, see Dr. J. P. Leith, Dr. Henry Carter, and Dr. Lourdes to Secretary to Government, General Department, Bombay, October 20, 1853. MSA: GD 1853: v. 85, c. 527. For attempts to modernize Sindi pottery, see “Bombay Pottery,” Journal of Indian Art and Industries 2 no. 17 (1888): 2–5. 77. For efforts in silk, for instance, see Brenda King, Silk and Empire (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005); and Willem van Schendel, Reviving a Rural Industry: Silk Producers and Officials in India and Bangladesh, 1880s to 1980s (New Delhi: Manohar, 1995). 78. For tanning and sericulture, see S. K. Raja, “Handicrafts in India,” International Labour Review 35 (1937): 497. For dyeing and printing, see “Summaries of Industrial Intelligence for the Quarter Ending 31st March 1922,” Journal of Indian Industries and Labour 2 no. 2 (May 1922): 267. 79. Govindbhai H. Desai and A. B. Clarke, Gazetteer of the Baroda State, vol. 1 (Bombay: Times Press, 1923), 411–413. NOTES 239

80. Romesh C. Dutt, “Industrial India: A Review,” The Indian Review 5 no. 7 (July 1904): 440. 81. For employment numbers, see P. N. Mehta, Report on the Handloom Industry (Bombay: Government Press, 1909), 2. For overall production, see Roy, Traditional Industry in the Economy of Colonial India, 62. 82. Quoted in Mehta, Report on the Handloom Industry, Appendix, 1. 83. Shirin Mehta, “Social Background of Swadeshi Movement in Gujarat, 1875– 1908,” Vidya, 14 no. 1 (January 1981): 31–46. 84. Quoted in Chunilal B. Desai, “Hand-loom Weaving in India,” in Report of the Third Industrial Conference Held at Surat, 217. 85. The different estimates came, respectively, from W. T. Pomfret, “Note on the Progress and the Future Working of the Hand Loom Weaving Industry,” in Proceedings of the Provincial Co-Operative Conference Held in Poona, June 23–24, 1911 (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1911), 28; Alfred Chatterton, Indian Trade Journal, April 9, 1908; and Durgashankar P. Raval, “Hindustanma Udhyogni Bhav Sthiti” [The price conditions of Indian indus- tries], Buddhiprakash 58 no. 1 (January 1911): 5. 86. A. G. Clow, The State and Industry (1920–27) (Calcutta: Government of India, 1928), 60. 87. Proceedings of the Provincial Co-Operative Conference Held in Poona, June 23–24, 1911, 28. 88. S. V. Telang, Report on Handloom Weaving Industry in the Bombay Presidency (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1932), 19. 89. Alfred Chatterton, Indian Trade Journal, April 9, 1908. 90. Established in Ahmednagar in 1813, the mission eventually had major posts in western India in Satara, Bombay, Sirur, Sholapur, Vadala, and Wai; activity at those sites included hospitals, dispensaries, primary and secondary schools, teachers’ colleges, industrial schools, agricultural extension, and camps for criminal tribes. 91. James Smith to William Hazen, August 18, 1908. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions records Houghton Library, Harvard University (hereafter ABCFM). Unit 4, vol. 31: Reel 425 (1901–1909, letters M–W from the Marathi mission). See also James Smith to Dr. Barton, January 7, 1901, ABCFM, Unit 4, vol. 31: Reel 425. 92. H. Fairbank to Dr. Gregg, November 29, 1900, ABCFM, vol. 28: Reel 422. 93. D. C. Churchill to Rev. James Barton, August 18, 1908, ABCFM, vol. 28: Reel 422. 94. Ibid. 95. Ibid., March 18, 1904, ABCFM, vol. 28: Reel 422. 96. Ibid., May 29, 1908, ABCFM, vol. 28: Reel 422. 97. For the advice to the government of Bombay, see James Smith to Dr. Barton, March 25, 1904, ABCFM, vol. 31: Reel 425. For the invitation from Curzon, see D. C. Churchill to Dr. Barton, November 8, 1904, ABCFM, vol. 28: Reel 422. 98. D. C. Churchill to Dr. Barton, November 2, 1908, ABCFM, vol. 28: Reel 422. 240 NOTES

99. Douglas Haynes, “The Churchill Loom” unpublished essay, 4. 100. Ibid., 7. 101. Government of Bombay, Financial Department, Resolution no. 4087, December 15, 1911. MSA: ED 1912: v. 71, c. 206; Government of Bombay, Department of Industries, Annual Report, 1918–19 (1919), 4. 102. Government of Bombay, Annual Report on the Working of Co-Operative Societies (1917), 21; Baroda State, Baroda Administration Report, 1915–16 (1917), 155; Baroda State, Baroda Administration Report, 1916–17 (1918), 141. 103. Rao Bahadur Raojibhai Patel, “Hand-loom Weaving in India,” in Report of the First Indian Industrial Conference Held at Benaras, 200. 104. Alfred Chatterton, Indian Trade Journal; Haynes, “The Churchill Loom”. 105. Registrar of Co-Operative Societies to Government of Bombay, General Department, September 13, 1915. MSA: ED 1915: file 206, 23. 106. Mehta, Report on the Handloom Industry, 10. 107. Raval, “Hindustanma Udhyogni Bhav Sthiti,” Buddhiprakash, 5. 108. Report of the First Indian Industrial Conference Held at Benaras, “Resolutions,” 2. 109. Baroda State, Baroda Administration Report, 1913–14 (1915), 124–125; Government of Bombay, Annual Report on the Working of Co-Operative Societies (1914), 19. 110. A. P. Badenoch, Punjab Industries (Lahore: Government Printing, Punjab, 1917), 5. 111. Government of Bombay, Annual Report on the Working of Co-Operative Societies (1916), 17. 112. Ibid., 16; Government of Bombay, Annual Report on the Working of Co- Operative Societes (1917), 21. 113. Pomfret, “Note on the Progress and the Future,” 27–29. Government of Bombay, Financial Department, Resolution no. 4087, December 15, 1911. MSA: ED 1912: v. 71, c. 206. 114. Government of Bombay, Annual Report on the Working of Co-Operative Societies (1914), 19. 115. Government of Madras, Department of Industries, Notes on Starting Industrial Schools, with Specimen Syllabuses of Instruction: Bulletin No. 17 (Madras: Superintendent, Government Press, 1925), 17–18. 116. Registrar of Co-Operative Societies to Government of Bombay, General Department, September 13, 1915. MSA: ED 1915: file 206. 117. Government of Bombay, Annual Report on the Working of Co-Operative Societies (1916), 17. 118. Chatterton, Indian Trade Journal. 119. Badenoch, Punjab Industries, 4. 120. Government of Bombay, Annual Report on the Working of Co-Operative Societies (1916), 17; Government of Bombay, Department of Industries, Annual Report, 1918–19 (1919), 4. 121. N. M. Joshi, Urban Handicrafts of the Bombay Deccan (Poona: Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Publication No. 5, 1936), 150. NOTES 241

122. Government of Bombay, Department of Industries, Annual Report, 1918–19 (1919), 3. 123. Douglas Haynes, “The Logic of the Artisan Firm in a Capitalist Economy: Handloom Weavers and Technological Change in Western India, 1880– 1947,” in Institutions and Economic Change in South Asia, Burton Stein and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, ed., (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996), 173–205; Tirthankar Roy, “Acceptance of Innovations in Early Twentieth Century Handloom Weaving,” Economic History Review 55 no. 3 (August 2002): 507–532. 124. For handloom courts at the 1905 and 1906 exhibitions, see Report of the First Indian Industrial Conference Held at Benaras, lxxxvii; and Baroda State, Baroda Administration Report, 1906–07 (1908), 78. For the handloom com- petitions, see Report of the Work of the Indian Industrial Conference, Including a Record of General Industrial Activity in the Country (1907), 98–105; and Chatterton, Indian Trade Journal. 125. Indian Industrial Commission, Report (Calcutta: Government Printing, 1918), 111. 126. See, for example, Alfred Chatterton, “The Salem Weaving Factory,” in Report of the Third Industrial Conference Held at Surat, 190–208. 127. Haynes, “The Logic of the Artisan Firm in a Capitalist Economy,” 180–188; Roy, “Acceptance of Innovations,” 513–514. 128. Baroda State, Report on the Administration of the Baroda State for the Official Year Ending 31st July 1897 (1901), 147–149. 129. Baroda State, Report on the Administration of the Baroda State for the Official Year Ending 31st July 1895 (1898), 138. 130. Government of Bombay, Annual Report on the Working of Co-Operative Societies (1917), 21. 131. Clive Dewey, “The Government of India’s ‘New Industrial Policy,’” 244. 132. “The Department of Industries,” Prajabandhu 29 no. 13 (March 28, 1926): 1. 133. Joshi, Urban Handicrafts of the Bombay Deccan, 158–159. 134. Prakash, Another Reason. 135. “Report on the Industrial Conference held in Bombay on 7th and 8th March 1904,” May 11, 1904. MSA: ED 1905: v. 70, c. 7. 136. The Story of The Sir JJ School of Art, 1857–1957 (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1958), 156; Government of Bombay, Sir George Clarke Technical Laboratories and Studios: Pottery Department—Prospectus. MSA: ED 1915: file 12; C. P. Shah, Report on the Possibility of Pottery Manufacture in the Province of Bombay (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1941), 4. 137. Cecil Burns to Director of Public Instruction, June 9, 1910. MSA: ED 1910: v. 77, c. 12. 138. The Story of the Sir JJ. School of Art, 191. 139. Cecil Burns to Director of Public Instruction, May 5, 1910. MSA: ED 1910: v. 77, c. 12; Government of Bombay Department of Industries, Annual Report, 1918–19 (1919), 5–6. 242 NOTES

