Scientific Programme

6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia 6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (GOSMAP-6) May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

VENUE : Radisson Blu, Riga, Latvia

May 23, 2016 Registration Lobby 15.00-18.00 hrs

May 24, 2016 Registration Lobby 08.00-09.30 hrs

09.30-10.30 Official Opening of The Conference 10.30-11.00 Refreshment

Venue: ALFA Meeting Room

Chairman: Prof. Nils Rostoks (Latvia) Co-Chair: Dr Imuentiyanosa Omoigui (Nigeria) 11.00-12.00 09 Keynote address : Biorefining of medicinal and aromatic plants into valuable ingredients by using traditional and modern techniques. Petras Rimantas Venskutonis 1, 1Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania

12.00 -12. 45 LUNCH BREAK

12.45-13.30 10 Plenary Lecture : Development of potential drugs from the sea. S. Manian, Vice-Chancellor Annamalai University, Annamalai nagar – 608002, Tamil Nadu, India

6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Technical Session I : Conservation, utilization and management of genetic resources of Medicinal plants ; Biodiversity and Bio- Prospecting of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants ;

Venue: ALFA Meeting Room

Chairman: Prof K Manivannan (India) Co-Chair: Dr Anta Sparinska (Latvia)

OS 1 Chromolaena odorata : Friend or Foe 11 Kuben Naidoo (South Africa) OS 2 Genetic resources of culinary herbs in Latvia: past, present and 12 future. Irina Sivicka 1, Ina Alsina 1, 1Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia OS 3 Phytodermological Studies of Medicinal Plants Used For Female 13 Fertility Problems of the Benin-Speaking People in Edo State, Nigeria IMUENTIYANOSA OMOIGUI 1, 1UNIVERSITY OF BENIN, BENIN CITY, EDO STATE, Nigeria OS 4 Aromatic and Medicinal Plants in Morocco: Diversity and socio- 14 economic role Mohammed Sghir TALEB 1, 1Institut Scientifique, Université Mohammed v de Rabat, Rabat, Morocco OS 5 Intraspecific variability of Origanum sp. in respect of developmental 15 and chemical traits Olga Kosakowska 1, Katarzyna Baczek 1, Anna Pawelczak 1, Jaroslaw Przybyl 1, Zenon Weglarz 1, 1Laboratory of New Herbal Products, Department of Vegetables and Medicinal Plants, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland OS 6 Cytotaxonomic studies on Ebeitoto (Marantocloa sp) of the Benin- 16 Speaking People of Edo State - Southern Nigeria Imuentiyanosa Omoigui 1, 1University Of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria OS 7 Bryophyte chemical composition and biological activity 17 Laura Klavina 1, 1University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia OS 8 Advances in research of polyprenol chemistry and biological activity 18 Ilona Vanaga 1, Ilva Nakurte 2, Kaspars Jekabsons 2, Ruta Muceniece 3, Baiba Jansone 3, Vija Klusa 3, Gustavs Latkovskis 4,5 , Vita Saripo 4, Karlis Kletnieks 6, Ugis Kletnieks 1, 1Silv EXPO Ltd., Riga, Latvia, 2University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, Riga, Latvia, 3University of Latvia, Faculty of Medicine, Riga, Latvia, 4Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia, 5Latvian Research Institute of Cardiology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia, 6Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia OS 9 The effect of natural antioxidants on oxidative stress markers in rats 19 1Andrejs Skesters 1Alise Silova, 2Ilona Vanaga, 2Ugis Kletnieks, 1Andrejs Sitovs, 1Inara Nokalna, 1Normunds Boks, 1Karlis Kletnieks 1Riga Stradinš University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga, Latvia, LV-1007 2SILVEXPO, LTD, Alberta Street 12-2, Riga, Latvia, LV-1010

COFFEE BREAK

Presentation on “Himalaya” Health and Beauty Products

6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

16:3 0-17:30 POSTER SESSION PS 1 Micromorphology, histochemistry and phytochemistry of the secretory 20 apparatus of Plumbago auriculata Lam. Karishma Singh 1, Yougasphree Naidoo 1, Channangihalli Thimmegowda Sadashiva 1, Himansu Baijnath 1, 1University of Kwazulu Natal, Durban, South Africa PS 2 Developmental and chemical diversity of Valeriana officinalis L. 21 Katarzyna Baczek1, Anna Pawelczak 1, Rafal Chmielecki 2, Zenon Weglarz 1, 1Laboratory of New Herbal Products, Department of Vegetables and Medicinal Plants, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland, 2Martin Bauer Poland, Witaszyczki, Poland PS 3 Chemical composition of Bog Bilberries, blueberries and black 22 crowberry Laura Klavina 1, Agnese Huna 1, Sabine Strauta 1, Maris Klavins 1, 1University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia PS 4 Lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds in sea buckthorn vegetative 23 parts and extracts Dalija Seglina 1, Inta Krasnova 1, Pawel Gornas 1, Inga Misina 1, 1Institute of Horticulture, Latvia University of Agriculture, Dobele, Latvia PS 5 Content of biologically active compounds in cranberries cultivated in 24 Latvia. Ida Jakobsone 1, Ilva Nakurte 2, Laima Lazdane 1, Lubova Usacova 1, Andris Spats 3, 1Food Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia, 2Laboratory of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia, 3Cranberries research farm “Gundegas”, Limbažu region, Latvia PS 6 A correlation study of physiological differences, yield attributes and 25 metabolic pathways among rice genotype and its mutant under salinity Nita Lakra 1, Khalid Anwar 1, Ashwani Pareek 1, Sneh Lata Sigla-Pareek 2, 1JNU, Delhi, India, 2ICGEB, Delhi, India

May 24, 2016 Welcome Reception : 19:00 hrs

May 25, 2016 Venue: ALFA Meeting Room

Chairman : Prof S Manian ( India) Co-Chair : Dr R Shubharani ( India)

09:30-10:30 KEYNOTE ADDRESS : Regulatory framework for herbal and traditional 26 medicines in the European Union Dr.Werner Knoess (Germany ), Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany 10:30-10:45 COFFEE BREAK

10:45-11:30 PLENARY LECTURE :Traditional Medicines: Impact on indigenous plant 27 populations in southern Africa Prof .Murugas Coopoosamy 1, 1Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban, South Africa

6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Technical Session II : Safety and efficacy of phytomedicines and phytocosmetics; Isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds; Pharmacognosy and ethnopharmacology; Emerging Trends in Ayurveda; Nutraceuticals and antioxidants Venue: ALFA Meeting Room

Chairperson: Prof Yogasphree Naidoo (South Africa) Co-Chair: Prof . P ēteris Trapencieris ( Latvia)

11:30 -11:45 OS 10 Efficient use of in vitro test systems to substantiate anti-ageing 28 and whitening claims for plant-derived extracts used in cosmetic products Anna Ramata-Stunda1, Elza Kakti ņa1, M ārti ņš Boroduš ķis 1, 1University of Latvia, Faculty of Biology, Riga, Latvia 11:45 -12:00 OS 11 Toxicological and Antimicrobial Studies of Ricinodendron 29 heudelotii Omolara Yakubu 1, Abiodun Adebayo 1, Olubanke Ogunlana 1, Jacob Popoola 1, Temitope Ishola 1, Loretta Imonikhe 1, Oladipupo Adeyemi 1, 1Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Canaan Land, KM 10 Idiroko Road, PMB 1023 Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria 12:00 -12:30 LUNCH BREAK 12:30 -12:45 OS 12 Organic acid, phenolic's and total carotenoid changes of 30 thermally processed and dehydrated dills ( Anethum graveolens L.) Liga Priecina 1, Daina Karklina 1, 1Latvia University of Agriculture, Faculty of Food Technology, Department of Food Technology, Rigas iela 22, Jelgava, Latvia 12:45 -13.00 OS 13 Environmentally Friendly Technologies for Obtaining Plant- 31 derived Extracts, Their Chemical Characterization and Applications Martins Boroduskis 1, Anna Ramata-Stunda 1, Elza Kaktina 1, Anete Boroduske 1, Ilva Nakurte 2, Nils Rostoks 1, 1University of Latvia, Faculty of Biology, Riga, Latvia, 2University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, Riga, Latvia 13:00 -13:15 OS 14 In vitro antioxidant effects and hepatoprotective activities of 32 Astragalus lagurus and Astragalus zederbaueri ethanolic extracts against paracetamol induced liver damage in rats hasan yusufoglu 1, gamal soliman 2,3 , rehab abdel-rahman 4, ozgen alankus- caliskan 5, 1college of pharmacy, department of pharmacognosy, prince sattam bin abdulaziz university, college of pharmacy, department of pharmacognosy, alkharj, Saudi Arabia, 2college of pharmacy department of pharmacology, prince sattam bin abdulaziz university, college of pharmacy, department of pharmacognosy, alkharj, Saudi Arabia, 3college of veternary, department of pharmacology, cairo university, cairo, Egypt, 4department of pharmacology, national research center, cairo, Egypt, 5epartment of chemistry, college of science, ege university, izmir, Turkey 13:15 -13:30 OS 15 More than just a pretty flower: Foliar secretory structures of two 33 Hibiscus species Kashmira Raghu 1, Yougasphree Naidoo 1, 1University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 13:30 -13:45 OS16 Modification of NO production and NOS expression by 34 polyphenols Evita Rostoka 1,2 , Larisa Baumane 2, Sergejs Isajevs 1, Nikolajs Sjakste 1,2 , 1University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia, 2Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia

6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

13:45 -14:00 OS 17 The accumulation of biomass and biologically active compounds 35 in Saposhnikovia divaricata cultivated in Poland Katarzyna Baczek 1, Jaroslaw Przybyl 1, Zenon Weglarz 1, 1Laboratory of New Herbal Products, Department of Vegetables and Medicinal Plants, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland 14:00 -14:15 OS 18 Assessment of chemical and biological contamination of spices 36 Vadims Bartkevics 1, Iveta Pugajeva 1, Ingars Reinholds 1, Baiba Fogele 1, 1Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Riga, Latvia 14:15 -14:30 OS 19 Preliminary results of the effect of the sea buckthorn leaves and 37 berries marc extract on the health indices of calves Laima Liepa 1, Evita Zolnere 1, Ilmars Duritis 1, Dalija Seglina 2, 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia, 2Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing, Dobele, Latvia 14:30 -14:45 OS 20 Impact of aromatic plant extracts on the formation of acryamide 38 in French fries Zanda Kruma 1, Anita Maksima 1, Solvita Kampuse 1, Lolita Tomsone 1, Martins Sabovics 1, Ilze Skrabule 2, 1Latvia University of Agriculture, Department of Food Technology, Jelgava, Latvia, Latvia, 2Institute of Agricultural Resources and Economics, Priekuli, Latvia, Latvia 14: 45-15:00 OS 21 Effect of Apple Cider Vinegar and Cinnamon (Cinnamomum 39 cassia) in combination on lipid profile of mice Zahid Iqbal 1, Ayesha Aftab 1, 1Department of Pharmacology, Al-Nafees Medical College & Hospital, Isra University, Islamabad, Pakistan 15:00-15:15 OS 22 Dual Anti-hyperglycemic and Anti-inflammatory Effect of 40-41 Ayurvedic Medicines in Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Sintija Sausa 1, Somit Kumar 1,2 , P R Krishnakumar 2, KG Ravindran 2, Valdis Pirags 1, 1University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia, 2Arya Vaidya Chikitsalayam &Research Institute, Coimbatore, India 15: 15:15: 30 OS 23 Research of potential health benefits of whole grain components 42 in Latvia Laila Meija 1, Ida J ākobsone 2, Aiga St āka 1, Edgars Bodnieks 1, Aldis Pu ķī tis 1, Vilnis Lietuvietis 3, Aivars Lejnieks 3, Sanita Zute 4, 1Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia, 2Food Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia, 3Riga Eastern Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia, 4Institute of Agricultural Resources and Economics Stende Research Center, Stende, Latvia 15:30 -15:45 OS 24 Herbal extracts and essential oils against drug resistant bacteria; 43 perspectives and limitations Tatjana Tracevska 1, 1University of Latvia, Faculty of Medicine, Riga, Latvia 15: 45 -16:00 COFFEE BREAK 16:00 -16:15 OS 25 Preliminary Phytochemical, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of 44 folklore medicinal plant OleadioicaRoxb. from Western Ghats, Karnataka, India. Raja Naika , and Ashwathanarayana R, Department of PG Studies and Research in Applied Botany, Jnanasahyadri, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta- 577451. Shimogga, district, Karnataka, India .

6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

16:15-17:15 POSTER SESSION PS 7 Analgesic, antipyretic, antiinflammatory and hepatoprotective activity of 45 the methanolic extract of Pulicaria crispa (Asteraceae) hasan yusufoglu 1, ahmed foudah 1, aftab alem 1, mohammed ayman salkini 1, gamal soliman 2, 1prince sattam bin abdulaziz university, college of pharmacy, department of pharmacognosy, alkharj, Saudi Arabia, 2prince sattam bin abdulaziz university, college of pharmacy, department of pharmacology, alkharj, Saudi Arabia PS 8 LC-MS/MS Phenolic Compound Determination of Phlomis 46 bourgaei DESF. from Turkey Yavuz Bülent Köse 1, Fatih Göger 2, Ne şe Kırımer 2, 1Anadolu University Faculty of Pharmacy, Eskisehir, Turkey, 2Anadolu University Faculty of Pharmacy, Eskisehir, Turkey PS 9 In vitro chemo-preventative activity of Strelitzia nicolai aril extract 47 containing bilirubin Depika Dwarka 1, Himansu Baijnath 1, Veneesha Thaver 1, Mickey Naidu 1, Neil Koorbanally 1, 1University of KwaZuluNatal, Durban, South Africa PS 10 Essential oils of industrial hemp inflorescences (Cannabis sativa L.) 48 Lauris Arbidans 1, Laura Klavina 1, Jorens Kviesis 1, Maris Klavins 1, 1Department of Environmental Science, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia PS 11 A screening study for searching herbal medicine of synergistic anti- 49 proliferative effect with TRAIL on TRAIL-resistant lung cancer cell Beom-Joon Lee 1, Sung-Ki Jung1, Hee-Jae Jung 1, Sang-Jin Kim 1, Shuen Cheng Chiang 1, 1kyunghee university, seoul, Republic of Korea PS 12 Agrorefining of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Case study of Apiaceae 50 Seeds for Vegetable and Essential oils Production Coupled to Valorization of Extraction Cakes Bouchra Sayed Ahmad 1,2 , Othmane Merah 1, Akram Hijazi 2, Zeinab Saad 2, Zanda Kruma 3, Ruta Galoburda 3, Thierry Talou 1, 1INP-ENSIACET, Toulouse, France, 2Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon, 3Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia PS 13 Diterpenoids in mosses growing in Latvia 51 Lauris Arbidans 1, Jorens Kviesis 1, Laura K ļavi ņa1, 1Department of Environmental Science, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia PS 14 Beeflora of Nilgiri biosphere and their medicinal importance 52 RoopaP 1.,Shubharani R 1*., and Sivaram V 1 1Department of Botany, Jnanabharathi, Bangalore University, Bangalore – 560056, India *V Sivaram Research Foundation, #132, 2 nd Main, R.R. Layout, Bangalore – 560056, India PS 15 Characterization of chemical composition of mints grown in Latvian 53 Zanda Kruma 1, Evita Straumite 1, Ruta Galoburda 1, 1Latvia University of Agriculture, Department of Food Technology, Jelgava, Latvia PS 16 Evaluation of bioactive compounds of different cereal grains breed in 54 Latvia . Sanita Zute 1, Ida Jakobsone 2, Mara Bleidere 1, Madara Jakobsone 2, 1Stende Research Centre, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Economics, Stende, Latvia, 2Food Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia PS 17 How safe are medicinal plants grown ina city environment? The case study of 55 Riga, Latvia Zane Vincevica-Gaile , University of Latvia, Raina Blvd. 19, Riga, LV-1586, Latvia Institute for Environmental Solutions, “Lidlauks”, Priekuli parish, LV-4101, Latvia PS 18 The influence of storing period and temperature on valerian seeds sowing 56 value Ewelina Pióro-Jabrucka 1, Katarzyna Baczek 1, Rafal Chmielecki 2, Zenon Weglarz 1, 1Laboratory of New Herbal Products, Department of Vegetables and Medicinal Plants, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland, 2Martin Bauer Poland, Witaszyczki, Poland

6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

May 26, 2016 Venue: ALFA Meeting Room

Chairperson: Prof. Valdis Pīrāgs ( Latvia) Co-Chair: Dr. Katarzyna Bączek (Poland)

09:30-10:30 KEYNOTE ADDRESS : Plants in gastrointestinal and liver diseases. Evidence 57 based approach . Dr Goda Denapiene , Assoc Prof. Vilnius University . Lithuania 10:30-11:00 COFFEE BREAK

11:00-11:30 PLENARY LECTURE : .Development of Neutraceutical diuretics 58 Dr. Somit Kumar, Head Clinical Pharmacology and Interdisciplinary Research &Phdscholar , University of Latvia The AryaVaidyaChikitsalayam and Research Institute, Coimbatore ,India 11:30-12:00 PLENARY LECTURE : Strategy to meet challenges of Medicinal and Aromatic 59-61 Plants for Sustainable Quality Production Dr. Janardan Jee, President, International Consortium of Contemporary Biologists ,Ranchi. India 12:00 -12:30 LUNCH BREAK

Technical Session II : Biodiversity, conservation and Bio Prospecting of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants; Isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds

Venue: ALFA Meeting Room

Chairperson: Prof Zenon Weglarz ( Poland ) Co-Chair: Beom-Joon Lee ( South Korea )

12:30 -12:45 OS 26 Growing organic herbs in latvia: clean environment as a key 62 factor for the quality Andrea PRIMAVERA *; GundarsSKUDRINS ** ; SandijsLUKINS ** *Institute for Environmental Solutions, “Lidlauks”, Priekuli parish, LV-4101, Latvia ** “Field & Forest” Ltd, Metras Street 3, Smiltene, LV-4729, Latvia

