History and the Historians of Medieval Spain

PETER LINEHAN

CLARENDON PRESS • OXFORD 1993 Contents

List of Plates xiv Abbreviations xv 1 Ways of Looking Back i Philip II and Hermenegild—III Toledo and the historians— Stubbs and Sanchez-Albornoz—Reconquest or 'Reconquest'?—the Spanish Middle Ages since 1975—terms of reference 2 The Catholic Century 22 III Toledo and its legacy—Leovigild and Reccared—Arians and Catholics—the Visigothic councils—the seventh-century episcopate—IV Toledo c. 75—V and VI Toledo—Church and government—Isidore of Seville and Braulio of Zaragoza 3 7" 5i King Wamba and XII Toledo—the rise of Toledo—Julian of Toledo—the papacy and the Jews—the silent Church— 711—from the Mozarabic Chronicle to the Chronicle of Alfonso III—the rise of Oviedo—Alfonso II, Mozarabs, and Adoptionists 4 The Invention of the Reconquest 95 The Chronicle of Alfonso III—Covadonga—cleansing the past—Asturias in the eighth century—resettlement—Oviedo and Santiago—bishops and kings in the ninth century— Sampiro and Pelayo of Oviedo: episcopal historians and the question of royal anointing 5 Oviedo to Leon 128 The reign of Ordono II: from Oviedo to Le6n—the anointing of Alfonso II: fact or fiction?—the Leon Antiphonary—evidence from the Leonese chancery— Catalans in the kingdom of Leon—Abbot Oliba and royal incest—Sancho III 6 Spain and the Wider World 172 Leon and Castile in the eleventh century—the Palencia forgeries—kings, churchmen, and reformers—the Council of Coyanza—clerical morality and modern nationalism— ecclesiastical reform and Spanish feudalism since 1975— Gregory VII and Alfonso VI—the uses of history xii Contents

7 1085-1135 - 204 The reconquest of Toledo 1085—the ideology of reconquista—the role of Toledo—the implications of ecclesiastical primacy—the Mozarabs of Toledo: mosque and cathedral—D. Rodrigo Jimenez de Rada and the 1090s— Mozarabs and Frenchmen—feudalism—the imperial coronation of Alfonso VII 1135: fact and fiction—F. de Berganza and the 'Ceremonial de Cardena' 8 Aspects of the Twelfth Ceritury, I 245 1147—bishops and history in the twelfth century—the fate of reform—royal marriages: two 'models':—Innocent III and the argument from expediency—monks, churches, and the frontier 9 Aspects of the Twelfth Century, II 268 Toledo and the political fragmentation of the peninsula— Alfonso VII and Portugal—Romanist symptoms—1147: the apostolic Eugenius—the minority of Alfonso VIII— Mozarabs again—1166: the Synod of Segovia—1179— from maiestas to Christianitas—Las Navas de Tolosa: a Castilian victory—strenuitas—D. Rodrigo's ideal king—Pere de Cardona, foreigners, and Palencia—the cost of Holy War

10 History and the Historians, I . 313 Toledo after 1182—D. Rodrigo his De rebus Hispanie— D. Rodrigo and Las Navas de Tolosa—the 'Poem of the Cid'—D. Rodrigo in 1215—Toledo vs. Braga—'Zucketa'— the 'Ordinatio ecclesie Valentine' 11 History and the Historians, II 350 The history of Spain according to De rebus Hispanie—the problem of the seventh century—Lucas of Tuy and Isidore of Seville—'Notule de primatu'—'Liber de miraculis Sancti Isidori'—law and history—history and the historians—the unspeakable Theodisclus—the problem of the 640s—'Cum longe lateque' 12 History and the Historians, HI 385 D. Rodrigo and D. Lucas—D. Rodrigo and the anointing of Wamba—primatial issues—king-making in thirteenth- ^ century Spain—'regnum et sacerdocium' according to D. Rodrigo—1230 and the eclipse of Toledo—king- making since 711: Oviedo and Le6n—the 1135 coronation again—the history of these years in retrospect Contents xiii

13 The Thirteenth Century, I: Assurance 413 The later thirteenth century—the tasks of reconquest— Alfonso X and official history—the invention of the past—1252: the accession of Alfonso X—anointing and 'invisible anointing': the Alfonsine evidence—Sancho IV and the crown—Gonzalo Perez Gudiel—Seville and Toledo— Wamba comes to Toledo—the new-model Wamba 14 The Thirteenth Century, II: Uncertainty 463 Yet again the coronation of 1135: the Estoria de Espana—the apotheosis of Toledo—Sancho IV and Archbishop Gonzalo Perez—David and Solomon in the General estoria—'felix Sancius': the sacral reputation of Sancho IV 15 Difficult Years 506 Toledo after 1295—social engineering on the frontier— popular religion—the king's bishops—friars—1295: the Cortes of Valladolid—the Cortes and the historians—Libro del Cavallero Zifar—the minority of Fernando IV—council and Cortes—the case for ecclesiastical co-operation— ecclesiastical co-operation thwarted—libertas ecclesiastica 16 The Fourteenth Century, I: A New Order? 560 Alvarus Pelagius his Speculum regum—m2: the coronation of Alfonso XI—the new chivalry—the mechanical Santiago—the protest of Alvarus Pelagius 17 The Fourteenth Century, II: The New Deal? 614 The Chronicle of Alfonso XI and its author—its picture of Alfonso XI—the pope's foot—letrados—abadengo and realengo—Guadalupe—Alfonso XI enters Seville—1329, the Cortes of Madrid—xenophobia—sovereignty—Cordoba MS 40—Toledo again—the Infante Juan de Aragon and D. Juan Manuel 18 Epilogue 661

Bibliography 665 Index 726