140. Shah, Report on the Possibility of Pottery Manufacture in the Province of Bombay, 4. 141. Government of Bombay, Educational Department, Resolution no. 2520, December 13, 1910. MSA: ED 1912: v. 73, c. 12. 142. Bhattacharya, “Introduction: An Approach to Education and Inequality,” 6. 143. Mehta, Report on the Handloom Industry, 7. 144. Ibid.; and Government of Bombay Resolution (General Department no. 4710, September 7, 1909), p. 2 (appended to the end of Mehta’s report.) 145. Government of Bombay Resolution (General Department no. 4710, September 7, 1909), p. 1 (appended to the end of Mehta, Report on the Handloom Industry.) 146. Ibid. 147. Romesh C. Dutt, “Presidential Address” in The Congress and Conference of 1905, 4. 148. “Hindi Hunnar Udyog Parishad” [The Indian industrial conference], Buddhiprakash 53 no. 1 (January 1906): 27. 149. Quoted in Report of the First Indian Industrial Conference Held at Benaras, 38. For similar sentiments fifteen years later, see Baroda State, Report of the Committee on the Economic Development of the Baroda State, 1918–19 (Bombay: Times Press, 1920), 162–163. 150. Dutta, The Bureaucracy of Beauty, 241.

Conclusion

1. “Udhyogoddhar” [The uplift of industry], Buddhiprakash 50 no. 3 (March 1903): 69. 2. Ibid., Buddhiprakash 50 no. 8 (August 1903): 241. 3. Ibid., Buddhiprakash 50 no. 10 (October 1903): 300. 4. Ibid., Buddhiprakash 50 no. 11 (November 1903): 341. 5. Emma Tarlo, Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in Modern India (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 87. 6. Jaju Shrikrishnadas, The All India Spinners’ Association and Its Work: A Brief Account (Up to 1951) (Wardha: All-India Spinners’ Association, 1951), 8. 7. Shrikrishnadas, All India Spinners’ Association and Its Work, 9–10. 8. For a thorough overview of khadi activities and agencies, see Lisa Trivedi, Clothing Gandhi’s Nation: Homespun and Modern India (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007). 9. Mohandas Gandhi, “Hind Swaraj,” in The Penguin Gandhi Reader, ed. Rudrangshu Mukherjee (1909; New York: Penguin Books, 1993), 17. 10. “Swaraj and Khaddar,” Young India 4 no. 18 (May 11, 1922): 228, 227. 11. Traditional spinning wheel favored by Gandhi. 12. See Mohandas K. Gandhi, “The Uses of Khaddar,” Young India 2 no. 17 (April 28, 1920): 5; P. C. Ray, “Dr. Ray on Charkha,” Young India 4 no. 5 (February 2, 1922): 71; “Public Life In Godhra: Swadeshi and Suppressed Classes,” Young NOTES 243

India 1 no. 31 (August 20, 1919): 1; B. Chowdary, “Recreation in the Charkha,” Young India 3 no. 29 (July 21, 1921): 227; Mohandas K. Gandhi, “Wanted Experts,” Young India 3 no. 38 (September 22, 1921): 304; Ibid., “The Great Sentinel,” Young India 3 no. 41 (October 13, 1921): 324; Shrikrishnadas, All India Spinners’ Association and Its Work, 6; “Greater Use of Handlooms,” Young India 3 no. 19 (May 11, 1921): 152. 13. Mohandas K. Gandhi, “The Spinning Wheel,” Young India 4 no. 14 (April 6, 1922): 185. 14. Mohandas K. Gandhi, “To the Women of India,” Young India 3 no. 32 (August 11, 1921): 253. 15. K. R., “The Beauty of It,” Young India 4 no. 31 (August 3, 1922): 324. 16. Ibid. 17. Susan Bean, “Gandhi and Khadi: The Fabric of Indian Independence,” in Cloth and Human Experience, ed. Annette. B. Weiner and Jane Schneider (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989), 355–376. 18. P. C. Ray, “Khadi for Seva Work,” Young India 4 no. 24 (June 15, 1922): 270. 19. “Mr. Gandhi’s Ellore Speech,” Young India 3 no. 19 (May 11, 1921): 150. 20. “The Potency of the Spinning Wheel,” Young India 3 no. 27 (July 6, 1921): 216. 21. “Swaraj and Khaddar,” 228. 22. Maganlal K. Gandhi, “A Model Weaving School: III,” Young India 3 no. 36 (September 3, 1921): 287. 23. Jamanlal Bajaj, “Khaddar Scheme,” Young India 4 no. 23 (June 8, 1922): 264. 24. Mohandas K. Gandhi, “Selling Khadi,” Young India 3 no. 51 (December 22, 1921): 526. 25. “Progress of Swadeshi,” Young India 2 no. 22 (June 9, 1920): 1. For more on swadeshi stores, see Abigail McGowan, “Developing Traditions: Crafts and Cultural Change in Modern India, 1851–1922,” unpublished Ph.D disserta- tion, University of Pennsylvania, 2003, chap. 4. 26. T. A. Chettier, “A Peep into My Wardrobe,” Young India 4 no. 32 (August 10, 1922), 334–335; Trivedi, Clothing Gandhi’s Nation, 30–31. 27. M. P. Gandhi, How to Compete with Foreign Cloth: A Study of the Position of Hand-Spinning, Hand-Weaving and Cotton Mills in the Economics of Cloth Production in India (Calcutta: The Book Company, 1931), 46–47. 28. Mohandas K. Gandhi, “To the Women of India,” 253. 29. Trivedi, Clothing Gandhi’s Nation, 68. See also Tarlo, Clothing Matters, 94–117. 30. Shrikrishnadas, All India Spinners’ Association and Its Work, 12–14. 31. Tarlo, Clothing Matters, 94–128. 32. See Ibid., 117–118. 33. Trivedi, Clothing Gandhi’s Nation, 12–37. 34. Saloni Mathur, India by Design: Colonial History and Cultural Display (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), 46–47. 35. Trivedi, Clothing Gandhi’s Nation, 14. 36. See, for instance, Bean, “Gandhi and Khadi”; Bernard Cohn, “Cloth, Clothes and Colonialism,” in Cloth and the Human Experience, ed. Annette. B. Weiner 244 NOTES

and Jane Schneider (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989), 303–353; Tarlo, Clothing Matters. 37. C. A. Bayly, “The Origins of Swadeshi (Home Industry): Cloth and Indian Society, 1700–1930,” in The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, ed. Arjun Appadurai (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 285–321. 38. Som Benegal, The Story of Handicrafts (Delhi: All India Handicrafts Board, Ministry of Production, 1960), 3. 39. K. K. Subrahmanian, “Introduction: An Overview of the Handicrafts Industry,” in The Handicrafts Industry in : Blending Heritage with Economics, ed. K. K. Subrahmanian (Delhi: Centre for , 2006), 4. 40. J. M. Lobo Prabhu, “New Thoughts on Cottage Industry,” Roopa-Lekha 27 no. 1 (1956): 57. 41. D. N. Saraf, Indian Crafts: Development and Potential (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1982), 253. 42. Adris Banerji, “Folk Museums in India,” Modern Review 80 (1946): 200, 199. 43. Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya, “Origin and Development of Embroidery in Our Land,” Marg 17 no. 2 (1964): 3. 44. Benegal, Story of Handicrafts, 14. 45. Saraf, Indian Crafts, 22, 257. 46. D. N. Saraf, In the Journey of Craft Development (New Delhi: Sampark, 1991), 59–60; Ajit Mookerjee, “Crafts Museum,” Marg 19 no. 1 (1965): 18; Hermann Goetz, “Calico Museum of Textiles at Ahmedabad,” Marg 3 no. 4 (1949): 57–61. 47. H. Kumar Vyas, “The Designer and the Socio-Technology of Small-Production,” Journal of Design History 4 no. 3 (1991): 194. 48. Tirthankar Roy, “Development or Distortion? Powerlooms in India, 1950–97,” Economic and Political Weekly 33 no. 16 (1998): 898, 900. 49. L. C. Jain, “A Heritage to Keep: The Handicrafts Industry, 1955–1985,” Economic and Political Weekly 21 no. 20 (1986): 883. 50. Saraf, In the Journey of Craft Development, 48, 56; P. N. Sankaran, “Wood Carving Artisans in City: A Study of Beneficiaries vis-a-vis Non-Beneficiaries of Institutional Intervention,” in The Handicrafts Industry in Kerala, ed. K. K. Subrahmanian, 75. 51. Maureen Liebl and Tirthankar Roy, “Handmade in India: Preliminary Analysis of Crafts Producers and Crafts Production,” Economic and Political Weekly 38 no. 51–52 (2003): 5366–5376; K. A. Stephanson, “Socio-Economic Aspects of Labour in Household Handicrafts in Thrissur District,” in The Handicrafts Industry in Kerala, ed. K. K. Subrahmanian, 191–208. Bibliography