12: 45 -13:00 OS 27 Phytochemical composition and correlation between total 63 phenolics, flavonoids contents and antioxidant activities of thymus hirtus willd extracts Ahmed Nouasri 1, Tahar Dob 1, Mohamed Toumi 1, Dahmane Dahmane 1, Soumeya Krimat 1, Hafitha Metidji 1, Chabane chelghoume 1, 1ENS Kouba, Alghers, Algeria 13:00 -13. 15 OS 28 Investigation of chemical constituents present in mature stems 64 and agarwood resin of Gyrinopswalla (Gaerth.) A.N. Buddhapriya 1, W.T.P.S.K. Senarath 1* 1 Department of Botany, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka 13: 15 -13: 30 OS 29 Studies on genetic diversity in naturally distributed population of 65

6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

gamboge trees ( Garcinia gummi – gutta (L.) in Central Kerala, India Manivannan, K., S. Thirugnanakumar and K.A. Inasi Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, India 13: 30 -13: 45 OS 30 Quantification of phytochemicals, GC-MS analysis and 66 antioxidant assay of Amomum maximum leaf extract R Shubharani 1* and V Sivaram 1 1Laboratory of Biodiversity and Apiculture, Department of Botany, Bangalore University, Bangalore-560056, India *V Sivaram Research Foundation, R R Nagar, Bangalore – 560056, India 13: 45 -14:00 OS 3 1 Mitigating Climate Change & Global Warming using Medicinal 67 and Aromatic Plants Chandrawati Kumari , Dept. of Biotechnology,A.N.College,Patna (India) 14:00 -14: 15 OS 32 In vitro propagation, screening of phytochemical identities of 68 rhizomes of tissue cultured and naturally grown plants of kaempferiagalangal (zingiberaceae) 1Senarath, RMUS, 2Karunarathna, BMAC, 2* Senarath, WTPSK and 3Catanes, Jimmy G . 1College of Medicine, VirgenMilagrosa University Foundation, Philippines 2Department of Botany, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka 3Research Development Centre, VirgenMilagrosa University Foundation, Philippines 14: 15 -14: 30 OS 33 Strategies for conservation of RET medicinal and aromatic 69 plants of South India K.Manivannan, Director (Academic Affairs) Annamalai University Annamalainagar – 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India 14: 30 -14: 45 OS 34 Lupane type pentacyclic triterpenes from birch bark and their wide 70 range biological properties Peteris Trapencieris 1, Valha Konstantsinava 1, Edvards Liepins 1, Anete Krjuckovska 1, Anete Parkova 1, Janis Rizikovs 2 1Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles iela 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia, 2Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes iela 27, Riga, LV- 1006, Latvia 14: 45 -15:00 OS 35 Biodiversity of Medicinal, Aromatic, Spice and Poisonous 71 Plants, the Creation and Development of Gene bank Kacharava Tamar a and Koiava Liana Georgian Technical University, 77, Kostava Str., 0175, Tilisi, Georgia 15:00 -15:15 OS 36 Conservation of medicinal plants of Kodagu District, Karnataka 72 State, India Indira Kalyanasundaram , (Retired Professor, University of Madras) 58 Malabar Road, Virajpet Kodagu District, Karnataka 571218, India 15:15 -15:30 OS 37 Assessment of chemical and biological contamination of spices 73 Vadims Bartkevics, Iveta Pugajeva, Ingars Reinholds, Baiba Fogele Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Lejupes street 3, Riga, LV1076, Latvi a 15:30 -15 :45 OS 3 8 Ethno-medicinal plants of Ajmer Rajasthan, India 74 Rashmi Sharma , Department of Zoology SPC GCA Ajmer, Rajasthan, India 15: 45 -16: 30 PANEL DISCUSSION 16: 30-16: 45 Coffee / Tea Break

6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Bio refining of medicinal and aromatic plants into valuable ingredients by using traditional and modern techniques

Petras Rimantas Venskutonis 1, 1Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania

Search, evaluation and application of natural antioxidants and other phytochemicals has become popular topic for food, agricultural and medicinal chemists due to the following reasons: (i) increasing evidence of health effects of numerous natural compounds; (ii) developments in functional foods, nutraceuticals, natural pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and other products; (iii) vast diversity of various underinvestigated species in the plant kingdom; (iv) increasing consumer preference for natural ingredients for food and other applications; (v) development of analytical techniques enabling fast and effective isolation and characterisation of natural compounds.

Botaniclas are very complex matrixes consisting of various compoundclasses.Primarily, medicinal and aromatic plants may be classified into the essentials oil bearing and other species. Distillation of oils, preparation of hydroethanolic tinctures/extracts and isolation of non-volatile constituents with organic solvents may be considered as the main traditional techniques in the production of various preparations from aromatic and medicinal plants. Such techniques possess various disadvantages.For instance, essential oils from botanicals are usually isolated by steam or water distillation. Such process, depending on plant material, yields on average 0.5-3 % of the oil, while the rest of plant material in most cases is discarded as a waste. Application of organic solvents for the isolation of nonvolatile bioactive compounds contaminates the extracts with hazardous solvents, which should be removed until regulated concentrations; the process also produces high amounts of residues.

Therefore the effectiveness of the processing of botanicals should be increased by a more rational utilisation of raw materials, which may be achieved by applying biorefining concept. Development of complex processing methods, including conventional and novel techniques for the recovery of valuablebioactive constituentsmay be considered as a particularly promising trend in the area of botanicals. Supercritical fluid, pressurised liquid, microwave and ultrasonic assisted extraction and fractionation, chromatographic separation and purification, microbial, enzymatic, chemical and thermal treatment methods, as well as their combinations are promising opportunities for the exhaustive conversion of aromatic and medicinal plants into valuable materials, which may find numerous applications, e.g. functional foods, nutraceuticals, natural food additives, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, etc. Innovative application and optimisation of these processes may result in achieving an ideal‚ ‘zero-waste‘objective. Several examples will be provided on biorefining selected plant species into various products by using different schemes of high pressure extraction and fractionation. Antioxidant properties and phyto chemical composition of the products obtained will be reviewed.

Keywords: bio refining, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, antioxidants

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Development of potential drugs from the sea

Prof. S. Manian, Vice-Chancellor Annamalai University, Annamalai nagar – 608002, Tamil Nadu, India

The oceans embrace a plethora of marine organisms that are diverse in their physiology and adaptations and display a variety of molecules with structurally unique features, quantifying for the development of potential drugs.

Drugs from Marine Microbes

Marine bacteria are a source of new genes and the exploitation is likely to lead to the discovery of new drugs and targets. Studies on marine fungi continue to rise with 318 new compounds reported in 2014 compared to 223 in 2013. Marine actinobacteria are prolific producers of pharmacologically important compounds. In India, a team of researchers have recently isolated a novel chromopeptideantibiotic “ Transitmycin” from new marine Streptomyces sp R2 isolated from the coral reef ecosystem of Rameswaram, South India. Transitmycin showed promising activity against the drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV . A novel work on the psychorphilic actinobacteria isolated from the Antarctic Ocean for exopolysaccharide production has also been carried out from here.

Drugs from Marine Flora

Being naturally enriched in key nutrients and various health-promoting compounds, seaweeds are the promising candidates for the design of functional foods, including those directed towards cardiovascular-health promotion and type II diabetic mellitus. Mangrove are becoming a hot spot for natural product discovery and bioactivity survey; antifeedent activity of Xylocarpus moluccensis, isomeric macrolides from Aegiceras corniculatum , carcinogenic effects of Ceriops decandra , antiviral property of Rhizophoraceae and Acanthus ilicifolius for pain/depression are highlighted.

Drugs from Marine Fauna

Although sponges are the foremost providers of marine bioactive compounds, cnidarians are also being studied with promising results. Notable numbers of compounds have been reported from marine ascidians. In addition, ink from young cephalopods, S. intermis and L. duvaucelli showed strong inhibition of MMLV RT. Further, researchers have recently developed a number of in vivo, microgram-scale, high-throughput bioassays, based on zebra fish embryos and larvae, for the systematic identification and pharmacological characterization of bioactive natural products.

Bioactive compounds from marine flora and fauna have extensive uses in the treatment of many diseases and they serve as compounds of interest both in their natural form and as templates for synthetic modification. Therefore, marine drugs need special attention so as to proliferate their uncountable uses in the pharmaceutical field.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Chromolaena odorata : Friend or Foe

Kuben Naidoo 1, 1Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban, South Africa

Chromolaena odorata is classified as an invasive weed in southern Africa and is a serious threat to indigenous biodiversity. The species has been noted to have some medicinal value. There is a continuous and urgent need to discover plants with antimicrobial properties, especially in rural Africa, where most dwellers are too impoverished to afford specialised health care. The low socio-economic standing of the great majority of people in KwaZulu-Natal, especially in rural areas, suggests that many use traditional methods of healthcare. The role of traditional medicines is increasingly appreciated for the prevention and treatment of many human ailments. Medicinal plants have been extensively studied due to the wide acceptance of traditional medicine as an alternative form of healthcare and the alarming increase in the incidence of new and re-emerging infectious diseases. Herbal remedies have also become the focus of intense scrutiny, not only from a conservation perspective but in order to gauge whether their use is supported by actual pharmacological effects. The impacts, distribution and uses of C. odorata in South Africa and the rest of the world will be discussed. Investigations revealed that the weed has limited antimicrobial properties. However, phytochemical analysis of selected compounds in the leaf extract of the weed revealed the presence of tannins, phenolic compounds, sterols, triterpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids and saponin glycosides. The antimicrobial effect of the leaf extract may be due to the presence of phenolic, alkaloid and flavonoid compounds. It was concluded that the weed has limited potential as an antimicrobial agent.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Genetic resources of culinary herbs in Latvia: past, present and future.

Irina Sivicka 1, Ina Alsina 1, 1Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia

It is hard to say when our ancestors started to use the culinary herbs. By Latvian folk songs, the use of poppy, caraway, hyssop, wormwood, onion, mustard, parsley, horseradish, dill, yarrow, oregano, catnip, spearmint, peppermint, thyme was very wide in ancient times [1]. In 1918 – 1940 yy., many species of culinary herbs were cultivated and exported to others European countries. After soviet period, the interest about growing of herbs revitalized. Nowadays, the herbs are cultivated in conventional and organic systems in Latvia. The ratified international documents define the research of genetic resources to be one of the basic objectives of long-term conservation of biodiversity [3]. By Latvian legislation, local and foreign wild and cultivated species, which historically were used in culinary, can be defined as local genetic resources. The fundamental ex situ collection of genetic resources of culinary herbs is situated in the Latvia University of Agriculture. The conserved genus are: lemon balm, southernwood, tarragon, hyssop, catmint, spearmint, lavender, 'bear's garlic, lovage, thyme, peppermint, oregano.

Until 2010, the main priorities were: - to establish the system of characterization and evaluation of accessions, - to create or complement descriptor lists, - to create a database of genetic resources of culinary herbs [3]. - From 2010, it is important: - to study the morphological, biochemical and genetic diversity of accessions, using descriptor lists, - to study the genetic structure of accessions by exploring the genetic covariance, - to study the changes of content and composition of essential oils in vegetation period, - to study the possibility of in vitro propagation of accessions, - to select the most productive samples for their future cultivation [2].

Cultivation is one of the methods of conservation of genetic resources. In future, it will be important to evaluate the dynamics of accessions` growing and ageing in agrocenosis, to evaluate the biomass creation depending on different factors, to explore the influence of agroechnics and drying technologies on qualitative and quantitative indices of essential oils.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Phytodermological studies of medicinal plants used for female fertility problems of the Benin-speaking people in Edo State, Nigeria

Imuentiyanosa Omoigui 1, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

Forty-one (41) taxa belonging to forty-one (41) species distributed in 41 genera and twenty-seven (27) families have been collected from home gardens of the native doctors or “ohens” as they are called. The plants were identified and their uses documented as medicinal plants used for female fertility problems by the Benins in Edo State. The problems treated include fibroid, hormonal imbalance, prolonged labour, miscarriage, prolonged pregnancy, internal heat in the stomach and womb, correction of the menstrual cycle and to aid conception. The plants are administered to their patients in three ways: they are eaten in soups, taken with water or alcohol or they are used for spiritual baths. Majority of the taxa studied phytodermologically were amphistomaitic (36) and only five (5) were hypostomatic (Newbouldia laevis, Vitex doiana, Ficus thonnigii, Maesa sp and Euadenia trifoliata ). Three (3) known stomatal types were encountered; anomocytic which were more followed by paracytic (7 species): Elytraria marginata, Picralima nitida, Irvingia garbonensis, Dennettia, tripelata, Maesa sp, Nauclea latifolia and Parquetina nigrescens and only two (2) species were actinocytic (Vitex doiana and Annona muricata ). Forty (40) taxa had big stomata while only Brillantisia owariensis had small stomata. The stomata of Albizia zygia was the largest: 52µm x 23µm x 24µm x 5µm while B. owariensis had the least: 14µm x 5µm x 12µm x 4µm. Eglandular unicellular trichomes were observed in B. owariensis and Myrianthus arboreus . There were no stomatal abnormalities observed in all the species studied. No correlation could be drawn between life form and the type of stomata nor similarities in the stomata of plants used for the same purpose.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Aromatic and Medicinal Plants in Morocco: Diversity and socio-economic role

Mohammed Sghir TALEB 1, 1Institut Scientifique, Université Mohammed v de Rabat, Rabat, Morocco

With its geographical situation (true crossroads between Europe and Africa and the Mediterranean and the Atlantic), with the diversity of its climate and its habitats, Morocco shelters a particularly varied natural vegetation, as well by its structure and its aspect, as by the diversity of the species. The floristic richness of the country is mainly related to the ecological heterogeneity of its biotopes. Indeed, of the desert to the high mountain and the littoral to the most continental borders, Morocco offers very varied ecological conditions which allowed the installation of species of various stocks. The most important formations of the Moroccan vegetable carpets are the forests and the matorrals which extend on approximately 5 million hectares. Then the formations come to esparto ( Stipa tenacissima ) which cover nearly 3 million hectares.

The vascular flora of Morocco has 5211 species and subspecies distributed among 155 families and 981 genera. The number of endemic taxa amounted to 951 (18%). The rare or endangered flora species is estimated to be 463 and 1284 subspecies.

The number of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants in Morocco is estimated at about 800 species. These plants represent an important business in Morocco. The most important species are economically Thymus spp ., Artemisia herba alba , Rosmarinus officinalis , Argania spinosa .

The use of Rosmarinus officinalis provides approximately 81.000 day work / year which correspond to a value of 4.050.000.00 MAD. On the global level, Morocco produces: - 1 000 tones of essential oils: Dh 150 million - Approximately 80 tonnes of medicinal plants: 100 million MAD and generates about 500,000 Men day work.

Traditional extraction of Argan oil Extraction of Rosmarinus oil

6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Intraspecific variability of Origanum sp. in respect of developmental and chemical traits

Olga Kosakowska 1, Katarzyna Baczek 1, Anna Pawelczak 1, Jaroslaw Przybyl 1, Zenon Weglarz 1, 1Laboratory of New Herbal Products, Department of Vegetables and Medicinal Plants, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland

Oregano is a perennial from Lamiaceae family. Its herb, rich in essential oil and phenolic compounds, reveals different pharmacological activities e.g. antimicrobial, antioxidant, antispasmodic, astringent and diuretic. This raw material is applied mainly in gastrointestinal disorders and in a loss of appetite, while the essential oil is utilized in food industry. The aim of the study was to determine the intraspecific variability of oregano in terms of selected developmental traits as well as accumulation of essential oil and phenolic acids. The total antioxidant power was determined too. Developmental characteristics was performed according to the List of Descriptors elaborated by MAPsWG ECPGR. The total content of essential oil and phenolic acids was determined according to EP 8 th . The composition of essential oil was carried out by GC/FID. The total antioxidant power was performed by DPPH method. The obtained results indicate that the investigated populations differed significantly both in terms of developmental and chemical traits. The mass of herb varied from 52.50 to 131.11g dw. per plant (CV 0.28), plant height from 20.33 to 28.45 cm (CV 0.12) and number of shoots from 18.11 to 28.75 per plant (CV 0.16). The described populations differed also in the other morphological traits. The total content of essential oil ranged from 0.18 to 0.36% (CV 0.22). The essential oil from investigated populations differed in their composition and dominant compounds (sabinene, β-myrcen, β-ocymene, β-caryophyllene, carvacrol and germacrene D). The total content of phenolic acids varied from 0.94 to 2.76% (CV 0.25). Its high content in raw materials was combined with a high antioxidant power of adequate extracts.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Cytotaxonomic studies on Ebeitoto ( Marantocloa sp) of the Benin-Speaking People of Edo State - Southern Nigeria

Imuentiyanosa Omoigui 1, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

Ebeitoto is used by the ohens (Traditional doctors) of the Benin-speaking people of Edo State for regulating hormonal imbalance in women. It is administered with a combination of other plants for baths. The plants were collected from home gardens of these ohens where they were commonly differentiated as ebeitoto (big) or ebeitoto (small). The plants were identified using the International standard of Nomenclature to belong to the genus Marantocloa of the family Maranthaceae. Cytological and morphological studies were carried out on these plants. Meiosis was normal with regular bivalent pairing revealing that the plants were stable and that hybridization was not responsible for their differences. Ebeitoto was observed to be two different species. M. leucantha (n=14) and M. congoensis (n=14) and the results agreed with the traditional classification of the ohens for the two plants i.e. ebeitoto (big) M. leucantha and ebeitoto (small) M. congoensis .

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Bryophyte chemical composition and biological activity

Laura Klavina 1, 1University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia

Bryophytes are separated into 3 groups- mosses, liverworts and hornworts, together making up to 25 000 species. Large amount of species makes bryophytes the largest plant group after flowering plants (higher plants). Bryophytes are the most abundant plant group and they are found in all ecosystems worldwide playing a significant roles in ecosystem functioning. Plant secondary metabolites are often used as flavorings, food additives and for bio-prospecting of new pharmaceuticals, at first, studying secondary metabolites of higher plants. Secondary metabolites in plants are responsible for such functions as adaptation and defense against herbivores and diseases. Research has shown many new secondary metabolites with biological activity can also be found in lower plants, such as mosses. A rapidly growing stream in bryophyte research is related to studies of biologically active substances both to find new substances with perspective application in pharmacy, both for a better understanding of bryophyte ecology and biochemistry. Recent studies has found high amounts of terpenoids, phenolics, glycosides, lipids and even antibiotics in bryophytes. This study aimed to extract and analyse secondary metabolites of mosses characteristic for Northern Europe and to characterise their biological activity.

