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Universidad Austral De Chile Facultad De Ciencias Agrarias Escuela De Agronomía

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Universidad Austral De Chile Facultad De Ciencias Agrarias Escuela De Agronomía Universidad Austral de Chile Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Escuela de Agronomía Estudio palinológico del contenido del tracto digestivo de Scaptia lata (Guerin- Meneville) (Diptera; Tabanidae) que habitan en Puyehue. Memoria presentada como parte de los requisitos para optar al título de Ingeniero Agrónomo Marcela Alejandra Bascur Vásquez Valdivia – Chile 2013 PROFESOR PATROCINANTE: ____________________________________ Roberto Carrillo Llorente Ing. Agr., M. Sc., Ph. D. Instituto de Producción y Sanidad Vegetal PROFESOR COPRATROCINANTE: ____________________________________ Magaly Riveros G. Prof. Biol. y Quim., Dr. Cs. Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas PROFESOR INFORMANTE: ___________________________________ Miguel Neira C Ing. Agr. Instituto de Producción y Sanidad Vegetal AGRADECIMIENTOS Este es el fin de una etapa que se inicio porque alguien creyó en mí, por eso quiero darle las gracias a mi madre, quien a pesar de los indicios, me dio la oportunidad de ir a la universidad. Agradecer de lo más profundo de mi corazón a Eduardo: mi amigo, mi compañero, mi todo. Tú transformaste mi vida. Gracias por estar siempre conmigo y nunca dejar que me olvidara que debía titularme. A don Roberto por su inmensa paciencia y su gran ayuda, esta es una etapa que sin él jamás habría terminado. Gracias a la Caro y la Cami mis queridas hermanas y a mi padre, por su cariño y apoyo. Gracias a la tía Blanca quien me recibió en su casa los primeros años de universidad. A la Lety, que siempre está dispuesta ayudar en lo que sea. Gracias a la tante ella siempre preocupada de todos. Finalmente dar gracias a Dios por poner gente maravillosa en mi camino y hacer que este sueño se haga realidad. i INDICE DE MATERIAS Capítulo Página RESUMEN 1 SUMMARY 2 1 INTRODUCCIÓN 3 2 REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA 5 2.1 Características de la familia Tabanidae 5 2.1.2 Clasificación taxonómica 6 2.1.3 Ciclo estacional 7 2.1.4 Habito alimenticio de los tabánidos 8 2.1.4.1 Sangre 9 2.1.4.2 Néctar 10 2.2 S. lata en Chile 11 2.3 Características de S. lata 11 2.4 Ciclo estacional 11 2.4.1 Larva madura 12 2.4.2 Pupa 13 ii Capítulo Página 2.4.3 Adulto 13 2.5 Antecedentes generales de la biología de S. lata 14 2.5.1 Hábitat 14 2.5.2 Comportamiento 15 2.5.3 Período y tiempo de vuelo de S. lata 16 2.5.3.1 Condiciones climáticas que afectan el vuelo de S. lata 17 2.5.3.2 Temperatura 17 2.5.3.3 Precipitación 17 2.5.3.4 Horas diarias de radiación solar directa 17 2.6 Sistemas de control para tabánidos 18 2.6.1 Control químico con repelentes 18 2.6.2 Trampas para S. lata. 19 2.6.3 Control biológico de S. lata 20 3 MATERIAL Y METODOS 21 3.1 Ubicación del ensayo 21 3.2 Materiales 22 3.2.2 Material químico 23 3.2.3 Material de vidrio 23 3.2.4 Material óptico 23 iii Capítulo Página 3.2.5 Otros materiales 24 3.3 Métodos 24 3.3.1 Recolección de flores presentes en el período de actividad de los adultos de S. lata 24 3.3.2 Tratamiento del polen presente en el tracto digestivo de hembras de S. lata 24 3.3.3 Extracción del tracto digestivo 24 3.3.4 Presencia de polen en el interior del tracto digestivo de las hembras 25 3.3.5 Obtención del polen desde el tracto digestivo 25 3.3.6 Análisis del polen presente en el cuerpo del insecto 26 3.4 Identificación y proporción de pólenes presentes en la muestra 26 3.4.1 Identificación de los granos de polen 26 3.5 Análisis estadístico y presentación de información 27 4 PRESENTACIÓN Y DISCUSIÓN DE RESULTADOS 28 4.1 Especies de plantas en flor recolectadas en la vista al Parque Nacional Puyehue 28 4.2 Presencia de polen en el interior del intestino anterior de S. lata 30 4.3 Análisis del polen presente en el exoesqueleto de S. lata 32 4.3.1 Polen presente en el exoesqueleto de S. lata 32 4.3.2 Cantidad y tipos de polen encontrados en el exoesqueleto de S. lata 34 iv Capítulo Página 4.3.3 Variación de la carga polínica externa a través del tiempo de S. lata 36 4.4 Polen presente en el estomodeo de S. lata 39 4.4.1 Polen encontrado en el estomodeo de S. lata 40 4.4.2 Cantidad de polen de las distintas especies encontradas en el estomodeo de S. lata 42 4.4.3 Cantidad de polen presente en el estomodeo de S. lata en los distintos períodos de muestreo 45 4.5 Relación entre consumo de polen y condiciones climáticas 46 4.5.1 Relación entre consumo de polen y temperatura promedio 46 4.5.2 Relación entre el consumo de polen y precipitación promedio 48 5 CONCLUSIONES 50 6 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 51 7 ANEXOS 57 v INDICE DE CUADROS Cuadro Página 1 Familia Tabanidae, subfamilias y tribus 7 2 Promedio diario semanal de especímenes de S. lata capturados y .............. promedio semanal de las variables climáticas medidas entre las 10 y ............. 