Journals Consulted

Bombay Co-operative Quarterly (BCQ) Buddhiprakash The Indian Review (IR) Journal of Indian Art and Industries (JIAI) Journal of Indian Industries and Labour (JIIL) Journal of the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha Prajabandhu Young India

Primary Sources

Art in Industry through the Ages: Monograph Series of Bombay Presidency. New Delhi: Navrang, 1976. Calcutta International Exhibition of 1883–84: Reports of the Bombay Committee and Others. Bombay: Times of India Press, 1884. A Compendium of Art, Arts and Crafts, Technical, Industrial, Commercial, Agricultural and Veterinary Institutions in the Province of Bombay. Bombay: Government Central Press, 1939. The Congress and Conference of 1905, Being a Collection of All the Papers Read and Submitted to the First Industrial Conference at Benares. Madras: G. A. Natesan & Co., 1906. The Crystal Palace and Its Contents: Being an Illustrated Cyclopaedia of the Great Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations, 1851. London: W. M. Clark, 1852. Dickinson’s Comprehensive Pictures of the Great Exhibition of 1851. London: Dickinson, 1854. General Report of the North-West Provinces Exhibition, Held at Agra, February 1867. Roorkee: Thomason Civil Engineering College Press, 1868. The Industrial Conference Held at Madras, December 1908. Madras: G. A. Natesan & Co., 1909. Lectures on the Results of the Exhibition: Delivered before the Society of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. London: David Bogue, 1852. 246 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Official Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue. Vol. 2. London: Royal Commission for the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations, 1851. Papers Relating to Technical Education: 1886–1904. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1906. Proceedings of the Art Conference Held in the Technical Institute at Lahore on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th January 1894. Calcutta: Government Central Printing Office, 1894. Proceedings of the Conference of Registrars of Co-Operative Credit Societies Held at Simla on the 25th September 1906, and Following Days. Simla: Government Central Printing Office, 1906. Proceedings of the Provincial Co-Operative Conference Held in Poona. Bombay: Government Central Press, various. Report on the Arts, Manufactures and Produce at the Nagpur Exhibition, 1865. Nagpur, 1866. Report of the Conference as Regards Museums in India, Held at Calcutta on Dec. 27th to 31st, 1907. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1908. Report of the Fifth Indian Industrial Conference Held at Lahore on the 30th December 1909. Amraoti: Indian Industrial Conference, 1910. Report of the First Indian Industrial Conference Held at Benaras on Saturday, the 30th December, 1905. Allahabad: The Indian Press, 1906. Report on the Jubbulpore Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures and Produce, December 1866. Nagpur: Central Provinces Printing Press, 1867. Report of the Ninth Indian Industrial Conference Held at Karachi on the 25th December 1913. Amraoti: Indian Industrial Conference, 1914. Report of the Third Industrial Conference Held at Surat on the 30th December 1907. Madras: Indian Industrial Conference, 1908. Report of the Work of the Indian Industrial Conference, Including a Record of General Industrial Activity in the Country. Madras: Thompson & Co., 1907. The Story of the Sir J. J. School of Art, 1857–1957. Bombay: Government Central Press, 1958. Tallis’s History and Description of the Crystal Palace and the Exhibition of the World’s Industry in 1851. London: John Tallis & Co., 1852. Technical Art Series of Illustrations of Indian Architectural Decorative Work. Calcutta: Survey of India Offices, various. Badenoch, A. P. Punjab Industries. Lahore: Government Printing, Punjab, 1917. Banerji, Adris. “Folk Museums in India.” Modern Review 80 (1946): 199–201. Barlow, Glyn. Industrial India. Madras: G. A. Natesan, 1904. Baroda State. Baroda Administration Report. Bombay: Times Press, various. ———. Report of the Committee on the Economic Development of the Baroda State, 1918–19. Bombay: Times Press, 1920. Behari, Prem. “Industrial Development of India.” In Report of the First Indian Industrial Conference Held at Benaras, xxx–xxxv. Benegal, Som. The Story of Handicrafts. Delhi: All India Handicrafts Board, Ministry of Production, 1960. BIBLIOGRAPHY 247

Birdwood, George. Two Letters on the Industrial Arts of India. London: W. B. Whittington and Co., 1879. ———. The Industrial Arts of India. London: Chapman and Hall, 1880. Bombay, Government of. General Report on the Administration of the Bombay Presidency for the Year 1871–72. Bombay: Government Central Press, 1873. ———. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. IV: Ahmedabad. Bombay: Government Central Press, 1879. ———. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. V: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha. Bombay: Government Central Press, 1880. ———. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. XVI: Nasik. Bombay: Government Central Press, 1883. ———. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. XX: Sholapur. Bombay: Government Central Press, 1884. ———. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency Vol. XVIII, Part II: Poona. Bombay: Government Central Press, 1885. ———. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. IX, Part I: Gujarat Population— Hindus. Bombay: Government Central Press, 1901. ———. Annual Report on the Working of Co-Operative Societies in the Bombay Presidency (Including Sind). Bombay: Government Central Press, various. ———. Report of the Director of Public Instruction. Bombay: Government Central Press, various. ———. Report on Native Newspapers Published in the Bombay Presidency. Bombay: Government Central Press, various. Bombay, Government of, Department of Industries. Annual Report. Bombay: Government Central Press, various. Brendon, B. A. A Monograph on the Woollen Fabrics of the Bombay Presidency, 1899. Reprinted in Art in Industry through the Ages, 69–81. Brown, Percy. “The Artistic Trades of the Punjab and Their Development.” In The Industrial Conference Held at Madras (1909), 172–81. ———. “The Artistic Trades of Bengal and Their Development.” In Report of the Fifth Indian Industrial Conference (1910), 116–23. Buchanan, Francis. The History, Antiquities, Topography, and Statistics of Eastern India. Edited by Montgomery Martin. London: Wm. H. Allen and Co., 1838. Buck, E. C. Report on Practical and Technical Education. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1901. Burns, Cecil L. “The Function of Schools of Art in India.” Journal of the Royal Society of Arts (1909): 629–50. Carpenter, Mary. Six Months in India. Vol. 2. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1868. Chatterton, Alfred. Agricultural and Industrial Problems in India. Madras: G. A. Natesan & Co., 1904. ———. “The Salem Weaving Factory.” In Report of the Third Industrial Conference Held at Surat (1908): 190–208. ———. Industrial Evolution in India. Madras: The ‘Hindu’ Office, 1912. 248 BIBLIOGRAPHY

———. “Hand-Loom Weaving.” JIIL 1, no. 3 (1921): 389–91. Chattopadhyaya, Kamaladevi. “Origin and Development of Embroidery in Our Land.” Marg 17, no. 2 (1964): 5–10. ———, “Painting with the Needle.” Marg 17, no. 2 (1964): 2–4. Chitale, G. K. “Note on Nagar Weavers’ Union and Weavers’ Societies in Nagar District.” In Proceedings of the Provincial Co-Operative Conference Held in Poona, August 29–30, 1912, 48–49. Churchill, D. C. “The Hand-Loom in Ahmednagar.” In Report of the Third Industrial Conference Held at Surat, 208–17. Clayton, H. “The Position of the Registrar.” In Indian Co-operative Studies, edited by R. B. Ewbank, 169–90. Clibborn, Lieutenant-Colonel J., C. A. Radice, R. E. Enthoven, and Rev. F. Westcott. Report on Industrial Education. Part I. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1903. ———. Report on Industrial Education Part II, Proceedings of Conferences. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1903. Clow, A. G. The State and Industry (1920–27). Calcutta: Government of India, 1928. Coleman, Caryl. “India in America.” Decorator and Furnisher 6 (1885): 202–03. Coomaraswamy, Ananda. Medieval Sinhalese Art. Broad Campden: Essex House Press, 1908. ———. The Indian Craftsman. 1909. Reprint, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1989. ———. Art and Swadeshi. 1912. Reprint, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1994. ———. Rajput Painting. New York: Oxford University Press, 1916. ———. The Dance of Siva. New York: Sunwise Turn, 1918. ———. The History of Indian and Indonesian Art. New York: E. Weyhe, 1927. Cundall, Frank, ed. Reminiscences of the Colonial and Indian Exhibition. London: William Clowes and Sons, 1886. Curzon, Lord. “Indian Art Exhibition at Delhi.” In Lord Curzon in India: Being a Selection from His Speeches as Viceroy and Governor-General of India, 1898–1905, edited by Sir Thomas Raleigh, 204–09. New York: Macmillan Company, 1906. Cutch State. Reports on the Administration of the Cutch State. Bombay: Bombay Gazette Steam Press, various. de Forest, Lockwood. Indian Domestic Architecture. Boston: Heliotype Printing Co., 1885. ———. Illustrations of Design: Based on Notes of Line as Used by the Craftsmen of India. Boston: Ginn and Co., 1912. Desai, Chunilal B. “Hand-Loom Weaving in India.” In Report of the Third Industrial Conference Held at Surat, 217–25. Desai, Govindbhai H., and A. B. Clarke. Gazetteer of the Baroda State. Vol. 1. Bombay: Times Press, 1923. Dutt, Romesh C. Speeches and Papers on Indian Questions 1901 and 1902. Calcutta: Elm Press, 1902. BIBLIOGRAPHY 249