In order to better evaluate amount and diversity of secondary metabolites in mosses 2 types of extracts were prepared. 15 moss species from Northern Europe forest and bog ecosystems were chosen. Extraction was done using two types of methods and solvents- microwave extraction with 60% ethanol and ultrasound extraction using chloroform. Ethanol extracts were tested using LC-TOF analysis for more hydrophilic substances such as amino acids and polyphenols. Biological activity was tested using ethanol extracts and couple of differing methods (antimicrobial activity, anticancer activity). Chloroform extracts were analysed using GC-MS analysis for hydrophobic substances. Obtained results suggest that secondary metabolite content in mosses is lower than initially expected. In ethanol extracts a range of polyphenols and amino acids were identified and quantified. Approximately 100 substances were identified using GC-MS analysis.High number of different substances has been identified in the extracts of mosses, as well as there can be found many unidentified peeks. Moss secondary metabolite extracts do show biological activity both as antimicrobial and anti-proliferative agents.

Key words: Bryophytes, secondary metabolites, mosses, biologically activity

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Advances in research of polyprenol chemistry and biological activity

Ilona Vanaga 1, Ilva Nakurte 2, Kaspars Jekabsons 2, Ruta Muceniece 3, Baiba Jansone 3, Vija Klusa 3, Gustavs Latkovskis 4,5 , Vita Saripo 4, Karlis Kletnieks 6, Ugis Kletnieks 1, 1Silv EXPO Ltd., Riga, Latvia, 2University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, Riga, Latvia, 3University of Latvia, Faculty of Medicine, Riga, Latvia, 4Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia, 5Latvian Research Institute of Cardiology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia, 6Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia

Background. Polyprenols (PPs) are natural long-chain isoprenoid alcohols widely spread in nature and conifer tree needles are one of the richest source of PPs. In living organisms PPs are synthesized via mevalonate pathway. The obtaining of sufficient amounts of PPs from plants and structural elucidation of molecular entities of PPs natural mixture are essential. PPs have been found to exert antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antiviral etc. activities, however little is known about their influence on the mevalonate pathway blocking agent statin-induced side effects and CNS functions.

Aim of this study was to investigate chemical structure units of PPs isolated from Picceaabies L. spruce needles and their effects in different animal models and humans.

Methods and Materials. 1.ForPPs chemical analysis UPLC-TOF method was used. 2. PPs administered per os (1, 10 and 20 mg/kg) alone and together with Atorvastatin (AT, 80 mg/kg) during 16 days were studied in female rats by evaluation of muscle strength (e.g. grip strength, wire hang), behaviour, blood plasma cholesterol and creatine kinase (CK) levels. 3. Male Wistar rats’ spatial memory impaired by 1 h immobilization stress was studied after PPs administration (20 mg/kg) following 4 training days (water maze), and cortico sterone and adrenaline levels in plasma were measured. 4. In an open-label, one-centre prospective pilot study 11 patients with statin-induced myopathies received PPs (4mg/day) and CoQ10 (10mg/day) for 8 weeks. Symptoms and safety were evaluated according to symptom severity score (0-10), analysing CK levels, exercise test, dynamometry, complete blood count, clinical biochemistry and electrocardiography.

Results. Spruce PPs consisted of mixture of homologues with isoprene unit number 12-22, mainly from 13 to 19. Rats treated with AT demonstrated reduced muscle strength, while PPs reversed this AT effect. At the tested doses PPs did not influence CNS functions. PPs at 20 mg/kg improved learning/memory in stressed animals that coincided with normalization of plasma corticosterone and increased adrenaline concentrations. In patients, muscle pain (n=10) and weakness (n=7) scores were improved. Muscle pain completely disappeared in 2 patients, weakness completely resolved in 3 patients and cramps disappeared in two patients. No significant changes were observed in exercise test or dynamometry.

Conclusions. Spruce needles contain PPs from C65 (pren-13) to C95 (pren-19). The obtained results suggest that the combination of PPs with AT may be helpful for reducing muscle-related side effects in patients receiving long-term AT therapy.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

The effect of natural antioxidants on oxidative stress markers in rats

1Andrejs Skesters 1Alise Silova,2Ilona Vanaga, 2Ugis Kletnieks,1Andrejs Sitovs, 1Inara Nokalna, 1NormundS Boks, 1Karlis Kletnieks 1Riga Stradinš University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga, Latvia, LV-1007 2SILVEXPO, LTD Alberta Street 12-2, Riga, Latvia, LV-1010

Introduction : Increased oxidative stress (OS) might play important role in the initiation and progression of different diseases. Compounds of plant origin, known to possess antioxidant and antiradical activity may be beneficial for OS-associated diseases.

Aim:To investigate the effect of different natural antioxidants on OS biomarkers in rats.

Materials and methodology:50 rats were divided in five groups.14 daysonce a day rats were supplemented through a tube with: group 1-extract of coniferous polyprenol(PP, 7 mg);group 2– extract of sodium chlorophyllin paste(SC, 3 ml 30 mg);group 3 – carotenoid paste(CP, 35 mg); group 4–50% extract of shoots of sea buckthorn(SB, 0,5 ml)and group 5 – control(C- 3 ml water). To evaluate the OS, the plasma levelsof malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) were measured.The response of antioxidant defenses was evaluated measuring the activities of Se- dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx) in erythrocytes, amount of reduced glutathione (G-SH) in blood, as well as total antioxidant status (TAS) in plasma. All parameters were compared with control group rats.

Results:It was observed, that theamount of MDAhad reduced in all rat groups. The amount of NO significantly (p<0.01) decreased in CP supplemented groups.InSB group NO levelshowed the tendency to decrease, however in other groups it remained almost the same. TAS had tendency to increase in CP and SB groups. The activity of Se-GPxsignificantly (p<0.01) decreased in SC supplemented group. The amount of GSH significantly (p<0.01) increased in both CP and SB supplemented groups.

Conclusions : Carotenoid paste and extract of sea buckthorn shoots had shown more effective antioxidant and antiradical scavenger properties thanpolyprenol containing preparation.Although it might have occurred due to the low bioavailability (low solubility in water and organic solvents) of the polyprenols.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Micromorphology, histo-chemistry and phyto-chemistry of the secretory apparatus of Plumbago auriculata Lam.

Karishma Singh 1, Yougasphree Naidoo 1, Channangihalli Thimmegowda Sadashiva 1, Himansu Baijnath 1, 1University of Kwazulu Natal, Durban, South Africa

Plumbago auriculata Lam., is one of 24 species belonging to the family Plumbaginaceae . It is an evergreen bushy shrub that originated from South Africa and is distributed in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. Micromorphology of the leaves showed that they contain salt glands on the aerial epidermis and majority of the salt secretions occur on the abaxial surface of the leaf. The sepals bear large glandular capitate trichomes with visible mucilage secretions observed, and with the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), non-glandular trichomes were also observed. Histochemical staining and phytochemical tests revealed the presence of lipids, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids in leaves and sepals. Alkaloids and phenolic compounds are two major phytochemical compounds that are of medicinal importance. Many species within the genus Plumbago are widely used for medicinal purposes due to the presence of highly potent biological compounds. Plumbagin a 5- hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone compound and other related compounds occur within many species of the Plumbaginaceae family. These compounds are shown to have antimicrobial and other medicinal properties such as; it can be used as an anti-cancer drug as well as for the treatment of skin diseases, piles, diarrhea, rheumatism, and anasarca. Plumbago auriculata is one of the most important medicinal plants in India and is given the trade name Ceylon Lead wort. Roots and leaves of P.auriculata are known to have many therapeutic properties like cardiotonic, anti-atherogenic, hepatoprotective, carditoxic and neuroprotective properties. The secondary metabolite plumbagin is obtained mainly from the roots and leaves of the plant. The aim of this study is to provide a scientific basis for the medicinal uses of Plumbago auriculata by investigating the micromorphological, histochemical, and phytochemical characteristics of the leaves and sepals. Key words: sepals, trichomes, secretions, phytochemicals, salt glands

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Developmental and chemical diversity of Valeriana officinalis L.

Katarzyna Baczek 1, Anna Pawelczak 1, Rafal Chmielecki 2, Zenon Weglarz 1, 1Laboratory of New Herbal Products, Department of Vegetables and Medicinal Plants, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland, 2Martin Bauer Poland, Witaszyczki, Poland

Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) roots is an important medicinal raw material. According to European Pharmacopeia it is standardised for valerenic acids and essential oil content. The species is highly diversified in respect of developmental and chemical traits. This variability is strictly combined with strong heterogenity owing to allogamy of the plant. In Poland, up to 1970’ valerian roots was mainly collected from natural sites. Nowadays, the raw material is harvested exclusively from cultivated plants. The local landrace called ‘Lubelski’ is the most popular. However, it reveals a number of traits typical for wild growing plants. This landrace was the object of our studies aiming to determine the range of developmental and chemical variability. The following developmental features were investigated: the shape and colour of leaves, the number and height of inflorescences, the period of blooming, the colour of flowers, the viability of pollen, the yield of seeds per plant, 1000-seeds weight and germinability of seeds. The raw material (rhizomes with roots) was evaluated in respect of its mass per plant, as well as the content of valerenic acids and essential oil. The obtained results show high diversity concerning the number of inflorescences (CV 47%) and the mass od seeds per plant (CV 37%), whereas the diversity regarding viability of pollen (CV 15%), 1000-seeds weight (CV 15%) as well as germinability of seeds (CV 4%) was relatively low. The fresh weight of roots ranged from 200.0 to 4460.0 g per plant, the content of valerenic acids varied from 0.03 to 0.41% dw. and essential oils from 0.31 to 1.65%. Both, from pharmacological and herbal industry point of view, the most important active compounds in valerian roots are valerenic acids. High variability of the investigated landrace in respect of their accumulation gives a chance to select an improved landrace.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Chemical composition of Bog bilberries, blueberries and black crowberry

Laura Klavina 1, Agnese Huna 1, Sabine Strauta 1, Maris Klavins 1, 1University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia

One of the biggest values in Latvia are forest, which provides resources such as berries. In Latvian conditions, bog bil berries are very common species it is because of the damp forest and marsh habitats – especially moss and nearby wet forests, which are suitable for the growth of bilberries, blueberries and black crowberries. In forests, the naturally growing berries (blueberries Vaccinium corymbosum and bilberries Vaccinium uliginosum L. ) often are mixed with one another that is why bog bilberries are rarely used in food and poorly studied.

Optimal growing conditions of bilberries and black crowberry as well as best growing areas are not completely studied, but what is more important – there are very little studies about bog bilberry and black crowberry chemical composition and biologically active substances. That is why research in bog bilberry and black crowberry extraction, process optimization, chemical composition determination and studies of biological activity are very important. For the further investigation, all presented berry species were dried in liofilizator. Optimization of extraction conditions and berry biological active indicator determination was conducted on several extracts using different preparation and extraction methods. As extrahent wide variety of solvents was used: methanol, ethanol, acetone, DMSO, dioxane, followed by treatment with ultrasound, microwaves and supercritical CO 2extraction. Extraction efficiency was evaluated based on number of parameters. In research, compound group indicators were analyzed - total amount of polyphenols, flavonoids, carbohydrates and radical scavenging activity as well as dry matter content.

Results showed that increase insolvent dilution with water (ethanol, DMSO, acetons) reduced amount of polyphenols, while methanol extracts showed higher substance content with presence of water. The optimum extrahent for Vaccinium uliginosum L were ethanol (96%) and pure acetone, in the meantime length of ultrasound treatment does not have significant effect on concentrations of extracted substances. Obtained results indicate that there was no direct dependency between the total amount of polyphenols and antiradical activity. Especially high correlation between these indicators shows ethanol, acetone, DMSO extracts. However antiradical activity in bog bilberry extracts is determined not only by amount of polyphenols, but also by presence of other compounds. This can be observed through high correlations between other indicators (carbohydrate-flavonoids, dry matter-flavonoids, carbohydrate-dry matter).

Key words: berries, biological activity, polyphenols, optimization

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds in sea buckthorn vegetative parts and extracts

Dalija Seglina 1, Inta Krasnova 1, Pawel Gornas 1, Inga Misina 1, 1Institute of Horticulture, Latvia University of Agriculture, Dobele, Latvia

Sea buckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides ) has been used in traditional medicines in Tibet and Indian Himalayas. Sea buckthorn all vegetative parts (leaves, shoots, buds, bark, roots and berries) are a rich source of bio-compounds, including lipophilic antioxidants. During the second half of the 20th century, numerous animal experiments and clinical studies have been carried out to investigate the physiological effects of different fractions and products such as juice and oil from the berry.

In our first study sea buckthorn vegetative parts (leaves and shoots), collected in the end of spring and five lipophilic compounds – three homologues of tocopherol (T) α, β and γ, plastochromanol-8 (PC-8) and β-carotene by NP-HPLC/FLD/DAD were analysed. Results show that lipophilic compounds in each vegetative part of male and female sea buckthorn plants identified at the following concentrations: 10.9–35.4, 0.2–2.4, 0.4–1.5, 0.3–1.8 and 5.0–24.6 mg/100 g of dry weight basis. The α-tocopherol and β-carotene were predominant lipophilic antioxidants in each vegetative part, accounting for 78.3–97.0% of identified compounds. In leaves of female plants were found the greatest amounts of lipophilic antioxidants. Nevertheless, apart from leaves, also shoots of plants of both sexes can be considered as a promising source of α-tocopherol and β-carotene.

In our second study different sea buckthorn extracts (water/ethanol/oil) obtained from the shoots together with leaves were studied. For extract preparation sea buckthorn shoots together with leaves extracted by 40% water/ethanol solution, than centrifuged. Supernatant of extracts was evaporated; residues drayed and extracted by canola oil. The prepared extracts were mixed together and analysed for following indices: A and B chlorophyll, total carotene, tannin, α and γ tocopherol. Results show that the content of chlorophyll in extracts varied from 3.3 (B) to 10.1 (A) mg/100g. The high concentration of tannins - 48.7 mg/100 g was also found. The content of α-tocopherol was 4.2 mg/100g, while γ-tocopherol and total carotenoides 1.7 and 1.4 mg/100g, respectively.

This study expands our knowledge on lipophilic compounds in sea buckthorn shoots in combination with leaves and provides information for uses of extracts for health improvement of newborn calves. The research was supported by the project LCS 672/2014.

Key words: sea buckthorn, leaves, shoots, lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Content of biologically active compounds in cranberries cultivated in Latvia.

Ida Jakobsone 1, Ilva Nakurte 2, Laima Lazdane 1, Lubova Usacova 1, Andris Spats 3, 1Food Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia, 2Laboratory of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia, 3Cranberries research farm “Gundegas”, Limbažu region, Latvia

Cranberry ( Vaccinum macrocarpon) cultivation at the peatland in Latvia was developed since 1975, based on studies of Dr. biol. Alfreds Ripa from AS Botanical Garden. Now cranberries are grown by 25 farms in 18 counties of Latvia. In one year approximately 700 tons of berries are harvested from 120 ha cultivation area. Cranberry processing companies are developing in Latvia.

On the last international exhibition "Prodexpo-2015" in Moscow (65 countries, 2000 companies) Latvian product "Round dried cranberries" with the market name "Magic Berry" was recognised as the "Best Product" and awarded the gold medal in production technology competition "Innovative Product".

Cranberries are one of the healthiest foods and it is important to have information of the nutritional content of these berries.

The aim of this study was to detect the content of biologically active substances (vitamin C, organic acids, reducing sugars, pectin’s, phenolic compounds, and anthocyanins) in cranberries grown in Latvian. For production technology it is important compare variates cultivated in USA and Latvia and swamp cranberries, as well as the content of biologically active substances before and after storage. Objective of this study is to analyze 11 cranberry varieties cultivated in Latvian bogs and 1 cranberry variety of natural origin. Cranberries were harvested in autumn 2013, sorted and stored in a freezer at -20 ± 2 °C for three months.

Several methods of chemical analysis were used for fresh and stored cranberries: vitamin C was analysed by titrimetric and by HPLC-UV, total acidity was analyzed by titrimetric, organic acids (benzoic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, hinic acid) were analyzed by HPLC-TOF-MS, reducing sugars were analyzed by titrimetric, pectin’s, phenolic compounds, radical scavenging activity and anthocyanins were analyzed by spectrophotometry). The content of valuable vitamin C was from 4 to 24 mg/100g; organic acids: 700 - 1200 mg/100g; reducing sugars: 1.20 – 4.60 g/100g; pectin’s: 180 – 780 mg/100g and total phenolic compounds: 180 – 580 GSE mg/100g; anthocyanins 100 – 420 mg/100g. The values were comparable to the data of literature and are used for the technological process optimization and new product development.

Key words: Cranberries, vitamin C, organic acid, reducing sugars, pectin’s, total phenolic compounds, radical scavenging activity, anthocyanins, spectrophotometry, HPLC-UV, HPLC-TOF- MS. ****

6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

A correlation study of physiological differences, yield attributes and metabolic pathways among rice genotype and its mutant under salinity

Nita Lakra 1, Khalid Anwar 1, Ashwani Pareek 1, Sneh Lata Sigla-Pareek 2, 1JNU, Delhi, India, 2ICGEB, Delhi, India

Rice ( Oryza sativa ) is one of the important food crops for more than half of the world population and also an excellent model system to understand the impact of environmental stress on crop yield. Rice is not only used as a foodstuff, but has also medicinal importance as used as an ingredient in medicines. It is important source of energy, protein, fibres as well as important for cosmetics industry.