20 h. En el Islote del lago Rupanco 18 3 Familias y especies encontradas en floración en el área de colecta de ………… S. lata, Parque Nacional Puyehue durante el período de colecta de ……….. adultos 29 4 Presencia o ausencia de polen en el estomodeo de hembras de S. lata según la fecha de muestreo 30 5 Familias, géneros y especies de las plantas cuyos pólenes estaban presentes en el alcohol usado en el almacenamiento de las hembras 33 de S. lata 6 Resumen del total de granos de polen por especie encontrados durante el período de muestreo en el exoesqueleto de S. lata 35 7 Resultado prueba Mann- Whitney para la comparación de la cantidad de polen presente por semana en el exoesqueleto de S. lata 36 8 Polen presente en el estomodeo de S. lata 40 9 Períodos de floración, de algunas de las familias y especies ………… encontradas en el estomodeo, los cuales concuerdan con el período ……….. de vuelo de S. lata 41 vi Cuadro Página 10 Resumen del total de granos de polen encontrados por especie durante el período de muestreo en el intestino anterior de S. lata 42 11 Resultado de prueba de Mann-Whitney para la comparación de la cantidad de polen presente por semana en el estomodeo de S. lata 45 vii INDICE DE FIGURAS Figura Página 1 Mapa con la ubicación de la zona de estudio 22 2 Trampa New Jersey 22 3 Imágenes de flores, planta de Caldcluvia paniculata (tiaca) y de Mitraria coccinea (botellita) 28 4 Granos de polen presentes en el intestino anterior de S. lata tratados con lactofenol 32 5 Relación entre tiempo de muestreo y cantidad de polen presente en el exoesqueleto de S. lata 37 6 Granos de polen acetolizados de a) Caldcluvia paniculata y b) Brassica y C. paniculata, encontrados en el exoesqueleto de S. lata 38 7 Granos de polen acetolizados a) Brassica y b) Poacea encontrados en el estomodeo de S. lata 38 8 Granos de polen acetolizados de la familia a) Proteaceae y familia b) Mmmm Asteraceae, encontrados en el alcohol en el que estaban almacenadas mmmm las hembras de S. lata 39 9 Granos de polen acetolizados de a) Podocarpaceas y b) Myrceugenia planipes 39 10 Relación entre el período de muestreo y cantidad promedio de polen por semana de muestreo presente en el estomodeo de S. lata 45 viii Figura Página 11 Relación entre la temperatura promedio (C°) y el número promedio de Mmmm granos de polen presentes en el estomodeo a lo largo del período de mmmm muestreo 47 12 Relación entre precipitaciones (mm) y el promedio de granos de polen presentes en el estomodeo a lo largo del período de muestreo 48 ix INDICE DE ANEXOS Anexo Página 1 Promedio de granos de polen por día de colecta obtenidos desde el exoesqueleto 58 2 Promedio de granos de polen por día de colecta obtenidos desde el tracto digestivo 59 3 Registros meteorológicos enero 2005 Sector Aguas Calientes 60 1 RESUMEN La presente investigación se realizó entre los años 2005-2006 y comenzó con la colecta de hembras de Scaptia lata y posterior toma de muestra de material vegetal en floración desde el Parque Nacional Puyehue. El objetivo general de la investigación fue determinar si las hembras se alimentan de néctar y si ello es así, determinar las especies vegetales de las cuales la hembra de S. lata se alimenta en la zona de Puyehue esto a través del examen del polen presente en sus estomodeos. Para verificar la presencia de polen se extrajo el tracto digestivo de 20 hembras por cada día de muestreo, el cual fue almacenado en tubos Eppendorff que contenían ácido acético glacial para su conservación. Para realizar el análisis se depositó el tracto digestivo en una placa Petri donde se separó el estomodeo del resto del tracto digestivo. Posteriormente se maceró el estomodeo y se le agregó 3 gotas de mezcla acetolítica compuesta por 9 partes de anhídrido sulfuroso y 1 parte de acido sulfúrico concentrado. Esta preparación se cubrió con un porta objeto y se dejó reposar por 12 h. Después de la cual fue observada al microscopio e identificados los pólenes. Se realizó este mismo procedimiento para analizar el líquido en el cual estaban almacenadas las hembras de S. lata. Los resultados obtenidos indican que existe una correlación directa entre el polen encontrado en el exoesqueleto e intestino de S.
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