———. “Industrial India: A Review.” IR 5, no. 7 (1904): 437–40. ———. “Presidential Address.” In The Congress and Conference of 1905, 1–5. Edwardes, E. M. Monograph upon the Silk Fabrics of the Bombay Presidency, 1900. Reprinted in Art in Industry through the Ages, 1–67. Ewbank, R. B., ed. Indian Co-operative Studies (University of Bombay Economic Series No. 2). Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1920. Fawcett, C. G. H. A Monograph on Dyes and Dyeing in the Bombay Presidency, 1908. Reprinted in Art in Industry through the Ages, 83–125. Fernandes, G. P. Report on the Art-Crafts of the Bombay Presidency. Bombay: Government Central Press, 1932. Gandhi, Mohandas K. “Indian Art, Its Neglect.” Young India 1, no. 8 (1919): 3. ———. “Hind Swaraj.” 1909. In The Penguin Gandhi Reader, edited by Rudrangshu Mukherjee, 3–66. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. Gandhi, M. P. How to Compete with Foreign Cloth: A Study of the Position of Hand- Spinning, Hand-Weaving and Cotton Mills in the Economics of Cloth Production in India. Calcutta: The Book Company, 1931. Ghose, Hemendra Prasad. “Swadeshi-Cum-Boycott.” IR 9, no. 4 (1908): 266–71. Goetz, Hermann. “Calico Museum of Textiles at Ahmedabad.” Marg 3, no. 4 (1949): 57–61. Griffiths, John. “The Brass and Copper Wares of the Bombay Presidency.” JIAI 7, no. 55 (1896): 13–22. Gupta, Samarendra Nath. “The Place of Indian Art in Indian Industries.” In Report of the Ninth Indian Industrial Conference, 237–45. Hadaway, W. S. Cotton Painting and Printing in the Madras Presidency. Madras: Government Press, 1917. Hazen, William. A Century in India: A Historical Sketch of the Marathi Mission of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions: The American Marathi Mission (from 1813 to 1913). Bombay: American Marathi Mission, 1913. Henderson, Dr. J. R. “Note on the Victoria Technical Institute, Madras.” In The Book of the Madras Exhibition, 1915–16, 407–15. Madras: Madras Government Press, 1916. Hendley, Thomas Holbein. Memorials of the Jeypore Exhibition, 1883. Vol. 1–4. London: W. Griggs, 1884. ———. London Indo-Colonial Exhibition of 1886: Handbook of the Jeypore Courts. Calcutta: Calcutta Central Press, 1886. ———. Asian Carpets: XVI and XVII Century Designs from the Jaipur Palaces from Material Supplied with Permission of the Maharaja of Jaipur and Other Sources. London: W. Griggs, 1905. Hope, T. C. Report on the Broach Exhibition of 1868–69. Bombay: Education Society’s Press, 1869. India, Government of. Report of the Committee on Co-Operation in India. Government Press: Simla, 1915. ———. Census of India 1961. Vol. V, Part VII-a(1): Selected Crafts of Gujarat— Agate Industry of Cambay. Manager of Publications: New Delhi, 1967. 250 BIBLIOGRAPHY

———. Census of India 1961. Vol. V, Part VII-a(2): Selected Crafts of Gujarat— Wood Carving of Gujarat. Manager of Publications: New Delhi, 1967. ———. Census of India 1961: Vol. V, Part VII-a(21): Selected Crafts of Gujarat— Bandhani or Tie and Dye Sari of Jamnagar. Manager of Publications: New Delhi, 1969. Indian Cooperative Union. “Survey of Associations of Handicraft Artisans, Dealers and Exporters.” Unpublished survey sponsored by the All India Handicrafts Board, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India. 1958. Indian Industrial Commission. Report. Calcutta: Government Printing, 1918. ———. Minutes of Evidence Taken before the Indian Industrial Commission, 1916– 1918. Vol. 4: Bombay. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1919. Jones, Owen. The Grammar of Ornament. London: Day & Co., 1856. Joshi, N. M. Urban Handicrafts of the Bombay Deccan. Poona: Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Publication No. 5, 1936. Kale, B. G. “Small Industries in India.” IR 12, no. 1 (1911): 74–78. Kipling, Rudyard. Letters of Marque. Allahabad: A. H. Wheeler & Co., 1891. Kirk, R. T. F. A Monograph on Papermaking in the Bombay Presidency, 1907? Reprinted in Art in Industry through the Ages, 303–11. Kulkarni, K. R. “The Spinning Wheel and the Co-operative System.” BCQ 5, no. 1 (1921): 9–10. Latimer, C. “Carpet Making in the Punjab.” JIAI 17, no. 131 (1916): 15–26. Low, C. E. “The Central Provinces and Berar Exhibition.” In The Industrial Conference Held at Madras, 147–71. Maconochie, E. A Monograph on the Pottery and Glass Industries of the Bombay Presidency, 1895. Reprinted in Art in Industry through the Ages, 259–72. Madras, Government of, Department of Industries. Notes on Starting Industrial Schools, with Specimen Syllabuses of Instruction: Bulletin No. 17. Madras: Superintendent, Government Press, 1925. Markham, S. F., and H. Hargreaves. The Museums of India. London: Museums Association, 1936. Martin, J. R. A Monograph on Tanning and Working in Leather in the Bombay Presidency, 1903. Reprinted in Art in Industry through the Ages, 313–51. Mehta, P. N. Report on the Handloom Industry. Bombay: Government Press, 1909. Mehta, V. N. “The Government School of Arts and Crafts, Lucknow.” JIIL 2, no. 1 (1922): 48–54. ———. “Co-operation and Cottage Industries.” BCQ 5, no. 4 (1922). Mookerjee, Ajit. “Crafts Museum.” Marg 19, no. 1 (1965): 18. Mudholkar. R. N. “Education and Industrial Development.” In The Congress and Conference of 1905 (1906), 31–41. ———. “Presidential Address.” In The Industrial Conference Held at Madras (1909), 17–60. Mukharji, T. N. A Visit to Europe. London: Edward Stanford, 1889. Nath, Lala Baji. “Some Factors in the Industrial and Commercial Development of India.” In Report of the First Indian Industrial Conference Held at Benaras, 277–302. BIBLIOGRAPHY 251