IR64 is a high yielding; semi-dwarf rice variety that possesses many positive agronomic characteristics such as wide adaptability, high yield potential, good eating quality and resistance to a wide diseases but it is particularly sensitive to salinity. So, to satisfy the growing demand to feed the ever-increasing population, more sustained production of rice is needed. Induced mutagenesis and “Omics” approaches have been widely used in gene discovery and crop improvement.

In the current study, we have generated gamma-irradiated mutant lines of IR64 and characterized their salt tolerant. Large variation for salt tolerance among the mutants was detected and based on analysis of the M5 mutants for growth and yield parameters like plant height, tiller no., grain weight, harvest index etc., we found that D200 mutant line is more tolerant towards salinity with reference to IR64. Further, the seedlings from the IR64 and D200 have grown hydroponically under control and salinity (NaCl; 200 mM) and analysis revealed that total chlorophyll content, carotenoids, relative water content and ROS scavenging capacity were significantly higher whereas, Na + level was lower in D200 under salinity as compared to IR64. Proteome analysis revealed that proteins related to various metabolic pathways like transcription factors, glycosyl hydrolase, nuclear transport factor, ribosomal proteins, fructose bis-phosphate and Rubisco small subunits accumulated higher in D200 as compared to IR64 which are emerged as key participants in salinity tolerance.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Regulatory framework for herbal and traditional medicines in the European Union

Werner Knoess 1, 1Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany

Medicinal plants have been used in health care since ancient times. Concepts on regulation have been developed in different regions. Nevertheless, globalization of herbal and traditional medicines is signalling the need for a worldwide discussion on requirements, challenges and strategies. The European Union has established a common regulatory framework for (traditional) herbal medicinal products. Definitions and basic principles are laid down in Directive 2001/83 EU and its amendments. The basic approach is including an approval procedure before access to the market. Quality, efficacy and safety of finished herbal medicinal products have to be evaluated taking into account particular characteristics. A marketing authorization of a herbal medicinal products can be obtained by providing a full set of data for new herbal active substances or alternatively data can be based on bibliographic data supporting the requirements of a so-called well-established use. Registration of traditional herbal medicinal products is simplified with respect to the proof of efficacy and data on safety. The Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) at the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in London was established in 2004 being one of seven scientific committees at EMA. HMPC is composed of one delegate per Member State and five co-opted members representing complementing fields of scientific expertise. HMPC has developed guidance on assessment of (traditional) herbal medicinal products. One of the core tasks of the HMPC is to establish harmonised European Union monographs on safety and efficacy of herbal substances or combinations. About 145 monographs on herbal substances and herbal preparations thereof have been finalised until 2014, representing a substantial progress of harmonisation in the European Union. In total more than 1500 registrations for traditional herbal medicinal products have meanwhile been granted in the Member States of the European Union. The development of the European Union monographs is a transparent process which is offering options for scientific input by interested parties, when starting a monograph project and during public consultation of a draft version. After adoption a complete package of monograph, assessment report, overview of comments and list of references is published at the website of EMA ( www.ema.europa.eu ).Moreover, the HMPC is also exploring the options provided by the European legislation from a global perspective. A document has been published adressing “Questions & Answers on the EU framework for (traditional) herbal medicinal products, including those from a ‘non-European’ tradition”. Meanwhile there are few successful registrations of traditional herbal medicinal products originating from traditional Asianmedicines. Keywords: Herbal medicinal products, traditional medicines, HMPC, quality, efficacy, safety

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Traditional Medicines: Impact on indigenous plant populations in Southern Africa

Murugas Coopoosamy 1, 1Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban, South Africa

Traditional medicines have been used since the start of civilization. Man has always found cures for various ailments. These men were often referred to as Medicine men or Witch doctors. Currently in southern Africa, traditional medicines have become just as important as western medicines. Increase harvesting of indigenous flora to sustain the needs of the population has led to subsequent decline in medicinal plants. Although rural communities are known to use traditional medicines the urban populace has gained momentum due to it curative properties. This has exacerbated the harvesting pressure on indigenous plant species which has led to many species being entered into the Red Data Species list. Many of the gatherers, distributors and sellers are practicing indiscriminate harvesting of medicinal plant species which directly impacts on current wild plant populations of highly revered species. There is also an increased need by consumers, to consume medication for weight loss, appetizers, as immune booster, sexual boosters, and other health tonics. Knowledge on sustainability of plant population needs to be provided via educational systems from the collector right to the consumer. Traditional healers also need to practice sustainable harvesting aid in the improvement of and maintenance of current wild species. This presentation will attempt to address the current uses of a few indigenous medicinal plant species with specific reference to plants bordering the endangered list in southern Africa and provide recommendations for sustaining of plant populations for future generations. ****

6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Efficient use of in vitro test systems to substantiate anti-ageing and whitening claims for plant-derived extracts used in cosmetic products

Anna Ramata-Stunda 1, Elza Kakti ņa1, M ārti ņš Boroduš ķis 1, 1University of Latvia, Faculty of Biology, Riga, Latvia

EU regulatory framework as well as customer awareness contributes to the growing demand for efficacy claim substantiation which is based in scientific data. In vitro tests with cell and tissue cultures have become the method of choice for safety and efficacy characterization of active substances and final cosmetic formulations. Selection of appropriate test systems is crucial for assessment of specific biological activities of plant-derived active substances. Among other product types, the most growing cosmetics segment is anti-ageing and whitening agents and remarkable efforts by manufacturers are made to develop novel product compositions.

Here we report two examples of in vitro testing strategies to characterize efficiency of plant-derived anti-ageing and whitening active substances. Each of the efficiency studies use a combination of different cell and tissue culture based test systems and various analytical methods are employed to detect effects induced by active substances in cellular and molecular level. For complex assessment of anti-ageing activity a combination of experiments on plant extract’s anti-oxidative, skin cell proliferation stimulating and genoprotective properties was performed and results compared with the in vivo dermatological assessment of the same plant-derived extract. A comparative analysis of in vitro and in vivo testing results provides evidence of the applicability and conformity of in vitro testing strategy to substantiate anti-ageing efficacy claims. In case of plant extract targeted for skin whitening, efficacy and mechanism of action was tested using test systems from the simple cell free tyrosinase assays to the complex pigmented skin tissue cultures. The combinatory use of different test systems and their varying conformity with testing needs for the novel natural whitening agent are discussed

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Toxicological and antimicrobial Studies of Ricinodendron heudelotii

Omolara Yakubu 1, Abiodun Adebayo 1, Olubanke Ogunlana 1, Jacob Popoola 1, Temitope Ishola 1, Loretta Imonikhe 1, Oladipupo Adeyemi 1, 1Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Canaan Land, KM 10 Idiroko Road, PMB 1023 Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

This research work was designed to evaluate the toxicological and antimicrobial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Ricinodendron heudelotii. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was investigated against 9 different species; Klebisella sp , Shigella sp, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp (Gram- negatives), Staphylococcus sp, Bacillus sp , Micococcus sp , Streptococcus sp (Gram-positive) and Candida sp . (fungus) by agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration was determined. Sub-acute toxicological effects of ethanolic extract of the leaves of Ricinodendron heudelotii were carried out on albino rats for 28 days. Five groups of seven male rats per group were used for the study. Extract doses from 250 to 2000 mg/kg body weight were orally administered daily for 28 days. Animals were subsequently anaesthetized, blood samples were collected for biochemical and haematological assays; organs (liver and kidney) were isolated, weighed and processed for histopathological studies. There was no mortality in the experimental animals in all treatment groups.

The phytochemical result showed that the ethanolic extract of R. heudelotii contains tannins, polyphenols, terpenoids, glycosides and alkaloids and was active against 7 of the 10 microorganisms tested with zone of inhibition ranging from 18–36mm and minimum inhibitory concentration of 31.25 and 62.5mg. Alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and total bilirubin were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in higher doses of the extract while the total protein and creatinine were unaffected. A dose dependent reduction was observed in platelet count, haemoglobin concentration, hematocrit and red blood cell count. Histopathological studies indicated severe peripotal cellular infiltration and vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes across treated groups. The result suggests that the plant extract could serve as an effective antibiotic but the prolong use of the extract may induce liver cell injury.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Organic acid, phenolic's and total carotenoid changes of thermally processed and dehydrated dills ( Anethum graveolens L.)

Liga Priecina 1, Daina Karklina 1, 1Latvia University of Agriculture, Faculty of Food Technology, Department of Food Technology, Rigas iela 22, Jelgava, Latvia

Dills are one of world-wide used spices from Apiaceae family Anethum genus containing various macro and micro elements. Nowadays many researches are focused on biological active compounds, e.g. phenolic compounds, volatiles, in food. All spices, vegetables and fruits are seasonal products and it is necessary to prolong their usage still trying to maintain their nutritional value as well as their antioxidants. It is important to analyse those compound changes during various processing steps, therefore the aim of current research was to determine total carotenoid, phenolic compound content and their antiradical scavenging activity, also individual organic acids and phenolic’s of fresh and processed with steam (for 1.5 and 3.0 min at 95±1ºC), dried dills with convective (at 45±1ºC) and microwave-vacuum (at 35±1ºC) drier. Previously published results were added for comparison. Moisture content in dills were 84.63±0.85 % but with dehydration process that was decreased till approximately 9 %. Total carotenoid was detected in high amounts, ranging from 416.77±19.66 to 495.57±22.11 mg β-CE per 100 g DW. Phenolic compounds varied in dills differently- total phenolic content ranges from 1629.84±35.36 to 4709.67±77.74 mg 100 g ˉ¹ DW increasing with various processing methods, similar tendency was observed with total flavonoids, flavan-3-ols and phenolic acids. Flavonoid content in dills ranged from 926.22±34.30 to 3177.61±42.46 mg 100 g ˉ¹ DW, phenolic acids- from 828.28±1.78 to 2459.55±24.26 mg 100 g ˉ¹ DW. Flavan-3-ols were not detected in fresh and steamed samples, using dehydration process their amount were in significant amounts. Flavonol concentrations decreased with dehydration process, while steam increases total amount. Antiradical scavenging activity detected with DPPH and ABTS radicals gave different results- fresh dills activity was less active than dried ones. Main organic acids detected in fresh and dried dills were oxalic, malonic, citric, succinic and ascorbic acid, and their content varies differently. Ascorbic acid content varies from 130.87±1.31 to 320.29±3.20 mg 100 g ˉ¹ DW, respectively all type of processing decreased amount significantly. Using high performance liquid chromatography method, main phenolic’s detected in the highest amounts were 3.4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3.5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, epicatechin, sinapic acid, rutin and luteolin. Their concentrations varied depending on chosen processing method. Used steam blanching and both dehydration methods could be used to maintain bioactive compounds and their bioavailability in dills. Research was supported by National Research Programme, Project No. 4 "Sustainable use of local agricultural resources for qualitative and healthy food product development (FOOD)"

Key words: dills, phenolic’s, carotenoids, organic acids, antiradical activity, dehydration

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Environmentally friendly technologies for obtaining plant-derived extracts, their chemical characterization and cpplications

Martins Boroduskis 1, Anna Ramata-Stunda 1, Elza Kaktina 1, Anete Boroduske 1, Ilva Nakurte 2, Nils Rostoks 1, 1University of Latvia, Faculty of Biology, Riga, Latvia, 2University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, Riga, Latvia

In vitro micro-propagation techniques including plant cell suspension cultures ensure that plant extracts can be derived with minimal impact on wild plant populations. This opens a chance for industrial use of extracts derived from endangered and rare plants. This is particularly interesting for cosmetics pharmacology, biomaterial, food supplements and other industries with rising demand for natural products manufactured according to environmentally friendly practices. Furthermore, several technological solutions can increase in vitro plant material yield and active ingredient concentration.

Practical application of plant derived extracts can be hampered by extract batch production inconsistency and potentially low reproductibility. Such inconsistencies can originate from environmental factor fluctuations and seasonality for wild and field grown plant phytochemical content. In addition, quality of products containing plant ingredients harvested from wild plants can be challenging due to safety issues related to mixed misidentification and environmental pollution. In vitro based techniques ensure plant growth in consistent and well defined environmental conditions without risk of contamination with pollutants, and unwanted effects of plant viral or microbial pathogens and high potency of technological process standardization. These benefits are rendering plant in vitro culture based technologies to become more widespread for plant derived cosmetic ingredient production.

Presented researches involves analysis of micro-propagated plant extracts using LC-MS-TOF analysis for identification of compounds of high interest for diverse applications such as whitening and anti-aging skin cosmetics production, as well as evaluation of total phenolic content, flavones and anti-radical activity.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

In vitro antioxidant effects and hepatoprotective activities of Astragalus lagurus and Astragalus zederbaueri ethanolic extracts against paracetamol induced liver damage in rats

Hasan yusufoglu 1, gamal soliman 2,3 , rehab abdel-rahman 4, ozgen alankus-caliskan 5, 1college of pharmacy, department of pharmacognosy, prince sattam bin abdulaziz university, college of pharmacy, department of pharmacognosy, alkharj, Saudi Arabia, 2college of pharmacy department of pharmacology, prince sattam bin abdulaziz university, college of pharmacy, department of pharmacognosy, alkharj, Saudi Arabia, 3college of veternary, department of pharmacology, cairo university, cairo, Egypt, 4department of pharmacology, national research center, cairo, Egypt, 5epartment of chemistry, college of science, ege university, izmir, Turkey

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential hepatoprotective effect of Astragalus lagurus Willd (A. lagurus) and Astragalus zederbaueri Stadlmann. (A. zederbaueri) extracts in a rat model of paracetamol (PCM) induced liver damage. Groups I (normal control) and II (PCM- intoxicated control) received the vehicle (1 mL/kg). Group III (reference) received silymarin (50 mg/kg). Groups IV and V received A. lagurus extract (200 and 400mg/kg, respectively). Groups VI and VII received A. zederbaueri extract (200 and 400mg/kg, respectively). The vehicle, silymarin and extracts were administered orally for 7 days. On the 7th day, PCM suspension was given orally (2g/kg b.wt), to all rats except those in Group I. After 48 h of PCM dosing, all rats were sacrificed, blood samples were collected and analyzed for various biochemical parameters. Livers were dissected out for determination of their antioxidant status and histopathological examination.

PCM administration caused severe hepatic damage in rats as evidenced by elevated serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ- glutamyl transferase ( γ-GT) and serum level of total bilirubin (BIL), while decreased serum level of total protein (TP). In liver homogenates, PCM elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) but decreased glutathione (GSH) level as well as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. A. lagurus and A. zederbaueri extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg) or silymarin administration prevented the toxic effect of PCM on the above parameters. Liver histopathology supported the biochemical findings. The results of the in vitro antioxidant effect revealed considerable antioxidant activity for both extracts. It was concluded that A. lagurus and A. zederbaueri possess hepatoprotective activities that could be partly attributed to their antioxidant effects.

Keywords : Astragalus lagurus, Astragalus zederbaueri, Paracetamol, antioxidant, Hepatotoxicity.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

More than just a pretty flower: Foliar secretory structures of two Hibiscus species

Kashmira Raghu 1, Yougasphree Naidoo 1, 1University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

The medicinal aspects of Hibiscus are rarely known among the general populace, however they are traditionally propagated by practitioners skilled in ethnobotanical customs. In recent decades, the pharmaceutical industry has identified potent antihypertensive capabilities in calyxes of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Herrera-Arellano et al., 2004), and each year, studies unveil novel and innovative medicinal and biological uses of both calyx and leaf extracts. Many Hibiscus species have not been explored as rigorously as H. sabdariffa, but there is a potential for uncovering biological and medicinal activities in closely related species. Hibiscus surattensis is a naturally occurring shrub found in many parts of Africa and has gained a strong ethnobotanical reputation among traditional users. It is reported to be involved in the treatment of malaria, venereal diseases, gastralgia, polyhydramnios, respiratory problems as well as various other conditions. The research presented here investigated secretory activities of the leaves of both H. sabdariffa and H. surattensis. This study aimed to evaluate H. surattensis as a candidate for further biotechnological investigations into its medicinal activities and identified the source of potentially relevant secondary metabolites to be foliar trichomes and internally located mucilage secreting complexes. Techniques employed in this study included scanning and transmission electron microscopy, histochemical staining and autofluorescence microscopy. The leaves of the species investigated possessed capitate trichomes, non-glandular trichomes and internal mucilage repositories. Histochemical testing showed acidic polysaccharides, alkaloids and phenolics to be the main secondary metabolites located within capitate trichome head cells. These cells also demonstrated prominent subcellular activities associated with secretion. Through ultrastructural observations, a subcuticular space was identified in trichomes of both Hibiscus species, occurring at the ventral surface of the trichome. The subcuticular space is often associated with accumulation and secretion of secondary metabolites in plants. Within head cells of H. surattensis, numerous vesicles and vacuoles were filled with a granular electron-dense substance together with lamellar material. The electron-dense aggregates are suspected to be flavonoid or phenolic in nature as similar observations were made in species of Finnish Birch (Valkama et al., 2003). Trichomes of H. sabdariffa differed ultrastructurally from H. surattensis in that electron-dense material appeared viscous and distributed throughout the head cells. The subcuticular space of H. surattensis contained an amorphous electron-opaque substance, rather than the electron-dense porous material seen in the vacuoles suggesting that separate pathways exist for the secretion and accumulation of different metabolites within the trichome.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Modification of NO production and NOS expression by polyphenols

Evita Rostoka 1,2 , Larisa Baumane 2, Sergejs Isajevs 1, Nikolajs Sjakste 1,2 , 1University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia, 2Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia

Nitric oxide is one of the most important signal molecules in mammals. In physiological conditions NO is involved in signal transduction pathways, while in immune defence it acts as a killer molecule. However, in different pathological conditions, uncontrolled increase of NO production facilitates nitric oxide interaction with biopolymers and free radicals, this process results in tissue damage. The main NO cytotoxic effect is mediated by its metabolite peroxynitrite, which in direct or indirect way damage large molecules of the cell. Thus necessity to protect these against free radical damage by pharmacological means is a topical problem. Antioxidants are intensively sought among natural compounds like polyphenols, carotenoids and alkaloids. These small molecules freely diffuse in the cells, have free radicals scavenger properties and can inactivate peroxynitrite. They also can inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene and protein expression which is responsible for excessive nitric oxide level. We tested these substances in the model of acute inflammation in rats which was induced by i/p injection of lipopolysaccharide (10 mg/kg). The natural compounds were administrated p/o (30 or 50 mg/kg) simultaneously with LPS and decapitation was made after 4 hours. Nitric oxide concentrations were detected in organs and tissues of rats by EPR spectroscopy; the mRNA expression levels were measured by RT-qPCR; the protein expression was assessed by means of immune histochemical analysis was done in rat organs. In these model flavones, baicalein showed significant decrease of NO level in rats blood and kidneys, luteolin reduced NO level in blood. Polyphenol group compound, caffeic acid phenethyl ester NO levels is reduced in rat cortex, cerebellum and spleen. Alkaloid - indole-3-carbinol in combination with flavonol, quercetine reduces nitric oxide production in the cortex, cerebellum, liver, heart, kidney, testicles, lungs, blood and striated muscle. These and other tested natural compounds also showed regulatory properties of iNOS in different levels and organs, but not always its resulted in decrease of NO. It appears that main conclusion deduced from our results is organ-specificity of effects produced by natural compounds on NO metabolism and the importance of direct measurements of NO in the tissues using direct NO detection methods.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

The accumulation of biomass and biologically active compounds in Saposhnikovia divaricata cultivated in Poland

Katarzyna Baczek 1, Jaroslaw Przybyl 1, Zenon Weglarz 1, 1Laboratory of New Herbal Products, Department of Vegetables and Medicinal Plants, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland

Saposhnikovia divaricata Schischkin ( Apaiaceae ), originating from North-east China and Inner Mongolia, is one of the most important plants used in Far East medicine. According to Chinese Pharmacopoeia its underground organs have been used for the treatment of common cold, headache, migraine, dizziness as well as in rheumatic disorders and diarrhoea. The raw material is rich in chromones, furanocoumarins, polyacetylene and essential oil, however its standardisation concern exclusively the content of two compounds i.e. 5-O-methylvisamminol and prim-O-glucosylcimifugin. In present-day Chinese medicine find interest and is increasingly used in western countries. It has become a reason for the research on the introduction of this plant into cultivation. Controlled cultivation seems to be the best way to obtain standardised, good quality plant product. The aim of the study was to assess the accumulation of biomass and secondary metabolites in Saposhnikovia radix obtained from cultivation in the climatic conditions of Central Europe. The object of the study was population originated from Mongolia. The seeds of this population were used to establish field experiment. Saposhnikovia roots were collected from one-, two- and three-year-old plants, two times during vegetation period. HPLC analysis was applied to determine the content of 5-O- methylvisamminol and prim-O-glucosylcimifugin. The obtained results show that the weight of roots increased from 120.2 g in the first year to 615.8 g per plant in the third year of plant vegetation. The content of determined compounds in two- and three-year-old plants was distinctly higher than in one- year-old ones. Irrespective of plant age, the accumulation of both constituents in the roots was higher at the beginning in comparison to the end of vegetation. Our study shows high chemical diversity of Saposhnikovia divaricata concerning the content of these compounds in individual plants (intraspecific variability), as well. The concentration of 5-O-methylvisamminol varied from 323.8 to 771.8 whereas prim-O-glucosylcimifugin from 403.5 to 1197.8 mg/100g dw. The quality of raw materials was also related to the developmental stage of plants. The plants in vegetative stage characterised with lower content of 5-O-methylvisamminol and higher - of prim -O-glucosylcimifugin than those in generative stage of development.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Assessment of chemical and biological contamination of spices

Vadims Bartkevics 1, Iveta Pugajeva 1, Ingars Reinholds 1, Baiba Fogele 1, 1Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Riga, Latvia

Spices and herbs are important food flavourings, colorants, dietary supplements in gastronomy, and have prominent antioxidant and antimicrobial roles in herbal medicine and cosmetics. However, the environmental pollution and chemical contamination during the growth and storage of agricultural products, especially harvested in tropical or sub-tropical conditions, represent a serious thread to human health. Therefore, the maximum residue limits are established in the EU legislation for several substances.

Within the research project “SPICED” the research team of scientists from Netherlands (RIKILT), Germany (BfR) and Latvia (BIOR) has elaborated and implemented several techniques in order to assess the contamination status of spices and herbs on European market. A total of 300 samples representing six condiments (black pepper, basil, oregano, nutmeg, paprika, and thyme) were analysed for 11 mycotoxins, 134 pesticides, and 4 heavy metals by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography – tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Mycotoxins were detected in 4%, 10%, and 30% of all nutmeg, basil, and thyme samples, respectively. The residues of 24 pesticides were detected in 59% of the analysed condiments. The maximum residue levels of pesticides were exceeded in 10% of oregano and 46% of thyme samples. A risk assessment of heavy metals was performed, indicating daily intake levels far below the tolerable intake levels.

In addition to chemical tests, 150 samples of 27 different types of spices and 45 samples of 11 different herb types were tested for the presence and diversity of moulds. Our results revealed that moulds were found in 121/150 (81%) samples. Number of moulds varied between 1 log 10 CFU/g to 4,68 log 10 CFU/g. The highest number of moulds was found in minced ginger 4,48 log 10 CFU/g. Overall, 8 genera of moulds were found, including Aspergillus spp. (45%), Fusarium spp. (31%), Penicillium spp. (10%), Alternaria spp. (5%), Mucor spp. (3%), Cunninghamella spp. (2%), Cladosporium spp. (2%) and Stemphylium spp. (2%). Samples from the market showed higher prevalence and diversity of toxin-producing fungi, including A. flavus , A. ochraceus , A. versicolor and A. nomius , which suggests that trade type not only effects the fungal outgrowth, but also can be linked to its potential for causing severe health problems

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Preliminary results of the effect of the sea buckthorn leaves and berries marc extract on the health indices of calves

Laima Liepa 1, Evita Zolnere 1, Ilmars Duritis 1, Dalija Seglina 2, 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia, 2Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing, Dobele, Latvia

These preliminary results are part of the project LCS 672/2014. The study is about the influence of the extracts prepared from the sea buckthorn processing byproducts: leaves and berries marc on the health parameters in newborn calves. From the scientific literature it is known that sea buckthorn leaves (SBL) have anti-inflammatory and antibacterial action in piglets’ gastrointestinal disorders, but there is no investigation on calves with diarrhoea.

Extracts of SBL and sea buckthorn berries mark (SBM) contain many bioactive substances like flavonoids, carotenoids, sterols, amino acides, and minerals.

In 2014, experiments established the influence of the SBL extract on calves with Cryptosporidium parvum diarrhoea (CD). In the experimental group of calves SBL was given per os before feeding milk in increasing doses 1-10ml/2x day, starting from the day of birth till day 15. The main effects of SBL: calves had better appetite and less days with pyrexia during the diarrhoea period than in the control group. SBL animals had reduced inflammatory and sepsis indices in the serum of calves with diarrhoea: significantly higher mean concentration of blood glucose, cholesterol (p<0.05), but TNF- alfa was significantly lower (P<0.01) than in the control group. The toxic effect of tannins in SBL was established - it reduced weight gain and calves had longer diarrhoea period.

In 2015, studies were continued with the mixture of SBL and SBM extract (SBLM) on the calves with CD and with nutritional reasons of diarrhoea (ND). In SBLM extract concentration of tannins was reduced two times due to addition of polyethylenglycol. Experiment was performed in 2 herds. Like in 2014, in experimental group the extract of SBLM was given per os before feeding milk in increasing doses 5-8ml/2x day. The most important results: SBLM had no influence on the number of Cryptosporidia oocites, but had significant reduction of unidentified bacteria in feces of calves. In the herd with CD, SBLM reduced the number of diarrhoea cases, it started 3 days later and the serum haptoglobin concentration was significantly lower (p<0.05). SBLM significantly (p=0.05) promoted weight gain of calves.

Conclusions . To calves with nutritional problems SBLM can reduce diarrhoea incidence, promote the growing rate and reduce inflammation indices in blood. SBLM extract can reduce bacterial infection in gut of calves, but there are necessary more experiments to recognize the sensitive species of bacteria.

Key words : sea buckthorn leaves and marc, diarrhoea, calves

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Impact of aromatic plant extracts on the formation of acrylamide in French fries

Zanda Kruma 1, Anita Maksima 1, Solvita Kampuse 1, Lolita Tomsone 1, Martins Sabovics 1, Ilze Skrabule 2, 1Latvia University of Agriculture, Department of Food Technology, Jelgava, Latvia, Latvia, 2Institute of Agricultural Resources and Economics, Priekuli, Latvia, Latvia

Potato products such as French fries and chips contain high levels of acrylamide that forms during thermal treatment in reaction between sugars and asparagine. Due to urotoxic, genotoxic and probable carcinogenic properties of acrylamide several methods are developed to reduce its content in different food matrixes. One of the novel methods for reducing of acrylamide content in final products is application of plant phenolics in technological process. The aim of current research was to determine the influence of the aromatic plant extracts to the formation of acrylamide in French fries.

In experiments lovage and horseradish extracts were analysed. For aromatic plants extracts total phenol, total flavonoids content, individual phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS assay) were tested. For selection of the potatoes variety for French fries production, phenolic content and antioxidant activity were determined. During technological process of French fries production plant extracts were applied in different forms and concentrations. For French fries preparation potatoes samples were first blanched in hot water (85ºC 8 min) and then fried in oil (180 ± 2ºC) for 7 minutes. For the final product following quality parameters were determined: acrylamide content, phenolic composition, antioxidant activity, textural properties etc.

Lovage and horseradish are rich in phenolic compounds. Lovage leaves contain significant amounts of chlorogenic acid, but roots – quercetin. Comparing potatoes varieties, the highest content of phenolic compounds are present in variety ‘Blue Congo’ and ‘Perry Purple’. Application form and concentration of aromatic plant extracts during French fries production significantly influenced acrylamide formation in French fries and it could be promising approach for further investigations.

Key words : lovage, horseradish, acrylamide, French fries

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Effect of Apple Cider Vinegar and Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum cassia ) in combination on lipid profile of mice

Zahid Iqbal 1, Ayesha Aftab 1, 1Department of Pharmacology, Al-Nafees Medical College & Hospital, Isra University, Islamabad, Pakistan

This experimental study was conducted at the Department of Pharmacology,Al-Nafees Medical College and Hospital, Islamabad and animal house of National Institute of Health,Islamabad-Pakistan with the objective to evaluate synergistic effect of Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) and Cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) on lipid profile of mice. Duration of the study was 60 days. For that, 50 adult male Balap/c albino mice were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 animals each.Group A(Normal Control) was given high cholesterol diet containing cholesterol powder 400mg/Kg body weight (BW) for 60 days. Group B (Treated Control) was given Simvastatin 0.6mg/Kg BW,Group C (Treated Group-l) was given ACV 15%of animal feed, Group D(Treated Group-ll) was given Cinnamon powder 6mg/Kg BW and Group E(Treated Group-lll) was given combination of ACV and Cinnamon along with high cholesterol diet. Treatment was started at 15th day of experimentation and continued for 6 weeks. Blood samples were collected at day 0, 15,30,45 and 60 of the experiment. On each sampling day, 02 animals from each group were anesthetized with chloroformand blood was drawn in sterilized tubes by direct heart puncturing and allowed to clot for 20 min then centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 15 min. Serum was isolated and lipid profile parameters including Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG) and High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured using enzymatic kit method while Low Density lipoproteins (LDL-C) was calculated using Friedewald’s formula. The results of the study showed significant decrease in serum TC, TG and LDL-C at day 45 and 60 of experimentation with p-value ≤ 0.05 when compared to normal control group. There was a decrease in serum HDL-C at day 15 in all groups due to induction of hypercholesterolemia,which was reversed in all treated groups at day 60 with maximum increase in HDL-C obtained in Group E. The results were highly significant(p-value ≤0.05) when compared with normal control group. Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that the antihyperlipidaemic effect of Apple Cider Vinegar was significantly increased when used in combination with Cinnamomum cassia in male albino mice.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Dual Anti-hyperglycemic and Anti-inflammatory Effect of Ayurvedic Medicines in Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

Sintija Sausa 1, Somit Kumar 1,2 , P R Krishnakumar 2, KG Ravindran 2, Valdis Pirags 1, 1University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia, 2Arya Vaidya Chikitsalayam &Research Institute, Coimbatore, India

Both preclinical and clinical studies of single Ayurvedic herbs and combinations for treatment and management of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been reported.

However, whole system prospective controlled studies using individualized Ayurvedic regimen (medicines, diet, and exercise) awaits. The aim of our Retrospective and ongoing Prospective studies is to comprehensively evaluate efficacy of customized Ayurvedic therapy for T2D. In additional, the prospective study also aims to evaluate and compare the efficacy and sustainability of customized Ayurvedic therapy following a randomized double blind parallel group placebo controlled study. Main anti-inflammatory herbs that were used in our retrospective study on the treatment of T2Dand have also been evaluated varies preclinical and clinical studies were Berberisaristata, Acacia catechu, Nelumbo nucifera, Phyllanthus amarus, Pterocarpus santalinus, Embeliaribes, Aloe vera, Rubia cordifolia, Nigella sativa, Plumbago zeylanica, Terminalia chebula, Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Commiphora mukul, Commiphora wightii, Ocimum sanctum, Withania somnifera, Andrographis paniculata, Azadirachta indica, Aegle marmelos, Alpinia galanga, Boerhaavia diffusa, Picrorhiza kurroa, Pterocarpus marsupium, Tinospora cordifolia.

Among their possible molecular targets signaling pathways of NF-κB, COX-2, 5-LOX, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β,IL-6, MCP-1, IL-8, IL-10, MIG, STAT-3 have been mentioned. The interesting point to emphasize is that anti-inflammatory qualities of these herbs have been mentioned in ancient Ayurvedic texts long before thebiomedical evidence of their mode of action came to the light. The main challenge of our study has been to evaluate efficacy not of single herbs but of their combinations used in Ayurveda. Another important point addressed by B. B. Aggarwal is that one must question why using a single chemical compound is preferred as a drug as compare to extracts from the whole plants. Benefits of a single chemical entity may be in convenience to understand its molecular mechanism. However, it may not be beneficial to the patient when examined, in part, due to the possibility of development of resistance to a single chemical entity. It is possible that when whole plant extract or combination of plant extracts are used, it may exhibit improved bioavailability and lower toxicity, as compared to single chemical entity. This is yet another reason why we are doing a whole system clinical research instead of trying to understand an effect of single herbs.

Materials and methods : Retrospective cohort of 82 patients was selected based on inclusion/exclusion criteria and completeness of data. All patients were on Ayurvedic or combination therapy. The group was also studied following stratification using Ayurvedic descriptors to evaluate efficacy outcomes.

In the prospective study, out of 282 patients screened, 90 satisfied the inclusion (HbA1c between 7.0 and 9.5%) and exclusion (severe complications, infections) criteria. Individuals were randomized into placebo and treatment groups for either combined Ayurvedic or conventional diabetes treatment. Forty-eight patients completed the study; interim statistical analysis was performed on 23 patients in the true group (57.1% males; age 49.7±2.2 y) and 14 in the placebo group (56.5% males; age 51.4± 2.3 y).

Results : 1) Retrospective Study : The mean age was 55.2 ±12.1 years in male and 51.5 ±11.7 years in female with a slightly larger number of males (62.5 %, n=51).Statistically significant changes as seen in fasting blood glucose (FBG) after 3 months of treatment (p<0.015 in the 2- tailed t-test) and in post-prandial blood (PPG) glucose after three months (p<0.001) and after seven months (p<0.043).

6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Ayurvedic -parameter stratification revealed that almost half (51.2 %, n=42) the cohort had Vata imbalances and comorbidities mainly in cardiovascular and musculoskeletal system and about 16% (n=13) had Pitta imbalance, mainly with inflammatory digestive tract disorders. FBG decreased significantly after seven month in Pitta group (n=7; p<0.009). PPG level decrease was seen only after three months in Pitta group (n=8; p<0.03). 34% (n=28, mean age 49 y) of the cohort followed the Ayurvedic regimen. Statistically significant improvement in FBG was seen after three months (n=19; p<0.03) and in PPG after three months (n=16; p<0.001) and after seven months (n=28; p<0.013) was observed in patient group, who were only on Ayurvedic medicine, who had shorter duration of known T2D and were younger age.

2) Prospective study : After the end of the three-month course a trend of larger decrease in mean fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) was noticed in the treatment group (FPGfrom 154.8±8.4 to 130.8±5.5 vs.143.6±7.8 to 136.7±8.2 mg/dL in placebo group; PPG from 268.1±21.1 to 244.5±15.8 vs. 276.0±20.6 to 263.4±21.0 mg/dL in placebo group). A coincident reduction in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was seen in the treatment group (7.5±0.2 to 7.3±0.1%) but increased from 7.4±0.2 to 7.7±0.2 % in placebo group.

Conclusions: In the total cohort of T2D patients FBG decreased statistically significantly after three months of treatment, whereas PPG decreased after three and seven month of personalized Ayurvedic therapy.

Statistically significant improvement in blood glucose control was observed in patients with Pitta imbalance only and in those following the Ayurvedic regimen, but not in the combined treatment group. The interim analysis suggests that customized Ayurvedic treatment in combination with conventional diabetes therapy can reduce both fasting and postprandial plasma glucose levels better than placebo- conventional therapy.