Nissim, J. A Monograph on Wire and Tinsel in Bombay Presidency, 1909. Reprinted in Art in Industry through the Ages, 287–302. Northwest Frontier Provinces and Oudh Provincial Museum, Lucknow. Minutes of the Managing Committee from August 1883 to 31 March 1888 with Introduction. Allahabad: Northwest Frontier Provinces and Oudh Government Press, 1889. Palit, Ram Chandra, ed. Speeches and Published Resolutions of Lord Ripon. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press, 1882. Patel, Rao Bahadur Raojibhai. “Hand-Loom Weaving in India.” In Report of the First Indian Industrial Conference Held at Benaras, 191–200. Pomfret, W. T. “Note on the Progress and the Future Working of the Hand Loom Weaving Industry.” In Proceedings of the Provincial Co-operative Conference Held in Poona, June 23–24, 1911, 27–29. Prabhu, J. M. Lobo. “New Thoughts on Cottage Industry.” Roopa-Lekha 27, no. 1 (1956): 57–60. Raja, S. K. “Handicrafts in India.” International Labour Review 35 (1937): 488–504. Ranade, Mahadev Govind. Essays on Indian Economics: A Collection of Essays and Speeches. Madras: G. A. Natesan & Co., 1906. Royle, John Forbes. On the Culture and Commerce of Cotton in India and Elsewhere; with an Account of the Experiments Made by the Hon. East India Company up to the Present Time. London: Smith, Elder, & Co., 1851. ———. “Lecture XI: The Arts and Manufactures of India.” In Lectures on the Results of the Exhibition, 331–401. Sastu, Pandit Natesa. “The Decline of South Indian Arts—Continued.” JIAI 3, no. 29 (1890): 28–32. Semper, Gottfried. “Science, Industry and Art: Proposals for the Development of a National Taste in Art at the Closing of the London Industrial Exhibition.” 1852. In The Four Elements of Architecture and Other Writings, translators Harry Francis Mallgrave and Herrman Wolfgang, 130–67. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Shah, C. P. Report on the Possibility of Pottery Manufacture in the Province of Bombay. Bombay: Government Central Press, 1941. Shah, D. A. An Historical Summary and Critical Examination of the Indian Point of View in Economics: Being the Manockjee Limjee Gold Medal Essay of the University of Bombay, for the Year 1916. Bombay: Bombay Vaibhav Press, 1920. Shah, P. G. “Cottage Industries in India.” BCQ 2, no. 3 (1918): 141–43. Shelton, William Henry. “The Most Indian House in America.” House Beautiful 8, no. 1 (1900): 419–23. Shrikrishnadas, Jaju. The All India Spinners’ Association and Its Work: A Brief Account (up to 1951). Wardha: All-India Spinners’ Association, 1951. Steel, Flora Annie. “Phulkari Work in the Punjab.” JIAI 2, no. 24 (1888): 71–72. Telang, S. V. Report on Handloom Weaving Industry in the Bombay Presidency. Bombay: Government Central Press, 1932. Twigg, H. J. R. A Monograph on the Art and Practice of Carpet-Making in the Bombay Presidency, 1907. Reprinted in Art in Industry through the Ages, 127–214. 252 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Wallace, John. “Technical Education for the Workman.” In Report of the Third Industrial Conference Held at Surat, 46–58. Wardle, Thomas. “The Indian Silk Culture Court.” JIAI 1, no. 15 (1886): 115–18. ———. Tissue or Textile Printing as an Art: A Lecture Delivered at the Manchester Municipal School of Art Museum on Wednesday, March 15, 1890. Manchester: Marsden & Co., 1890. Watson, John Forbes. The International Exhibition of 1862: Classified and Descriptive Catalogue of the Indian Department. London: Her Majesty’s Commissioners, 1862. ———. The Textile Manufactures and the Costumes of the People of India. London, 1866. Watt, George. Indian Art at Delhi: Being the Official Catalogue of the Delhi Exhibition, 1902–1903. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1903. Whewell, William. “The General Bearing of the Great Exhibition on the Progress of Art and Science.” In Lectures on the Results of the Exhibition, 3–25. Wolff, Henry W. “The Small Industries of India.” BCQ 3, no. 3 (1919): 133–34. ———. “Introduction.” In Indian Co-operative Studies, edited by R. B. Ewbank, 1–19. Wyatt, Matthew Digby. The Industrial Arts of the Nineteenth Century: A Series of Illustrations of the Choicest Specimens Produced by Every Nation at the Great Exhibition of Works of Industry, 1851. Vols. 1 and 2. London: Day & Son, 1851 and 1853. ———. “Orientalism in European Industry.” Macmillan’s Magazine 21 (1870): 551–56.

Secondary Sources

Adas, Michael. Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989. Appadurai, Arjun. “Number in the Colonial Imagination.” In Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization, 114–35. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997. Archambault, Michele. “Blockprinted Fabrics of Gujarat for Export to Siam: An Encounter with Mr. Maneklal T. Gajjar.” Journal of the Siam Society 77, no. 2 (1989): 71–74. Arnold, David. Colonizing the Body: State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth Century India. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995. Asher, Catherine, and Thomas Metcalf, eds. Perceptions of South Asia’s Visual Past. New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, 1994. Ata-Ullah, Naazia. “Stylistic Hybridity and Colonial Art and Design Education: A Wooden Carved Screen by Ram Singh.” In Colonialism and the Object: Empire, Material Culture and the Museum, edited by Tim Barringer and Tom Flynn, 68–81. New York: Routledge, 1998. BIBLIOGRAPHY 253

Atkins, Keletso E. The Moon Is Dead! Give Us Our Money! The Cultural Origins of an African Work Ethic, Natal, South Africa, 1843–1900. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1993. Auerbach, Jeffrey A. The Great Exhibition of 1851: A Nation on Display. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. Bagchi, Amiya Kumar. “‘The Deindustrialization of India’: A Reply.” Indian Economic and Social History Review 16, no. 2 (1979): 147–61. Baker, Christopher. An Indian Rural Economy, 1880–1955: The Tamilnad Countryside. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984. Ballantyne, Tony, and Antoinette Burton, eds. Bodies in Contact: Rethinking Colonial Encounters in World History. Durham: Duke University Press, 2005. Bayly, C. A. “The Origins of Swadeshi (Home Industry): Cloth and Indian Society, 1700–1930.” In The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, edited by Arjun Appadurai, 285–321. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. ———. Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. ———. “‘Archaic’ And ‘Modern’ Globalization in the Euroasian and African Arena, Ca. 1750–1870.” In Globalization in World History, edited by A. G. Hopkins, 45–72. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2002. Bean, Susan S. “Gandhi and Khadi: The Fabric of Indian Independence.” In Cloth and Human Experience, edited by Annette B. Weiner and Jane Schneider, 355–76. Berg, Maxine. “In Pursuit of Luxury: Global History and British Consumer Goods in the Eighteenth Century.” Past and Present 182, no. 1 (2004): 85–142. Bhabha, Homi K. “Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse.” In The Location of Culture, 85–92. New York: Routledge, 1994. Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi. “Cultural and Social Constraints on Technological Innovation and Economic Development.” Indian Economic and Social History Review 3, no. 3 (1966): 240–67. ———, ed. Education and the Disprivileged: Nineteenth and Twentieth Century India. Delhi: Orient Longman, 2002. ———. “Introduction: An Approach to Education and Inequality.” In Education and the Disprivileged, edited by Sabyasachi Bhattacharya, 1–32. Breckenridge, Carol A. “The Aesthetics and Politics of Colonial Collecting: India at World Fairs.” Comparative Studies of Society and History 31, no. 2 (1989): 195–216. Breckenridge, Carol A., and Peter van der Veer, eds. Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993. ———, “Introduction: Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament.” In Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament, edited by Carol A. Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer, 1–19. Breman, Jan. The Shattered Image: Construction and Deconstruction of the Village in Colonial South Asia. Providence, RI: Foris Publications, 1988. 254 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chandra, Bipan. The Rise and Growth of Economic Nationalism in India: Economic Policies of Indian National Leadership, 1880–1905. New Delhi: People’s Publishing House, 1966. Chatterjee, Partha. Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse? Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986. Cohn, Bernard. “The Census, Social Structure and Objectification in South Asia.” In An Anthropologist among the Historians and Other Essays, 224–54. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1987. ———. “Notes on the History of the Study of Indian Society and Culture.” In An Anthopologist among the Historians and Other Essays, 136–71. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1987. ———. “Cloth, Clothes and Colonialism.” In Cloth and Human Experience, edited by Annette B. Weiner and Jane Schneider, 303–53. ———. Colonialism and Its Form of Knowledge: The British in India. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996. Comaroff, Jean, and John Comaroff. “Goodly Beasts, Beastly Goods: Cattle and Commodities in a South African Context.” American Ethnologist 17, no. 2 (1990): 195–216. Coombes, Annie E. Reinventing Africa: Museums, Material Culture and Popular Imagination. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994. Dalmia, Vasudha. The Nationalization of Hindu Traditions: Bharatendu Harischandra and Nineteenth-Century Banaras. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997. Dehejia, Vidya. Delight in Design: Indian Silver for the Raj. Ahmedabad: Mapin, 2008. Dewan, Deepali. “Scripting South Asia’s Visual Past: The Journal of Indian Art and Industry and the Production of Knowledge in the Late Nineteenth Century.” In Imperial Co-Histories: National Identities and the British and Colonial Press, edited by Julie Codell, 29–44. London: Associated University Presses, 2003. ———. “The Body at Work: Colonial Art Education and the Figure of the ‘Native Craftsman.’” In Confronting the Body, edited by James Mill and Satadru Sen, 118–34. Dewey, Clive. “The Government of India’s ‘New Industrial Policy,’ 1900–1925: Formation and Failure.” In Economy and Society: Essays in Indian Economic and Social History, edited by K. N. Chaudhuri and Clive Dewey, 215–57. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1979. Dirks, Nicholas. Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. Dutta, Arindam. “The Politics of Display: India 1886 and 1986.” Journal of Arts and Ideas, no. 30–31 (1997): 115–45. ———. The Bureaucracy of Beauty: Design in the Age of Its Global Reproducibility. New York: Routledge, 2006. Goswami, Manu. Producing India: From Colonial Economy to National Space. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2004. BIBLIOGRAPHY 255