Funding :The study was funded by the Arya Vaidya Chikitsalayam & Research Institute, Coimbatore, India . ****

6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Research of potential health benefits of whole grain components in Latvia

Laila Meija 1, Ida J ākobsone 2, Aiga St āka 1, Edgars Bodnieks 1, Aldis Pu ķī tis 1, Vilnis Lietuvietis 3, Aivars Lejnieks 3, Sanita Zute 4, 1Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia, 2Food Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia, 3Riga Eastern Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia, 4Institute of Agricultural Resources and Economics Stende Research Center, Stende, Latvia

Whole grains are essential part of healthy diet and growing evidence shows that whole grain consumption reduces risk of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases and some cancers. Part of traditional Latvian died includes rye and oat. Recently research of bioactive compounds of rye, hulles out, hulles barley and triticale is increasing in Latvia. There first human studies about possible protective effects. Food sources of fiber, lignans, alkylresorcinols were studied. Potential anticancer activity of rye bread was investigated in an intervention study with prostate cancer patients. In addition, possible differences in metabolism in alkylresorcinol metabolites in prostate cancer patients and controls were studied. Another study investigates potential nutritional benefits of hull-less oats in patient with inflammatory bowel diseases and found potential anti- oxidative activity of hull-less oats. Further hull-less oats were accepted by taste feeling. Ongoing study investigate glycemic and insulin index of different traditional and non-traditional grain flakes, including germinated grain products, these findings will be especially important in managing metabolic syndrome.

Still far findings seems promising for further research of whole grains in Latvia by purpose for evidence based encourage to use traditional wholegrains, like rye, oats, barley and creating new functional grain foods for prevention of metabolic syndrome, cancer and gastrointestinal diseases.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Herbal extracts and essential oils against drug resistant bacteria; perspectives and limitations

Tatjana Tracevska 1, 1University of Latvia, Faculty of Medicine, Riga, Latvia

Emerging bacterial resistance as responce to antimicrobial therapy is a world-wide problem nowadays. Drug resistant bacteria have become a major concern in global public health stimulating the search for new antimicrobial compounds. Combinatory therapy including antibacterials and essential oils, able to combat bacterial resistance, is one of the promising perspectives. Natural products, mostly abandoned as antibacterials in previous years, can be exploited and is a growing trend nowadays. Many studies have been already done on the potential role of plant extracts and some active compounds for their efficacy to combat the problems of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. E.g., the in-vitro activities of some plant essential oils were shown against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin–resistant Enterococcus faecium at the end of 90-ties. Many plants have been shown to produce secondary metabolites able to overcome bacterial resistance. Or, some herbal products with direct antimycobacterial effect or that enhance host immunity, could be used to fight drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as shown in a recent study. It provided basic evidence that curcumin protects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in human cells.

There are various molecular factors involved in resistance development and the resistance modifying agents acting as synergists for antibacterial compounds. Therefore, it is important to know the mode of action of such phytopharmaceuticals in order to create new antimicrobial agents. However, many publications do not elucidate the mechanisms of resistance modifying activities or give insight into the prevalence of the resistance reversibility by natural products. In particular, success and limitations of MAPs clinical application will be discussed in this presentation.

Keywords : bacterial resistance, phytopharmaceuticals, new antimicrobial agents.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Preliminary Phytochemical, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of folklore medicinal plant Oleadioica Roxb. from Western Ghats, Karnataka, India.

Raja Naika and Ashwathanarayana R, Department of PG Studies and Research in Applied Botany, Jnanasahyadri, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta- 577451. Shimogga, district, Karnataka, India.

Oleadioica Roxb. is an important folklore ethno medicinal tree, belongs to the family Oleaceae. The parts like leaves, bark, root and fruits used in the traditional medicine to cure skin diseases, rheumatism, fever and cancer further it also used to treat wound. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of bark and leaf extracts showed varied results, the bark extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids/sterols, glycosides and phenols, whereas the leaf extracts showed the presence of all the secondary metabolites exhibited by the bark, extracts, except alkaloids. Antimicrobial experiments revealed that, the tested bark and leaf extracts of Oleadioica did not showed any antifungal properties, but, only ethanolic extract of leaf and bark found to have appreciable antibacterial activity against the test bacterial pathogens. The antioxidant experiment by DPPH method revealed that, the ethanolic extract of the bark has excellent radical scavenging activity and its extracted pure compound, Benzene ethanol, 4-hydroxy- alcohol also showed excellent radical scavenging activity higher than the standard ascorbic acid.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Analgesic, antipyretic, antiinflammatory and hepatoprotective activity of the methanolic extract of Pulicaria crispa (Asteraceae)

Hasan yusufoglu 1, ahmed foudah 1, aftab alem 1, mohammed ayman salkini 1, gamal soliman 2, 1prince sattam bin abdulaziz university, college of pharmacy, department of pharmacognosy, alkharj, Saudi Arabia, 2prince sattam bin abdulaziz university, college of pharmacy, department of pharmacology, alkharj, Saudi Arabia

The analgesic activity was determined by hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing test. The antipyretic was determined by rectal temperature while anti-inflammatory by using carrageenan induced hind paw edema. CCl4 intoxication method was used for hepatoprotective activity. Methanolic extract of P. crispa at a dose of 500 mg/kg after 30 min exhibited significant ( P<0.05) analgesic activity in mice hot plate method, However, in mice writhing test P. crispa at a dose of 500 mg/kg produced significant analgesic activity. The rectal temperature model was showed that the significant ( P<0.05) antipyretic activity start at lower dose (250mg/kg) after after 30 min of administration of methanolic extracts. In the evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect using on carrageenan-induced paw edema in albino rats, methanolic extract at higher dose showed significant (P<0.05) anti-inflammatory effect, The Methanolic extract of P. crispa, at higher dose, significantly (P<0.01) normalized the abnormal levels of serum biochemical parameters such as SGOT, SGPT, GGT, ALP, total bilirubin and also significantly (P<0.01) increased total protein levels when compared to toxic control rats. However, CCl4 intoxication changed the normal total protein, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nonprotein sulfhydryls (NP-SH) levels in liver tissues. These changes were normalized with extract, indicating the hepatoprotective nature of P. crispa, which was further confirmed by the histopathological study. It is concluded from the present study that Pulicaria crispa possesses analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

LC-MS/MS Phenolic Compound Determination of Phlomis bourgaei DESF. from Turkey

Yavuz Bülent Köse 1, Fatih Göger 2, Ne şe Kırımer 2, 1Anadolu University Faculty of Pharmacy, Eskisehir, Turkey, 2Anadolu University Faculty of Pharmacy, Eskisehir, Turkey

The genus Phlomis L. (Lamiaceae) comprises 113 species distributed in Asia, Southern Europe and Northern Europe. In Turkey, Phlomis represented by 58 taxa as 39 species and sub-species and 19 crossbreeds. Phlomis species are known as “Ballık Otu”, “Calba”, “Çalba” and “ Şalba” in Turkey with local names. The presented study was aimed to investigate Phlomis bourgaei DESF. coleected from Turkey.

Phenolic compound determination: experiments were performed using a Shimadzu 20A HPLC system coupled to an Applied Biosystems 3200 Q-Trap LC- MS/MS instrument equipped with an ESI ion source was used in the negative ionization mode. Separations were performed on a ODS 150 x 4,6 mm, i.d., 3 µm particle size, octadecyl silica gel analytical column operating at 40ºC at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min.

Gluconic acid, Quinic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, acteoside, luteolin glucuronide, luteolin, rhamnetin (or isorhamnetin), naringenin, methoxy luteolin (nepetin) were determined in LC-MS/MS analysis.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

In vitro chemo-preventative activity of Strelitzia nicolai aril extract containing bilirubin

Depika Dwarka 1, Himansu Baijnath 1, Veneesha Thaver 1, Mickey Naidu 1, Neil Koorbanally 1, 1University of KwaZuluNatal, Durban, South Africa

The discovery of the only animal pigment, bilirubin, in the plant Strelitzia nicolai has triggered a vast number of questions regarding bilirubin’s formation and its role in the human body. Recent studies have confirmed that bilirubin at certain levels have many medical benefits. Studies have revealed that bilirubin is a potent antioxidant. Cervical cancer is one of South Africa’s largest women’s health crisis. It is estimated that it affects one out of 41 South African women and kills approximately 8 women in the country every day. Thus the aim of this study was to investigate if the aril extract of Strelitzia nicolai containing bilirubin possess anti-cancer activity and to determine the effect on the induction of apoptosis. The aril extract decreased cell viability by 52% and induced apoptosis in Hela cells; as shown by the Annexin V-PE Apoptosis detection kit and morphological studies with acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. The activity of the extract as a potent antioxidant was immensely enhanced as compared to bilirubin. These results suggests that S.nicolai aril extract containing bilirubin works synergistically as opposed to bilirubin on its own. Also, this extract may be a good candidate for the therapeutic intervention of cervical cancer.

Keywords: Bilirubin, Strelitzia nicolai, apoptosis, aril extract, antioxidant.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Essential oils of industrial hemp inflorescences ( Cannabis sativa L .)

Lauris Arbidans 1, Laura Klavina 1, Jorens Kviesis 1, Maris Klavins 1, 1Department of Environmental Science,

Latvia has a very long history of hemp production – it has been grown here for over 4500 years and was used for clothing, textile, making ropes and dragnets, in food as butter and in medicine till the end of the World War II when hemp was declared illegal throughout all the Europe following USA Marihuana Tax Act of 1937. Essential oil of hemp inflorescences are pleasant to the human sensory system and can be considered as high value product with promising application potential[1] as flavouring, cosmetic industry and in other field. Cannabis scent is not related to presence of psychotropic cannabinoids but is determined by the presence of more volatile terpenes[2]. Besides application potential, the essential oils have demonstrated antibacterial properties [3]. However extraction possibilities and composition of essential oils of inflorescences are relatively little studied especially considering the dependence of the essential oil composition on the growth conditions. In order to investigate the impact of the solvent on the quantity and quality of mono- and sesqui terpenoid components of Cannabis sativa inflorescences parts, six samples were collected from cultivated plants on 5 August 2014. The essential oils were obtained through method of hydro distillation, supercritical CO 2, dichloro methane and hexane/ethyl acetate (60/40) extraction. The components were studied and identified by GC and GC identified in the essential oil. Most variations were observed in caryophyllene (1.6-28.3%), humulene (0.8-5.7%) and α-bisabolol (0.1-11.0%). The major value in most cases belonged to caryophylleneoxide. The results of this study show that the used solvent is a factor in the quality and quantity of essential oil of industrial hemp inflorescences, which have been brought up at Latvian weather conditions.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

A screening study for searching herbal medicine of synergistic anti- proliferative effect with TRAIL on TRAIL-resistant lung cancer cell

Beom-Joon Lee 1, Sung-Ki Jung 1, Hee-Jae Jung 1, Sang-Jin Kim 1, Shuen Cheng Chiang 1, 1kyunghee university, seoul, Republic of Korea

The tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a cytokine which activates apoptosis through death receptor on cell surface and regarded as a potential anti-cancer agent. However, numerous cancer cells are resistant to apoptosis induction by TRAIL. Therefore we investigated whether herbal medicine could improve the resistance on TRAIL-resistant lung cancer cell. 13 of the herbal medicines which have anti-cancer effect related to apoptosis were chosen and A549 cell, which has TRAIL resistance, were used for experiment. The inhibiting effect of the herbal medicines on cancer cell proliferation was investigated through MTT assay after 24 and 48 hours' cultivation and then we investigated the synergic effect of TRAIL and the two herbal medicines, which showed the most potent effect. Herbal medicine including Clematidis Radix, Corydalidis Tuber, Paeoniae Radix Rubra, Corni Fructus, Curcumae longae Rhizoma, Moutan Cortex, Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix, Phellodendri Cortex, Farfarae Flos, Paeoniae Radix Alba, Angelicae gigantis Radix, Coptidis Rhizoma, Taraxaci Herba, generally decreased IC50 concentration-dependently in A549 cell. Among them , Curcumae longae Rhizoma and Coptidis Rhizoma showed the most potent inhibitory effect. Then we investigated the synergic effect with TRAIL and the two herbal medicines respectively. As a result, co-treatment of TRAIL and herbal medicine, Curcumae longae Rhizoma or Coptidis Rhizoma , showed synergistic inhibitory effect on cell proliferation in TRAIL-resistant A549 cell. Therefore these two herbal medicines were expected to be potential candidates to overcome the resistance on TRAIL. In the future, further mechanical studies should be needed.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Agro-refining of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Case study of Apiaceae Seeds for Vegetable and Essential oils Production Coupled to Valorization of Extraction Cakes

Bouchra Sayed Ahmad 1,2 , Othmane Merah 1, Akram Hijazi 2, Zeinab Saad 2, Zanda Kruma 3, Ruta Galoburda 3, Thierry Talou 1, 1INP-ENSIACET, Toulouse, France, 2Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon, 3Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia

In times of economic turbulences linked to the fast-growing human population and the consequent increasing demand for food and energy, the utilization of crops residues as raw materials in a biorefinery approach to develop new renewable bio-based products could be a promising alternative that can unhook widespread dependence on fossil resources. Fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare L.), cumin (Cuminum cyminum ) and caraway ( Carum carvi ) are Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAP) belonging to the Apiaceae family originated to the Mediterranean region, having a long history of edible and medicinal uses and widely cultivated elsewhere for their strongly flavored leaves and seeds. Their seeds are of particular interest as a rich source of both vegetable oil (VO) and essential oil (EO) with high amounts of valuable components. In order to fully exploit this feature, a process of sequential valorization targeting the co-extraction of VO and EO and subsequently the valorization of residual solid by-products should be established. Thus, VO and EO were extracted and analyzed using GC-MS; residual cakes can be used in different fields, they can serve as a source of bioactive molecules therefore they are tested for their antioxidant capacity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays, their antibacterial activity against 2 Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli ) and 3 Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Enterococcus faecalis ) were performed also by using micro dilution tests that determined their minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC/MBC respectively). On the other hand, these cakes can be used either as sustainable biofiber composites leading to the development of a new generation of biodegradable material, using thermopressing technique, which could compete and capture markets especially for automotive and building product applications, or as food additive in order to get flavored flours.

Key words: Aromatic plants, Apiaceae, antioxidant, antibacterial, biodegradable material, flavored flours.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Diterpenoids in mosses growing in Latvia

Lauris Arbidans 1, Jorens Kviesis 1, Laura K ļavi ņa1, 1Department of Environmental Science, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia

Many terpene and terpenoid functions in plants are uncertain and in many cases the large amount of related compounds in them are difficult to explain. It is known, that some compounds in this class serve important tasks in a plant. Mostly they are terpenoids, which have phytohormoneactivity, defensive abilities against pests and allelopathy properties. Usually wood resin contains labdanes, pimaranes and abietanes [1] and they get on surrounding plants from tree needles or wood resin. However, some studies suggest that also mosses are capable of spreading tricyclic diterpenes in the surrounding environment. It is proven that in sterile conditions grown Physcomitrella patens detected 16 α-hydroxykaurane[2]. Turkish researcher group has managed to identify several abietanes (dehydroabietic acid, abieta-8,11,13-trien-7-one and others) in Dicranumscoparium dichloromethane extract using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry [3]. Other researcher group has identified pimaranes in Rhytidiadelphustriquetrus extracts [4]. Based on results found in literature, a research had been made with Magellan’s sphagnum ( Sphagnum magellanicum ) in a controlled environment, providing relatively consistent growing conditions, including air humidity, mineral feed and aeration throughout a month. In the chloroform extract obtained from the sphagnum, there were identified several tricyclic diterpenes, such as pimaric acid, isopimaric acid, dehydroabietic acid and abietic acid. Measurements suggest that dehydroabietic acid content can reach 80µg/g of dry moss, but pinifolic acid 18-monoester content can reach even up to 211µg/g of dry moss. Obtained results do not clearly confirm the previously stated compound origins in sphagnum and requires prolonged research with other moss species and by modifying their growth conditions.

Keywords: Sphagnum magellanicum , diterpene, dehydroabieticacid.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Bee flora of Nilgiri biosphere and their medicinal importance

Roopa P1., Shubharani R 1*., and Sivaram V 1 1Department of Botany, Jnanabharathi, Bangalore University, Bangalore – 560056, India *V Sivaram Research Foundation, #132, 2 nd Main, R.R. Layout, Bangalore – 560056, India

Nilgiri biosphere region is the first biosphere reserve in India established in the year 1986. It is located in the Western Ghats, Indiawith the total area of 5,520 km² spread across the three southern states of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The biosphere consists of rich and diversified bee flora such as agricultural crops, vegetable crops, grasses, shrubs, forests, avenue trees, medicinal plants and aromatic plants.Melittopalynological and physico - chemical analysis of unifloral honeys namely Acacia sp., Eucalyptus sp., Ocimum sp., Coriandrumsativum, Azadirachtaindica, Syzygiumcumini, Mangiferaindica, Guizotiaabyssinica, Cassia fistula, Cocosnucifera, Brassica sp.and Pongamiapinnata provides the reliable information of medicinal importanceand these plants were identified as good source of nectar and pollen for honey bees.The physico-chemical analysis like pH, free acidity, moisture, total solids, total sugars, proteins, flavonoidsand phenols are some parametersalso analysed for correct identification of botanical origin of honey types.

Key words: melittopalynology, unifloral, beeflora, nectar, pollen.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Characterization of chemical composition of mints grown in Latvia

Zanda Kruma 1, Evita Straumite 1, Ruta Galoburda 1, 1Latvia University of Agriculture, Department of Food Technology, Jelgava, Latvia

Mint is the genus belonging to the Lamiaceae family and includes huge diversity of varieties with different sensory properties. Also mint is one of the most important and common flavour in the world coming after vanilla and citrus flavours. The aim of the current research was evaluate chemical composition of the leaves of different mint varieties.9 mint varieties ( Mentha suaveolens ‘Apple mint’, Mentha suaveolens ‘Variegata’, Mentha spicata ‘Marokko’, Mentha piperita ‘Swiss’, Mentha piperita ‘Granada’, Menthapiperita f. citrata ’Grapefruit’, Mentha piperita ‘Chocolate’, Mentha piperita ‘Almira’, Mentha piperita ‘Bavarian’) collected in Latvia were analysed. Mint extracts were prepared using as solvents ethanol and water. Total phenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, chlorophyll and carotenoids content were determined spectrophotometrically. Among studied mint varieties the highest content of total phenolic and total flavonoid was determined in Mentha piperita ‘Almira’. DPPH radical scavenging activity was the highest in Mentha suaveolens ‘Apple mint’, whereas ABTS cation scavenging activity in the Mentha piperita ‘Almira’. Also colour pigments were determined and the highest content of the chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids was determined in ‘Bavarian’ mint.