Goswamy, B. N., Kalyan Krishna, and Tarla P. Dundh. Indian Costumes in the Collection of the Calico Museum of Textiles. Ahmedabad: Calico Museum of Textiles, 1993. Greenhalgh, Paul. Ephemeral Vistas: The Expositions Universelles, Great Exhibitions, and World’s Fairs, 1852–1939. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988. Grover, B. R. “An Integrated Pattern of Commercial Life in the Rural Society of North India during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.” In Money and the Market in India, 1100–1700, edited by Sanjay Subrahmanyam, 219–55. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1990. Guha-Thakurta, Tapati. The Making of a New “Indian” Art: Artists, Aesthetics and Nationalism in Bengal 1850–1920. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Gupta, Akhil, and James Ferguson. “Beyond ‘Culture’: Space, Identity and the Politics of Difference.” Cultural Anthropology 7, no. 1 (1992): 6–23. Guyer, Jane, ed. Money Matters: Instability, Values, and Social Payments in the Modern History of West African Communities. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1995. Habib, S. Irfan. “Science, Technical Education and Industrialisation: Contours of a Bhadralok Debate, 1890–1915.” In Technology and the Raj: Western Technology and Technology Transfers to India, edited by Roy MacLeod and Deepak Kumar, 235–49. New Delhi: Sage, 1993. Haynes, Douglas. “The Logic of the Artisan Firm in a Capitalist Economy: Handloom Weavers and Technological Change in Western India, 1880–1947.” In Institutions and Economic Change in South Asia, edited by Burton Stein and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, 173–205. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996. ———. “The Dynamics of Continuity in Indian Domestic Industry: Jari Manufacture in Surat, 1900–1947.” In Cloth and Commerce: Textiles in Colonial India, edited by Tirthankar Roy, 299–325. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1996. ———. “Artisan Cloth-Producers and the Emergence of Powerloom Manufacture in Western India, 1920–1950.” Past and Present, no. 172 (2001): 170–98. ———. “The Churchill Loom.” Unpublished essay. ———. The Making of Small-Town Capitalism: Artisans, Merchants and the Politics of Cloth Manufacture in Western India, 1870-1960. Unpublished manuscript. Head, Raymond. “Bagshot Park and Indian Crafts.” In Influences in Victorian Art and Architecture, edited by Sarah Macready and F. H. Thompson, 139–49. London: Society of Antiquarians: Occasional Paper (New Series) VII, 1985. ———. “Indian Crafts and Western Design from the Seventeenth Century to the Present.” Royal Society of Arts Journal (1988): 116–31. Hoffenberg, Peter H. An Empire on Display: English, Indian and Australian Exhibitions from the Crystal Palace to the Great War. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. Hutchinson, Sharon. “The Cattle of Money and the Cattle of Girls among the Nuer, 1930–83.” American Ethnologist 19, no. 2 (1992): 294–316. Inden, Ronald. Imagining India. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1990. 256 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Jaikumar, Priya. Cinema at the End of Empire: A Politics of Transition in Britain and India. Durham: Duke University Press, 2006. Jain, Jyotindra. “Saudagiri Prints: Textiles for Far-Off Siam.” The India Magazine (1985): 54–63. Jain, Kajri. Gods in the Bazaar: The Economies of Indian Calendar Art. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007. Jain, L. C. “A Heritage to Keep: The Handicrafts Industry, 1955–85.” Economic and Political Weekly 21, no. 20 (1986): 873–87. Joshi, Sanjay. Fractured Modernity: The Making of a Middle Class in Colonial North India. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001. Joshi, Svati. “Dalpatram and the Nature of Literary Shifts in Nineteenth- Century Ahmedabad.” In India’s Literary History: Essays on the Nineteenth Century, edited by Stuart Blackburn and Vasudha Dalmia, 327–57. New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2004. Kaviraj, Sudipta. “Writing, Speaking, Being: Language and the Historical Formation of Identities in India.” In Nationalstaat Und Sprachkonflikte in Sud-Und Sudostasien, edited by Dagmar Hellmann-Rajanayagam and Dietmar Rothermund, 25–65. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1992. Keyser, Barbara Whitney. “Ornament as Idea: Indirect Imitation of Nature in the Design Reform Movement.” Journal of Design History 11, no. 2 (1998): 127–44. King, Brenda. Silk and Empire. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005. Klein, Ira. “Indian Nationalism and Anti-Industrialization: The Roots of Gandhian Economics.” South Asia 3 (1973): 93–104. Kriegel, Lara. “Narrating the Subcontinent in 1851: India at the Crystal Palace.” In The Great Exhibition of 1851: New Interdisciplinary Essays, edited by Louise Purbrick, 146–78. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001. ———. Grand Designs: Labor, Empire, and the Museum in Victorian Culture. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007. Kumar, Deepak, ed. Science and Empire: Essays in Indian Context, 1700–1947. New Delhi: Aramika Prakashan, 1991. ———. Science and the Raj, 1857–1905. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995. Kumar, Nita. The Artisans of Banaras: Popular Culture and Identity, 1880–1986. Delhi: Orient Longman, 1988. ———. Lessons from Schools: The History of Education in Banaras. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2000. Kumar, Ritu. Costumes and Textiles of Royal India. London: Christie’s Books, 1999. Liebl, Maureen, and Tirthankar Roy. “Handmade in India: Preliminary Analysis of Crafts Producers and Crafts Production.” Economic and Political Weekly 38, no. 51–52 (2003): 5366–76. Lipsey, Roger. Coomaraswamy. Vol. 3: His Life and Work. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977. Livingstone, Karen, and Linda Parry, eds. International Arts and Crafts. London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 2005. BIBLIOGRAPHY 257

Ludden, David. “Craft Production in an Agrarian Economy.” In Making Things in South Asia: The Role of Artist and Craftsman, edited by Michael Meister, 103–13. Philadelphia: Department of South Asia Regional Studies, University of Pennsylvania, 1988. ———. “India’s Development Regime.” In Colonialism and Culture, edited by Nicholas Dirks, 247–88. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1992. ———. “Orientalist Empiricism: Transformations of Colonial Knowledge.” In Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament, edited by Carol A. Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer, 250–78. Lutchmansingh, Larry D. “Commodity Exhibitionism at the London Great Exhibition of 1851.” Annals of Scholarship 7, no. 2 (1990): 203–16. Mani, Lata. “Contentious Traditions: The Debate on Sati in Colonial India.” In Recasting Women: Essays in Colonial History, edited by Kumkum Sangari and Sudesh Vaid, 88–126. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1988. Maskiell, Michelle. “Embroidering the Past: Phulkari Textiles and Gendered Work as ‘Tradition’ and ‘Heritage’ in Colonial and Contemporary Punjab.” Journal of Asian Studies 38, no. 2 (1999): 361–88. Masselos, Jim. “The Artist as Patron: Women’s Embroidery in Gujarat.” In Popular Art in Asia: The People as Patrons, edited by Jim Masselos, 34–46. Sydney: University of Sydney, Centre for Asian Studies: Working Papers No. 1, 1984. Mathur, Saloni. “Living Ethnographic Exhibits: The Case of 1886.” Cultural Anthropology 15, no. 4 (2001): 492–524. ———. India by Design: Colonial History and Cultural Display. Berkeley: University of California, 2007. McGowan, Abigail. “Developing Traditions: Crafts and Cultural Change in Modern India, 1851–1922.” Unpublished Ph.D dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2003. ———. “Private Goods in the Public Eye: Design Books for Crafts in Late Nineteenth Century India.” Paper presented at the 34th Annual Conference on South Asia, Madison, Wisconsin, October 2005. ———. “‘All That is Rare, Characteristic or Beautiful’: Design and the Defense of Tradition in Colonial India, 1851–1903.” Journal of Material Culture 10, no. 3 (2005): 263–287. ———. “Educating Artisans as Colonial Modernity: Industrial Education in Late Nineteenth Century Western India.” In Claiming Power from Below: Dalits and the Subaltern Question in India, edited by Manu Bhagvan and Anne Feldhaus, 84–100. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2008. ———. “Convict Carpets: Jails and the Revival of Historic Carpet Design in Colonial India.” Paper presented at the 37th Annual Conference on South Asia, Madison, Wisconsin, October 2008. Mehta, Makrand. “Science Versus Technology: The Early Years of the Kala Bhavan, Baroda, 1890–1896.” Indian Journal of History and Science 27, no. 2 (1992): 145–69. 258 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Mehta, Shirin. “Social Background of Swadeshi Movement in Gujarat, 1875–1908.” Vidya 14, no. 1 (1981): 31–46. Metcalf, Thomas. An Imperial Vision: Indian Architecture and Britain’s Raj. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989. ———. Ideologies of the Raj. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Mill, James, and Satadru Sen, eds. Confronting the Body: The Politics of Physicality in Colonial India. London: Anthem Press, 2004. Mitter, Partha. Much Maligned Monsters: The History of European Reactions to Indian Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977. ———. Art and Nationalism in Colonial India, 1850–1922: Occidental Orientations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Naregal, Veena. Language Politics, Elites and the Public Sphere: Western India under Colonialism. London: Anthem Press, 2001. Nurullah, Syed, and J. P. Naik. A History of Education in India During the British Period. Bombay: Macmillan & Co., 1951. O’Hanlon, Rosalind. “Recovering the Subject: Subaltern Studies and Histories of Resistance in Colonial South Asia.” Modern Asian Studies 22, no. 1 (1988): 189–224. Pandey, Gyanendra. The Construction of Communalism in Colonial North India. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1990. Pinney, Christopher. Camera Indica: The Social Life of Indian Photographs. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. ———. “Photos of the Gods”: The Printed Image and Political Struggle in India. London: Reaktion, 2004. Prakash, Gyan. Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999. Prakash, Vikramaditya. “Between Copying and Creation: The Jeypore Portfolio of Architectural Details.” In Colonial Modernities: Building, Dwelling and Architecture in British India and Ceylon, edited by Peter Scriver and Vikramaditya Prakash, 115–25. New York: Routledge, 2007. Ramaswamy, Sumathi, ed. Beyond Appearances? Visual Practices and Ideologies in Modern India. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2003. Raval, R. L. “Tradition and Modernity in the Context of Social Reform Movements in Gujarat During the Nineteenth Century.” Vidya 19, no. 2 (1976): 88–102. Rehman, Sherry, and Naheed Jafri. Kashmiri Shawl: From Jamavar to Paisley. Ahmedabad: Mapin, 2006. Rifkin, Adrian. “Success Disavowed: The Schools of Design in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain (an Allegory).” Journal of Design History 1, no. 2 (1988): 89–102. Roy, Tirthankar. Artisans and Industrialization: Indian Weaving in the Twentieth Century. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993. ———. “Development or Distortion? Powerlooms in India, 1950–97.” Economic and Political Weekly 33, no. 16 (1998): 897–911. ———. “Music as Artisan Tradition.” Contributions to Indian Sociology 32, no. 1 (1998): 21–42. BIBLIOGRAPHY 259