Key words: mint varieties; phenols, flavonoids, colour.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Evaluation of bioactive compounds of different cereal grains breed in Latvia.

Sanita Zute 1, Ida Jakobsone 2, Mara Bleidere 1, Madara Jakobsone 2, 1Stende Research Centre, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Economics, Stende, Latvia, 2Food Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia

The aim of the study was to evaluate the bioactive compounds of grain (crude protein, β-glucans, α- tocopherol content, total phenolic content, lignans, alkyl resorcinols) of different cereal species bred in Latvia. Field experiments including 120 cereals genotypes (oat, barley, wheat, rye and triticale) were carried out at the Stende Research Centre, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Economics during period from 2010 to 2014.

Several methods of chemical analysis were used for study: β-glucan content was determined enzymatically by commercial Megazymekits; α-tocopherol using high-performance liquid- chromatography (HPLC); Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric assay was used for determination of total content of phenols; high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection (HPLC-MS/MS) was used for determination of lignans; high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UV) and high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode Array detection (HPLC-PDA) was used for determination of alkyl resorcinols.

Results showed that allevaluated traits varied significantly among cereal species and genotypes. The β-glucan (g kg -1) content in cereal grains was in spring barley from 37 to 64; in spring oat from 28 to 58. The α-tocopherol (mg kg-1) content was in spring barley from 3.7 to 11.5; in spring oat from 3.3 to 11.2; in winter wheat from 8.1 to 15.3; in winter triticale from 8.2 to 15.3; in winter rye from 9.1 to 14.3. The total content of phenols (mg GSE 100g-1) varied in spring barley from 134 to 230; in spring oat from 80 to 210; in winter wheat from 80 to 125; in winter triticale from 67 to 120; in winter rye from 68 to 100. The lignans ( μg/100g) content in spring barley from 380 to 440; in spring oat from 503 to 507. The alkyl resorcinols (mg ·100 g -1) content was in spring barley from 2.70 to 5.70; in spring oat – not detected; in winter wheat from 24 to 40; in winter triticale from 32 to 74; in winter rye from 54 to 105. It was concluded that each of cereal species characterized with some specific benefits related to the content of bioactive compounds and would be used as a valuable source for production of dietary food products.

Keywords: cereals grain, β-glucans, α-tocopherol, total phenolic content, lignans, alkylresorcinols, spectrophotometry, HPLC-MS/MS, HPLC-UV, HPLC-PDA.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

How safe are medicinal plants grown ina city environment? The case study of Riga, Latvia

Zane VINCEVICA-GAILE University of Latvia, Raina Blvd. 19, Riga, LV-1586, Latvia Institute for Environmental Solutions, “Lidlauks”, Priekuli parish, LV-4101, Latvia

It is conventional verity that consumers’ health safety requires growing and collection of food crops, aromatic herbs and medicinal plants in unpolluted environment. Water, soil and air quality may reflect into the element content of harvested crops or herbs. Range of metallic elements, mostly recognised as heavy metals, are among the potential environmental pollutants; moreover, such elements as Cd, Hg, Pb and As are included in the list of ten chemicals of major public concern by World Health Organisation. Nevertheless, there is a lack of scientific information revealing contamination levels of environmental pollutants in medicinal plants in the region of North-East Europe.

The aim of the study was to detect concentration of trace metallic elements (potential environmental pollutants)in medicinal plants depending on the environmental conditions. Therefore, during the vegetation season of 2015, samples of twelve traditional and ethno medicinal plants were collected in urban area (Riga city) and rural area (Mazirbe village) in Latvia. Only wild plants were selected for the study, as follows: 1) leaves of Betula pendula , Urticadioica , Plantago sp., Aesculushippo castanum , Rumexconfertus ; 2) flower heads of Trifoliumrepens , Matricariadiscoidea ; 3) tops of Lamium album , Achilleamillefolium , Galiumverum , Potentillaanserina , Capsella bursa-pastoris . Samples were collected and dried as recommended by medicinal plant guides. Crashed and triturated samples were mineralised using concentrated HNO 3 and H 2O2 by heating on a thermoblock, preparing triplicates as well as blank samples. IAEA-336 lichen sample was applied as the certified reference material. Sample solutions were analysed using atomic absorption spectrometry to detect quantitative levels of such metals as Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn.

Results revealed distinctions between the element concentration in samples derived from city and rural area in favour to samples from rural area containing lower concentration of elements, as it was expected. Concentration of Cr, Ni and Pb was higher for samples from the city, but some elements (e.g., Cd) were detected in higher amount in some plants from rural area that can be attributed to the influence of forest fires. Plant morphological peculiarities and vegetation length until collection were assessed as important distinction factors affecting element concentration linked mostly to dust settling on plant surface. In overall, the study revealed that medicinal plant samples from both, city and rural, areas of Latvia contained environmental pollutants above the detection limit, except for Co, but concentrations were comparatively low.

Key words : medicinal herbs, trace elements, heavy metals, quantitative analysis, environmental pollution. ****

6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

The influence of storing period and temperature on valerian seeds sowing value

Ewelina Pióro-Jabrucka 1, Katarzyna Baczek 1, Rafal Chmielecki 2, Zenon Weglarz 1, 1Laboratory of New Herbal Products, Department of Vegetables and Medicinal Plants, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland, 2Martin Bauer Poland, Witaszyczki, Poland

Valerian ( Valeriana officinalis L.) is an important medicinal plant, cultivated in many countries of Europe. The plant raw material (rhizome with roots) is used in the treatment of nervous conditions and sleeplessness. In Poland V. officinalis is cultivated in relatively large areas being an important source of income for the farmers. It is propagated exclusively by seeds. However, the information concerning its quality are very limited. In the present study the influence of storage (temperature and storage period) on the seeds sowing value was determined. For the investigation, the seeds of cultivated population ‘Lubelski’ were used. The seeds were stored at -20,+5,10,21°C. The sowing value parameters (germination rate, germinability and an average time of germination of a single seed - Piper’s index) were determined after three and twelve months, according to ISTA. All the investigated parameters were affected by the storing period. The seeds after twelve months of storage characterized by significantly lower germination rate and germinability as well as longer average time of germination of a single seed in comparison to those stored for three months. The applied temperature regime influenced valerian seeds sowing value, as well. At the storing temperature -20°C the germination rate (98 and 78 per cent after 3- and 12-month storage, respectively) and germinability (99 and 87 per cent after 3- and 12-month storage, respectively) were the highest. The value of both parameters was the lowest at +21°C.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Plants in gastrointestinal and liver diseases. Evidence based approach.

Goda Denapiene. Assoc Prof. Vilnius University.

Herbal medicines are widely used in traditional and modern medicine. The usage of such remedies is often based on long years practical experience. However modern controlled trials prove, that the usage of plants in medicine has evidence based background. This lecture is overview of scientific literature data about efficacy of herbal medicines in different gastrointestinal disorders and liver diseases and possible mechanisms of their action. Also safety of plant origine medicines will be discussed. The data from modern medicine experiments regarding connection between plants, microbiota, gastrointestinal tract and its influence not only to the gastrointestinal tract, but to the health of the whole body will be presented as well.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Development of Neutraceutical diuretics

Somit Kumar Head Clinical Pharmacology and Interdisciplinary Research &Phdscholar , University of Latvia The Arya Vaidya Chikitsalayam and Research Institute, Coimbatore ,India

Introduction: TrapushaBeeja (Cucumis sativus Linn.) and Ervaru Beeja( Cucumismelo var . Utilissimus Duthie& Fuller) have been identified in classics of Ayurveda and contemporary books possessingMootralaactivity. Mootrala or Mutravirechana has been recognized as a pharmacological activity in the earliest written documents on Ayurveda viz., the Bruhattrayes which can be compared to pharmacological activity of diuresis in contemporary medical science.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compareMootrala(diuretic) activity of the classically mentioned Kalka of TrapushaBeeja (Cucumissativus Linn.) and Ervaru Beeja (Cucumismelo var. utilissimus Duthie& Fuller)and their hydro-alcoholic extract in animal models.

Objective: To evaluate the diuretic activity of TrapushaBeeja ( Cucumissativus Linn.) and Ervarubeeja (Cucumismelo var. utilissimus Duthie& Fuller) as per classical reference and also their Defatted hydroalcoholic extract by in animal experimental model as per the referenceLipschitz et al. (1943).

Methods: The pharmacological study was undertaken to provide experimental basis to assess the diuretic activity of both the drugs and to ascertain the probable mechanism involved in diuresis. A method for testing diuretic activity in rats was designed as described by Lipschitz et al. (1943).The test was based on water and sodium excretion in test animals. Indices of 1.0 and more were regarded as a positive effect. With potent diuretics, diuretic values of 2.0 and more can be found. The sum of Na + and Cl - excretion was calculated as parameter for Saliuretic activity. The ratio Na +/K + was calculated for natriuretic activity. Values greater than 2.0 indicate a favourable natriuretic effect. The ratioCl -/Na + + K +(ion quotient )was calculated to estimate carbonic anhydrase inhibition. Carbonic anhydrase inhibition was excluded at ratios between 1.0 and 0.8.With decreasing ratios slight to strong carbonic anhydrase inhibition can be assumed.

Results: The mean difference of 24 hr. urine output in between the groups were statistically significant at p value <0.05 calculated by One way Anova followed by Post hoc. Sheffes Test. All the four trial groups drugs showed significantly higher urine output as compared to control group but failed to produce higher than standard Furosemide at 24 th hour.

The descending order of Diuretic action is Standard (Furosemide)>Defatted Hydroalcoholic extract Trapusa>Kalka Ervaru>Defatted Hydroalcoholic extract Ervaru>Kalka Trapusa>Control (Saline 0.09%)

Kalka Ervaru exhibited strong Carbonic anhydrase inhibition activity having value 0.4392, Kalka Trapusa showed no Carbonic anhydrase inhibition activity having value 0.9254. Other two groups namely Defatted Hydro alcoholic extract Ervaru and Defatted Hydro alcoholic extract Trapusa exhibited moderate Carbonic anhydrase inhibition activity having value 0.5204 and 0.502 respectively.

Conclusion: • Trapusa ( CucumisSativus Linn.) and Ervaru ( Cucumismelo var. utilissimus Duthe& Fuller) and their DefattedHydroalcoholic extracts produce Low ceiling diuretic effect. • Mode of action of both drug were dissimilar, Ervaruand Defatted Hydroalcoholic extract of Trapusademonstrated Carbonic anhydrase effect whereas Trapusha and Defatted hydroalcoholic extract showed activity by regulation of Renin –Angiotensin pathway

Key words: Mootrala,Diuretic, Trapusa (Cucumissativus Linn.), Ervaru (Cucumismelo var. utilissimus Duthie& Fuller), Lipschitz diuretic model. ****

6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Strategy to meet challenges of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for sustainable quality production

Janardan Jee International Consortium of Contemporary Biologists, Ranchi. India

Globally Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAP)has taken centre stage in the commercial, pharmaceutical and socio- economic areas as a highly potential contributor in production of diverse range of plant based intermediary compounds and value added down stream end products used in numerous applications, drug formulation, food flavoring, perfumery, culinary, toiletry, health products, food supplements, cosmetics and anthropogenic application and animal care products However, in India, MAP enjoys special status in plant groups and is being used since time immemorial, which is duly documented in ancient literatures i.e. Ayurveda & others, Plants are considered God’s blessings and are regarded highly religious & spiritual significance. MAP has gained tremendous growing interest due to its potential to develop variety of products which are natural, no side effect, effective and affordable. Preference of plant based drugs over the conventional medicines in pharmaceutical industries which contains about 25% plant deveined compound is growing fast and created immense demand all aver the world. The estimated global herbal industry is valued over US$ 60 billion, manly in the form of pharmaceutical, spices and herbs, natural coronation and essential oil, with growing demand @ 7 % per year. The estimated value of this Industry will be over US $5 trillion by 2050.

India the agriculturally rich nation is also very rich in biodiversity. It is bestowed with 8 % of the world biodiversity of 2.4 % of world geographical area and endowed with 45,000 plant species, out of which about 2,00,000 plants are known to have medicinal properties. Already about 7500 plant species are extensively used in Indian system of medicine and constitute encouraging share in health care and cosmetic sector, although, India share in the worlds herbal industry is insignificant (1.6 %) which is largely (2/3) in the form of new herbs. MAP export from India has approx Rs. 2000 crores and its essential oil export is worth around Rs 6 billion. India is emerging as a major MAP player in the world trade which is presently ruled by china. It is estimated that export demand of herbal products form India will rise to around 10,000 crores in 2020. Keeping in view, the global importance of MAP, this sector need paradigm shift in order to ensure sustainability, increased productivity , enhanced profitability and its scientific, conservation & maintenance in different agro climatic zones of India. India is potential global leader in herbal medicine production and supply and for tapping its potential successfully , it needs to produce medicinal plants in scientific economic and safe way by adopting GAP (good agronomical practices), GLP ( good laboratory process ) and CMP (good manufacturing procedures) of global standard to ensure quality, safety, uniformity, and protect & maintain provisions of WTO / IPR related to herbals.

Indian council of Agriculture Research and its net work with Agricultural University is striving hard for the sustainable development of appropriate technology of MAP Quality Production, green protection and value added processing technology of selected nationally important MAP through sustained basis, strategic and applied research. It is also in MAP germplasm enhancement as will as acting as National Repository of genetic research of selected MAP. Significant research and development work is being carried out throughout the country on selected MAP viz. Aloe (Aloe barbadensis Mill., Ashwagndha (Withania somnifera Dunal). Giloe [Tinospora cordifolia (Willd. ) Hood F. & Thoms.], Guggal [Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari.], Isabgol (plantago ovate Forsk.), Safed musli (Chlorophytum vorivilianum Santapau &Fernandes.), Senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.), Lemon grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus Nees ex. Steud Wats.), Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martini Stapf. Var. motia)., Arjun (Terminalia arjuna.), Asalio (Lepidium sativum.), Ashoka (Saraca asoca.), Atis (Aconitum heterophyllum.), Babchi (Psoralia corylifolia.), Bala (Sida cordifolia.), Ban Kkri (Podophylum hexandrum .), Betelvine (Pipedr betle.), Bhui Amlaki

6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

(Phylanthus amarus), Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri.), Chirayita (Swertia chirayita .), Coptis (Coptis teeta.), Dodi (Leptadenia reticulate.), Coleus (Coleus forskohli.), Hypericum (Hypericum perforatum.), Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata.), Kawach ( Mucuna pruriens), Kutki ( Picrorrbiz kurroa ) LalChitrak (Plumbago rosea) Long pepper (Piper longum), Long perpper (Piper longum), Madhunashini (Gymnema sylvestre), Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), Shankhpushpi (Convolvulus microphyllus), Vach (Acorus calamus), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum.), which has given encouraging results. However, a lot more has to be done to be a global leader in MAP and attention on issues like cultivation know how, availability of quality raw material, poor organizational capacity, support services, post harvest, infrastructure and market and trade related services is need of the hour. As in other part of globe, in India too, agriculture production environment being a dynamic entity at a rapid pace. The agriculture sector is facing problem of reducing availability of water, nutrient deficiency in soils, climate changes, farm energy availability, loss of biodiversity, emergence of new pests disease, fragmentation of farms, cultivators migration and post WTO regulation. Major challenges of MAP sector in India are

• Unscrupulous harvesting of natural population resulting into loss of species and habita. • Lack of novel high yielding plant varieties enriched in quality trains as wll as biotic and abiotic stress torelrance • Limited information on genomics and secondary metabolites synthesis • Non-availability of standardized production and processing technologies (GAP, organic, GCP and GMP) for scientific, economic and safe utilization • Lack of post harvest technologies and value addition for better shelf life, quality, targetes delivery with delivery with enhanced bio availability and economic rerun • Technological gap for judicious and time framed operations and application of inputs for cultivation and post harvest processing • Lack of strategisc approaches for production under changing climate scenario • Lack of economic and efficient technologies for extraction, characterization and isolation of bioactive molecules for high value standard products • Non- availability of database on area, production, demand and supply and traditional knowledge

Effective and efficient strategy to meet challenges of MAP for sustainable quality production in India should on accelerating efforts for sustained conservation of species and habitat developments of technology from production to finished products and stake holder friendly policies. Research strategies for the sustainable MAP development should include sincere, concerted and mission made approach in area the of • Conservation of natural habitats and RET (rare threatened and endangered ) species and their sustainable utilization for maintaining ecological balance • Breeding for high yielding, pests and disease tolerant superior varieties with improved quality profile using conventional as well as biotechnological approaches (market assisted selection, DNA finger printing, barcoding, sequencing etc.) • Standardization of mass multiplication techniques for the production of quality seed and planning material using frontier technologies • Understanding of biosynthetic pathway for manipulating secondary metabolites production • Standardization of protocols for in vitro production of secondary metabolites • Basic and applied research for developing good agricultural and collection practices (GACP) taking into account the agro-climatic suitability • Area expansion in MAP through crop diversification and cultivation on problematic, degreaded and waste land s for sustainable development and to minimize the cost of production and risk factors • Standardization of post harvest technologies and value addition to improve quality and minimize the loss of bioactive compounds • Implementation of GAP, organic cultivation, GCP, GLP and GMP guidelines for the certification

6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

• Mechanization of cultivation and post harvest operations to improve quality, inputs efficiency and energy use • Non-destructive analysis of quality using rapid FT-NIR method • Development of management strategies against pest and diseases under changing climatic conditions • Standardization of state-of art technologies for extraction, characterization and isolation of essential bioactive compounds and innovative formulations • Fixing of permissible limits and development of protocols for the assessment and monitoring of contaminants and residues in raw drugs.