———. Traditional Industry in the Economy of Colonial India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ———. “Acceptance of Innovations in Early Twentieth Century Indian Weaving.” Economic History Review 60, no. 3 (2002): 507–32. ———. “Out of Tradition: Master Artisans and Economic Change in Colonial India.” Journal of Asian Studies 66, no. 4 (2007): 963–91. Sankaran, P. N. “Wood Carving Artisans in Thiruvananthapuram City: A Study of Beneficiaries vis-a-vis Non-Beneficiaries of Institutional Intervention.” In The Handicrafts Industry in Kerala, edited by K. K. Subrahmanian, 73–112. Saraf, D. N. Indian Crafts: Development and Potential. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1982. ———. In the Journey of Craft Development. New Delhi: Sampark, 1991. Sarkar, Sumit. The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, 1903–1908. New Delhi: People’s Publishing House, 1973. Satyanarayana, A. “Growth of Education among the Dalit-Bahujan Communities in Modern Andhra, 1893–1947.” In Education and the Disprivileged, edited by Sabyasachi Bhattacharya, 50–83. Schwartz, Paul R. “French Documents on Indian Cotton Painting: The Beaulieu Ms., c. 1734.” Journal of Indian Textile History 2 (1956): 5–23. ———. “The Roxburgh Account of Indian Cotton Painting: 1795.” Journal of Indian Textile History 4 (1959): 47–56. ———. Printing on Cotton at Ahmedabad, India in 1678. Ahmedabad: Calico Museum of Textiles, Museum Monograph No. 1, 1969. Sen, Satadru. “Schools, Athletes and Confrontation: The Student Body in Colonial India.” In Confronting the Body, edited by James Mill and Satadru Sen, 58–79. Seth, Sanjay. Subject Lessons: The Western Education of Colonial India. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007. Simmons, Colin. “‘De-Industrialization’, Industrialization and the Indian Economy, ca. 1850–1947.” Modern Asian Studies 19, no. 3 (1985): 593–622. Sinha, Mrinalini. Colonial Masculinity: The “Manly Englishman” and the “Effeminate Bengali” in the Late Nineteenth Century. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995. Sinopoli, Carla. The Political Economy of Craft Production: Crafting Empire in South India, ca. 1350–1650. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Stephanson, K. A. “Socio-Economic Aspects of Labour in Household Handicrafts in Thrissur District.” In The Handicrafts Industry in Kerala, edited by K. K. Subrahmanian, 191–208. Styles, John. “Product Innovation in Early Modern London.” Past and Present 168, no. 1 (2000): 124–69. Subrahmanian, K. K., ed. The Handicrafts Industry in Kerala: Blending Heritage with Economics. Delhi: Centre for Development Studies, 2006. ———. “Introduction: An Overview of the Handicrafts Industry.” In The Handicrafts Industry in Kerala, edited by K. K. Subrahmanian, 3–69. Swallow, Deborah. “The India Museum and the British-Indian Textile Trade in the Late Nineteenth Century.” Textile History 30, no. 1 (1999): 29–45. 260 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Tarapor, Mahrukh. “John Lockwood Kipling and British Art Education in India.” Victorian Studies no. 24 (1980): 53–80. Tarlo, Emma. Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in Modern India. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1996. Tillotson, G. H. R. The Tradition of Indian Architecture: Continuity, Controversy and Change since 1850. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989. Tolen, Rachel. “Colonizing and Transforming the Criminal Tribesman: The Salvation Army in British India.” American Ethnologist 18, no. 1 (1991): 106–25. Trivedi, Lisa. Clothing Gandhi’s Nation: Homespun and Modern India. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007. Untracht, Oppi. Traditional Jewelry of India. New York: Henry N. Abrams, 1997. van Schendel, Willem. Reviving a Rural Industry: Silk Producers and Officials in India and Bangladesh, 1880s to 1980s. New Delhi: Manohar, 1995. Verma, Tripta. Karkhanas under the Mughals: From Akbar to Aurangzeb, a Study in Economic Development. Delhi: Pragati Publications, 1994. Vicziany, Marika. “The Deindustrialization of India in the Nineteenth Century.” Indian Economic and Social History Review 16, no. 2 (1979): 105–46. Vyas, H. Kumar. “The Designer and the Socio-Technology of Small-Production.” Journal of Design History 4, no. 3 (1991): 187–210. Washbrook, David. “Agriculture and Industrialization in Colonial India.” in Agriculture and Industrialization, edited by Peter Mathias and John A. Davis, 167–91. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1996. Weiner, Annette B. and Jane Schneider, eds. Cloth and Human Experience. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989. Wilkinson-Weber, Clare. “Women, Work and the Imagination of Craft in South Asia.” Contemporary South Asia 13, no. 3 (2004): 287–306. Index

Ahmedabad Wood Carving Company brasswork and copperwork, 11, 16, (AWCC), 20, 122, 131–138, 135 42, 47, 50, 51–52, 60, 66, 91–92 fig. 3.6, 137 fig. 3.7, 145, 146–147 Buck, E. C., 118, 132, 161, 164 All-India Handicrafts Board Buist, George, 39 (AIHB), 189, 198–199, 201 Burns, Cecil, 88, 110–111, 115, 123 American Marathi Mission, 14, 21, 94, 170–171 Calico Museum, Ahmedabad, 189, art schools, government, 8–9, 201 110–112, 138, 155–156 capitalism, as foreign to India, 79–80, Arts and Crafts Movement, 4, 19, 28, 108, 142, 145 44, 48, 73, 77–78, 80, 188 carpets, 11, 14, 52, 105, 119, 121–122, Ashbee, C. R., 28, 77, 80 123, 125 autonomy/independence of caste, 49–50, 51, 81, 85–87, 90–91, 158 artisans, 20, 79, 90, 93, 104–105, Chatterton, Alfred, 5, 7, 85–87, 88, 109, 110, 115, 123–124, 131–132, 132, 140, 163, 165, 173, 177–178, 133–135, 138, 139–142, 144–145, 179 146, 147–148, 156, 167, 179–181 Chattopadhyaya, Kamaladevi, 5, 189, artisanship, superiority to mill 200 work, 71, 94–95, 140–141, 168, Chhotalal (Ranchhodlal) Technical 191–192 Institute, Ahmedabad, 166 Churchill, D. C., 7, 21, 170–174, 178, Baroda State, 128, 143, 168, 174, 175, 179 179, 181–182 Clarke, Purdon, 132, 136 Sayajirao III, Gaekwar of, 89, 100, Clarke (Sir George) Technical 187–189, 199 Laboratories and Studios, Bayly, C. A., 9–10, 26, 197–198 183–184 Birdwood, George, 5, 37, 39–40, 46, Clibborn Commission of 1903, 12–13, 48–49, 53, 78, 90, 94–96, 126, 161–162 131, 132 conservatism, 19, 72, 74, 85–86, 88, Industrial Arts of India, The, 46–49, 90–93 53, 78, 79–80, 95, 106, 107 Coomaraswamy, Ananda, 5, 8, 80, 90, block printing, 12, 14, 64–65, 91 96–97, 131 body, 5, 19, 29, 43, 52–53, 74, 94–95, Indian Craftsman, The, 80–82, 94, 164, 184–185 96, 107–108 262 INDEX consumers/patronage, 124–130, 133, de Forest, Lockwood, 117, 122, 189–190, 192–195 132–138 cooperatives, 14, 104–105, 131–132, design 138–145, 178, 185 celebration, 28, 30–35, 54, 77, 105, crafts 109–110, 132–133 backward/timeless nature of documentation, 54–57, 117 production, 34–35, 43, 53, instinctual, 33–34, 111, 132 61–62, 71, 83–85, 95–96, instruction in, 111–115, 132–133 149–152 preservation, 20, 104, 109–110, cultural roots of production, 46–54, 118, 145 62, 74, 77, 94 promotion, 116–130 definitions of, 11–18 reform movement in Britain, 28, difference/opposition to modern 30, 77 industry, 14–15, 18, 19–21, Westernization/hybridity in, 54, 28–29, 63, 71–89, 93–98, 57, 74, 105–107, 111, 115, 103–104, 109, 111–112, 124, 117–118, 147 128, 132, 138, 148, 151, 156, development, public interest in and 166–167, 179–186, 187–189, responsibility for, 2–4, 67–70, 194–196, 199, 201, 203 146, 169, 175, 189–190 economic importance of, 2, 5–6, Dharwar 45, 67–69, 71, 126, 142, 150, cooperatives, 144–145 160–161, 168, 199–200 School of Industry, 156–159, 167 gendering of production, 16, 59 Dutt, Romesh Chunder, 5, 71–72, 94, as national culture, 2, 5, 6, 31, 108, 168, 169, 185–186, 199 105, 109, 188, 189, 196, Dutta, Arindam, 6, 8, 69, 186 200–201 dyeing, 51, 52–53, 64, 85–86, problems within, 1, 41–42, 53, 57, 87–88, 91 62–63, 73, 74, 105–109, 115, 132, 140, 149–152, 169–170, embroidery, 16–17, 78, 91 184–185, 202 exhibitions reorganization within, 14, 17–18, Ahmedabad 1902, 100, 187 20, 90–93, 139, 178–179, 180, artisans on display, 19, 43, 60–61, 201 61 fig. 1.5, 62 fig. 1.6, 66 technology, need for modern, Bombay 1904, 60, 172 140–141, 149–151, 152–154, Broach 1868–69, 38–42 168, 171 Calcutta 1883, 55, 136 unity among crafts as a sector, collecting systems for, 36–37 13–14, 63–64, 75, 163–165 Colonial and Indian Exhibition of Crafts Museum, New Delhi, 189, 201 1886, 38, 45, 58, 59 fig. 1.4, 60, Curzon, Viceroy of India, Lord, 124, 66, 79, 82, 116 128–130, 161, 162, 173, 183 Delhi Durbar Exhibition of 1903, 128–130, 129 fig. 3.5 Deccan Artisans’ Association, 165 Great Exhibition of 1851, 19, decline, rhetoric of, 106–109, 111, 133 23–24, 28, 30–36, 38, 77, 83, deindustrialization, 4, 6, 169 103, 109 INDEX 263

international exhibitions, 29, Banaras 1905, 84, 89, 94, 99, 163, 35–38, 42, 78, 79 165, 175, 185–186 Jaipur Art and Industrial Exhibition Madras 1908, 87, 160 of 1883, 55, 57, 116–117 Surat 1907, 85, 94 objectives of Indian exhibitions, 29, Indian National Congress, 60, 94, 99, 35–36, 38–39, 41–43, 126–127 187, 190, 193 Punjab Art and Industry Exhibition Industrial Art Pattern Books, of 1881–1882, Lahore, 120–121 116–117, 136 industrial education, 14, 15–16, 20–21, 153, 154–167, 181 Gandhi, Mohandas K., 1–3, 7, 8, 9–10, differences from art 11, 21, 189–199 education, 155–156 government role in crafts limitations of earlier artisanal craft monographs, 51–54, 57–58, education, 87–88 125 preservation of artisanal difference 1883 Draft Scheme for the within, 21, 154, 156, 166–167 Promotion of Industrial problems with, 157–160, 177 Art, 54–55, 117–118, reform of, 160–164, 166 123–124, 127 restrictions within, 162, 164–166, gazetteers, 29, 44, 49–51, 57–58, 167 63–64 for upper classes, 166, 181–182 post-independence, 10, 201–202 industrialization, need for, 70–71, pre-British support for crafts, 8–9, 82–84, 94, 148, 149–151, 186, 25–26 187–188, 199 responsibility for economic ivory, 14, 52 development, 26–27, 28, 67, 70, 99–100, 160 Jacob, Colonel Swinton, 55, 58, technical investigations, 168, 170, 118–119, 132 172–174, 181–182, 183–184, jail industries, 121–122 201 Jaipur, 136 Goswami, Manu, 4, 6, 10, 27, 108 exhibition, 55, 57, 116–117 Griffiths, John, 51–52, 54–55, 58, 66, museum, 55, 116, 117, 122, 123, 113, 114, 123, 132, 138, 146–147 126 publications by the Maharaja, 57, Haynes, Douglas, 17, 92, 145, 173, 119, 121 178, 180 school of art, 60, 115 Hendley, Thomas Holbein, 45, 55, 57, Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy School of 58, 116–118, 119, 121, 123, 126, Art, 11–13, 15, 20, 60, 103, 127, 132 110–115, 126, 127, 183 Hutheesing, Muggunbhai, 133–136 JJ School museum, 54–55, 113 Reay Art Workshops, 11, 16, 58, indebtedness, artisanal, 90, 139, 143 104, 114–115, 123, 146–147 Indian industrial conferences, 60, use of Indian art in instruction, 94, 179 54–55, 112–114 Allahabad 1910, 87 jewelry, 38, 47, 105 264 INDEX

Jones, Owen, 28, 31, 32 fig. 1.2 Mathur, Saloni, 5, 8, 66 Journal of Indian Art and Industry Mayo School of Art, Lahore, 78, 120, (JIAI), 20, 55–58, 60–61, 118, 123 125–126, 128, 146 middlemen, 131, 139, 144 Morris, William, 4, 10, 28, 44, 73, khadi, 2, 10, 21, 189, 190–198 77–78, 80, 81, 116 Kala Bhavan, 152, 155, 166, 181, 187 Mukharji, T. N., 66, 82–83, 88 Khadi and Village Industries museums, 36–37, 45–46, Commission (KVIC), 198–199 117–118, 124 Kipling, John Lockwood, 55, 78, emporia at museums, 127–128 116–118, 120, 122–123, 132, 136 knowledge, paper, 29, 52 of design, 30–34, 54–57 pottery, 12, 14, 52, 167–168, 183–84 limitations of artisanal Prakash, Gyan, 7, 36, 152 knowledge, 61–62, 65–66, 69 of production not just products, 34, Ranade, Mahadev Govind, 5, 70, 99, 43–54, 58 100–101, 199 shift from private to public, 28, Reay Economic Museum, 64–66, 67 Poona, 128 systematization, centralization, Roy, Tirthankar, 17, 65, 92, 178, 180, 24–28, 29–30, 46, 52, 58, 63–64 201 Kutch, 105, 126 Royle, John Forbes, 30–34, 37 Ruskin, John, 4, 10, 34, 44, 81 labor, improvement of, 151–155, Sassoon (David) Industrial and 163–164, 167 Reformatory Institution shortages in, 137–138, 151–152, (Bombay School of 157 Industry), 154–155 underemployment of, 152 silk, 52, 56, 60–61, 64, 78, 79, 168 leadership stone carving/inlaying, 52, 55 elite, as proving legitimacy to swadeshi, 2–3, 9–10, 70, 169, 190 colonial state, 8, 9–10, 18, 20, 70, 97–101 Technical Art Series, 118–119, 120 fig. impossibility of artisanal, 7, 20, 3.2, 123–124, 146 69, 74–75, 87–89, 98, 146, 148, Terry, George, 37, 39, 42, 132 184–186 Tiffany (Louis) and Tiffany necessity of outsider, 7, 20, Studios, 133, 137–138 65–66, 69, 72, 75, 86, 105, 108, 146–148, 164, 175, 188–189, Victoria and Albert Museum, 196–197, 201–203 Bombay, 19, 37, 39–41, 43, 59, shared by Indians and British, 6–8, 54–55, 60, 126, 128 69–70, 76, 96, 108, 152–153, Victoria Jubilee Technical Institute 202–203 (VJTI), 104, 144, 166, 170, leather, 12, 14, 52, 143 173–174, 176 INDEX 265

Wardle, Thomas, 78, 79, 85–86, 107 insistence on crafts difference, Watson, John Forbes, 27, 41 179–181 Textile Manufactures and the need to preserve/improve, 71, Costumes of the People of India, 140–142, 168–170, 175, The, 41, 45, 49 184–186 weaving, handloom, 14, 17–18, 52, 91, wood, 11, 14, 16, 38, 52, 88, 90, 131, 139, 169–170 120–121, 155–157, 163 handloom instruction, 175–177, furniture, 91, 121, 131–138 178–179, 180, 181–182, 193 Wyatt, Matthew Digby, 28, 31 improvements to, 20–21, 60, 85, 92, 94, 140, 169–170, 171–179, 172 zari, 12, 52, 91 fig. 4.1, 193