Besides sincere action of research strategies for MAP, development strategies are also needed to be formulated for promotion of MAP production, processing and marketing. Policies initiative, land reforms, hitech agriculture, mitigation of climate change effect availability of critical inputs in time, support services, ensuring remunerative prices, assess to appropriate technology, availability of high yielding, pest and disease resistant tolerant superior varieties should be priority cause of concern. The proper implementation of well drafted visionary strategy will result in dramatic result and India can achieve a highly respectable position on world MAP scene

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Growing organic herbs in Latvia: Clean environment as a key factor for the quality

Andrea PRIMAVERA *, GundarsSKUDRINS **, SandijsLUKINS ** *Institute for Environmental Solutions, “Lidlauks”, Priekuli parish, LV-4101, Latvia ** “Field & Forest” Ltd, Metras Street 3, Smiltene, LV-4729, Latvia

Aromatic and medicinal plants organically grown are increasingly demanded by the international market. Natural products for wellness and health with organic ingredients are in fact an extremely attractive combination for the consumer aware of environment and health. However, the development of organic agriculture faces with strong impact of industrialization and various agricultural practicesof neighbourhoodcausing a serious problem: cross-contamination. The drift of chemicals or their residues present in water and soil, or carried by the wind,may contaminate organic products that become unsuitable for the market. Regulation 834/07/EC on organic farming in fact, even though not explicitly, gives ‘zero’ limits for the residues of substances not permitted (including all plant protection products). But often in areas with intensive agriculture it is inevitable that the medicinal plant crops become contaminated with substances from surrounding fields or along the chain of collection, processing and storage that takes place in common with conventional agriculture.

In 2010, “Field & Forest” Ltd started to cooperatewith the Institute for Environmental Solutions fordevelopment ofmedicinal plant crops’cultivation in the region of Cesis (Latvia) with the aim to evolve a value-added agriculture in a weak area (from the rural point of view). An unknown factor, however, was the problem of the state of environment and the impact on quality of cultivated medicinal herbs. The company has developed a chain of organic certified herbs starting with the initial plots of about 2 ha up to total of 200 ha at present, and specializing in the production of chamomile, lemon balm, peppermint, valerian etc.During the period 2013-2016, about 65 tons of medical plant herbs were placed on the market, including more than 52 t of chamomile, but the rest compiled of such herbs as peppermint, lemon balm, purple coneflower, caraway, all cultivated under the organic agriculture practice.

The products have been tested before being placed on the European market, lot by lot, at accredited laboratories, normally operating within the herbal sector. After about five years of field tests and a range of analyses performed on the products, only in two cases there were problems with the presence of pesticides identified. The cases and the causes of contamination were analysed and identified. By this negligible incidence of the problem it can be said that medicinal plants are important indicators of environmental health (due to strict control) and that the region of Cesisis an environmentally clean area, therefore, suitable for organic farming, especially for very sensitive crops such as medicinal and aromatic plants.

Key words: medicinal and aromatic plants, organic farming, chamomile, environmental contamination, pesticides, cross contamination.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Phytochemical composition and correlation between total phenolics, flavonoids contents and antioxidant activities of Thymus hirtus willd extracts

Ahmed Nouasri 1, Tahar Dob 1, Mohamed Toumi 1, Dahmane Dahmane 1, Soumeya Krimat 1, Hafitha Metidji 1, Chabane chelghoume 1, 1ENS Kouba, Alghers, Algeria

Objective: The aims of this study is to make known the phytochemicals contents, measuring total phenolic and flavonoids contents and in vitro antioxidant activities of extracts of Thymus hirtus Willd. at the end concluding the correlation between contents and activities

Materiasl and Methods : Thymus hirtus Willd. Ariel parts were powdered and extracted with solvents extract in ascending polarity: chloroform, diethyl ether, acetate diethyl, n butanol and methanol. A part of powdered simple was screened by various chemical tests. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were assessed by spectrophotometric method and the antioxidant activity was estimated using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as a free radical scavenger, and FRAP test.

Results : The results of chemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, saponins and quinons. Alkaloids was not detected in any extract. The total phenolics content varied with the extracts and was from 20.75±0.345 and 272.80±8. mgEGA/g D,M whereas flavonoid content was between 1.97±0.055 and 2.83±0.161 mgEQ/g.D M. . The Lowest IC50 value for DPPH radical was obtained by diethyl ether and acetate d’ethyle fraction’s respectively (13,124±1,646µg/ml, 22,506±0,414µg/ml). For the FRAP test the results was inversely at first the acetate d’ethyle and second diethyl ether ( 238.632±10.976µg/ml, 246.370±7.533 µg/ml). For the correlation ( α =0.05) the correlation between total phenolics and flavonoids contents and the DPPH test was significant (R=0.888 phenolics and R=0.505 flavonoids), which mean the contribution of 88.8% and 50.5% of those contents respectively, for the FRAP test, the correlation was middle (R=0.683 and 0.181), in this case the contribution of other content in this reaction of reducing power was envisaged.

Conclusion : These results suggest that the better solvents extract was apolaire and the correlation was founded in DPPH test.

Keyword: Thyme ., phenolic, flavonoids, correlation, antioxidant activity.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Investigation of chemical constituents present in mature stems and agarwood resin of Gyrinopswalla (Gaerth.)

A.N. Buddhapriya 1, W.T.P.S.K. Senarath 1* 1 Department of Botany, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka

Gyrinops walla (Gaertn.) (Family Thymalaeaceae) is distributed in South and South East Asian countries. G. walla produces a resinous substance, which resembles to agarwood resin in Aquilaria sp.Agarwood is an odoriferous resin-infused wood derived from the wounded stems and highly prized due to its unique aroma. The resin is widely used inperfume industry, cosmetic production, incenses, aromatherapy and traditional medicine, etc. In the present study, volatile and aromatic organic compounds present in G. walla has been analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC- MS).

Stem samples from plants of 30-40 GBH were collected from dark brown colour wounded stem parts of G . walla in which identified as positive for resin and pale yellow colour normal stem parts of the same plant with less or no resin formation, two samples from each. Air dried samples were size reduced separately and chemical constituents were extracted using dichloromethane as the solvent under dark condition on a shaker at 100 rpm. Thereafter, using suction filtration, extracts were obtained and concentrated using a rotary evaporator at 30°C under reduced pressure. Conclusively extracts were screened for the presence of phytochemicals, using GC-MS by dissolving the crude in ethyl acetate to get 1.0 mg/L concentration. Agilent 7890A GC (5% Phenyl Methyl Siloxane) capillary column was used for the separation and 5975C inert XL EI/C1 MS detector identified the compounds present. The phytochemical constituents present in G. Walla samples were compared using chromatograms obtained.

The average amount of crude extract obtained in wounded stem parts with agarwood was 6.87%, while,2.26% was obtained in normal stem parts. From the chromatogram analysis, it was acquired that there is a significant difference between phytochemicals present in two tested samples. There were, fifteen (15) different important phytochemicals belongs to esters, terpenes, phenols, alcohols were present in stem samples with resin of which some are available in commercial agarwood. Out of those, only four (04) compounds found to be common in both tested samples. The present study revealed that there are some economically important phytochemicals present in resin produced in G. walla which is similar to those found in agarwood resin produced in Aquilaria sp.

Key words : Thymalaeaceae, GC-MS, solvent extraction, phytochemicals

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Studies on genetic diversity in naturally distributed population of Gamboge trees Garcinia gummi – gutta (l.) in Central Kerala, India

Manivannan, K ., S . Thirugnanakumar and K.A. Inasi Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, India

The naturally distributed populations of Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) were divided into three groups based on altitude viz., high (Altitude I), medium (Altitude II) and low (Altitude III). Forty genotypes from each altitude were selected based on mean fruit yield and subjected to Mahalanobis D 2 statistic. Observations were recorded on X 1) hydroxy citvic acid content, X 2) length of fruit beak, X 3) weight of individual fruit, X 4) volume of individual fruit, X 5) density of fruit, X 6) length of fruit, X 7) girth of fruit, X 8) thickness of fruit rind, X 9) weight of wet fruit rind, X 10 ) weight of flesh, X 11 ) rind: flesh ratio, X 12 ) weight of dry fruit rind, X 13 ) recovery percentage of dry rind, X 14 ) number of seeds per fruit and X 15 ) index of seed. The data from three altitudes were subjected to multivariate analysis, individually for a single season and altitude and pooled over two seasons and altitudes.

The experimental materials selected for the present study consisted of 120 one parent families of Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) which were selected from 2000 naturally distributed in three districts of Kerala viz., Kottayam, Pathanamthitta and Alappuzha. Each tree was considered as a single genotype. Thirty fruits from a single tree were collected and randomly divided into three replications, each consisting of 10 fruits.

The analysis of variance for individual seasons and altitude and pooled over seasons and altitude indicated that, significant differences existed among all the genotypes studied for all the 15 traits of interest. D 2 analysis of the 40 genotypes in nine analyses and 120 genotypes in three analyses revealed the presence of high genetic diversity among the genotypes by their resolution into seven clusters in season I altitude I; six cluster in season I and altitude II, season I altitude III and season II altitude I, five clusters in season II altitude II, six clusters in season II altitude III, seven clusters in seasons and pooled altitude I, six clusters in seasons pooled altitude II, seven clusters in seasons pooled altitude III, nine clusters in seasons I altitude pooled, eleven clusters in season II, Altitudes pooled and nine clusters in seasons pooled and Altitudes pooled. The genotypes hailing from the same panchayat and altitudes were grouped into different clusters and the genotypes hailing from different panchayats and altitudes were grouped into the same cluster. Thus, the present study amply indicated the presence of opulence of genetic diversity among the genotypes studied.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Quantification of phytochemicals, GC-MS analysis and antioxidant assay of Amomum maximum leaf extract

R Shubharani 1* and V Sivaram Laboratory of Biodiversity and Apiculture, 1Department of Botany, Bangalore University, Bangalore-560056, India *V Sivaram Research Foundation, Bangalore -56056, India

Plants represent an important unlimited source of phytochemicals such as the primary and secondary metabolites which are very important in pharmacological activity. Amomum maximum is a medicinally important herb commonly called as Java Cardamom, belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. The present work was concerned with the quantitative analysis of phytochemicals from methanolic extract of Amomum maximum leaf. The bioactive compounds of the leaf extract was also evaluated using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry analysis, which revealed major compounds such as Secocholesta, Phorbol, Glucopyranose, Digoxigenin, Phenethylamine, Cholestan and Carotene. The antioxidant activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts was determined by using different free radicals mainly DPPH, ABTS, and Nitric oxide. The extracts reduced the concentration of free radicals with an efficacy near to that of standard antioxidants mainly Gallic acid and Ascorbic acid. The study supports that the antioxidant property of Amomum maximum leaf may be related to the polyphenols and ascorbic acid present in the extracts. From the results it is indicated that Amomum maximum leaf contains various bioactive compounds and is effective against free radical mediated diseases, hence pharmacologically important.

Key words : Amomum maximum , GCMS, phytochemical, Zingiberaceae, metabolites

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Mitigating climate change & global warming using medicinal and aromatic plants

Chandrawati Kumari, Dept. of Biotechnology, A.N.College, Patna (India)

The science and technology led development in agriculture has resulted in many fold enhancement in productivity and production of different crops and commodities to match the pace of growth in population and thereby food demand in India. A food insecure country became self sufficient by bringing green revolution in cereals, white revolution in milk, blue revolution in fishes, yellow revolution in oilseed and brown revolution in fruit and vegetable achieving bumper production. However, due to ever increasing population, the country essentiality needs a rainbow revolution for food and nutritional security and national development based on agriculture and allied sectors. Agriculture is facing many challenges viz. reducing availability of quality water, nutrient deficiency in soils, fragmented land holding, non availability of critical inputs in times, insecure market, high risk cultivation, farm energy availability, loss of biodiversity, emergence of new plant and disease, migration of farmer and labor from village to urban areas, transfer of technology and many more. On the top of this problem, the global warming and climate change has emerged as a major challenge for agriculture all over the world. Although Medicinal and Aromatic plants too facing several serious challenges itself viz. loss of Medicinal and Aromatic plants biodiversity, ecotypes and ecology, non- availability of novel verities with high yield, quality and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress, lack of safe, economic and scientific technology and of high-tech standardized production and processing technology, still it holds the key of mitigating the ill effect of global warming and climate change in agriculture. As the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants grow in diverse agro climatic conditions and production system, the plant is capable of managing the adversity of climate change and global warming. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants score over the other tradition crops due to its inherent property of a rough and tough habits, habitat, germination, morphogenesis, growth, adaptability and maturity. The significance characteristic of Medicinal and aromatic plants which make them suitable to combat and mitigate the effect of climate change include

• Its ability of being largely tolerant to extreme weather condition from drought to floods.. • It is comparatively resistant to plant and diseases and normally incidence of pest and disease are minimal. • Medicinal and Aromatic Plants are low input, high potential crop compared to the traditional crops. • They have many option for crop diversification and also overcome economic loss caused due to adverse climate condition. • Medicinal and Aromatic Plants can be growth successfully on all types of soil and topographic condition and do equally well in marginal, sub marginal and drought lands. • It requires minimum management and gives maximum profitability. • It can be grown 100% organically with quality without any productivity loss • Globally accepted standardized production and processing technology viz. GAD (Good agronomic practice), GCP (good cultivation practices), GLP( Good laboratory procedure) and GMP(Good manufacture process) are available for the benefit of stockholders.

Consulted R & D is needed to identify suitable MAP species and varieties which can withstand the onslought of climate change adverse effect and develop strategies for wide cultivation of Medicinal and aromatic plants in order to reduce their over exploitation, fulfill the demand and conserve the natural species and habitats and be prosperous. As a practical case study, systematic and scientific studies on experimental taxonomy of Ocimum sanctum (Local name- Tulsi) of the family Lamiaceae was carried out to assess the effect of varying temperature, water regime and photoperiods. The results showed that the ocimum plant can tolerate a wide range of temperature, water ,sunlight and adverse climate without significant yield loss, rather some varieties did better in most of the parameters studied than the control( normal existing climate).Eugenol (1- hydroxyl 2 methoxy- 4 allylbenzene) is an important ingredients found in Ocimum sanctum which contains highly effective anti inflammatory properties.

6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

In vitro propagation, screening of phytochemical identities of rhizomes of tissue cultured and naturally grown plants of Kaempferia galangal (Zingiberaceae)

1Senarath, RMUS, 2Karunarathna, BMAC, 2* Senarath, WTPSK and 3Catanes, Jimmy G. 1College of Medicine, VirgenMilagrosa University Foundation, Philippines 2Department of Botany, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka 3Research Development Centre, VirgenMilagrosa University Foundation, Philippines

Kaempferia. galangal Linn. (Family: Zingiberaceae) is a rhizomatous herb which contains variety of pharmacological properties including mosquito repellent activity. Vegetative propagation methods cannot fulfill the current demand. Tissue culture technology offers an alternative means for mass propagation. Experiments were carried out on propagation of plants through direct organogenesis, determination of larvicidal and mosquito repellent activity of rhizome of natural and tissue cultured plants and screening of phytochemicals to confirm the potential use of tissue cultured plants as an alternative to natural plants in commercial scale productions.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

STRATEGIES FOR CONSERVATION OF RET MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS OF SOUTH INDIA

K. Manivannan, Director (Academic Affairs) Annamalai University Annamalainagar – 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India

India is rich in medicinal plants diversity. The RET (Rare, Endangered and Threatened) medicinal plants which have been identified by IUCN are to be conserved by both in-situ and ex-situ methods. Ex-situ conservation of medicinal plant species is a complementary action to conserve the genetic diversity of prioritized medicinal plants. It is especially desirable in case of species where wild populations have dwindled to critical levels. In the present study, six potential RET medicinal and aromatic plants viz. Decalepis hamiltonii, Gloriosa superba, Holostemma-ada-kodien, Salacia reticulate, Tinospora sinensis, Gymnema sylvestre, Garcinia Gummigutta,Withania somnifera ,Hibiscus sabdariffa, Hemidesmus indicus and Coleuos vettiveroides found in South India were explored, collected and conserved for sustainable utilization. The specific objectives of the study was to explore the status and distribution of the above RET species in the North and Coastal Tamil Nadu. A total of thirty three plants with a maximum of fifteen in Gloriosa superba, eight in Decalepis hamiltonii, four each in Holostemma-ada-kodien and Salacia reticulata and two in Tinospora sinensis were collected and their growth parameters were recorded. In Gloriosa sp., flowering and fruiting were observed and the seeds were collected from different accessions. Based on the observations, data base was generated for documentation.

Key words: Medicinal plants, Rare, Endangered, Threatened, Exploration, Conservation.

6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Lupane type pentacyclic triterpenes from birch bark and their wide range biological properties

Peteris Trapencieris 1, Valha Konstantsinava 1, Edvards Liepins 1, Anete Krjuckovska 1, Anete Parkova 1, Janis Rizikovs 2

1Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles iela 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia, [email protected] ; 2Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes iela 27, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia

Natural products are the continuous reservoir of biologically active compounds. Plants are using this chemicals source mai nly for their protection in the form of secondary metabolites. Natural pentacyclic triterpenes of lupane, oleanane and ursane structural types 1 are responsible for normal metabolism processes and plant protection. They were found in roots, root bark and bark of trees growing in different geographical areals in Europe. Among them are different varieties of birches, eucaliptus, oriental plane and London plane tree.

Silver birch ( Betula pendula Roth. ) is the most common tree (28% of afforested areas) species in the Latvia. The most difficult explained fact is the high content (20-25% from dry mass) of lupane triterpenes in the outer birch bark. The four main constituents are betuline, 3-O-coffeylbetuline, lupeol and betulinic acid.

H H H H OH OH OH H H H H HO O O H H H H HO O HO HO HO H H H H 3-O-Coffeilbetuline Betuline Betulinic acid Lupeol

Betulinic acid is an antitumor and anti-HIV agent 2 and was named in July 25, 2005 as the ACS Molecule of the Week. It induces apoptosis by activating mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) 3 and inhibits NF-κB activation and NF-κB-regulated gene expression induced by carcinogens and inflammatory stimuli. 4

We have developed the isolation technology of natural lupane triterpenes by different solvents and have analyzed the chemical structures by NMR and LC-MS methods. The first screening data showed different biological activities profile concerning cancer and drug resistance. They might be interesting to develop epigenetic drug targets.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Biodiversity of Medicinal, Aromatic, Spice and Poisonous Plants, the Creation and Development of Gene bank

Kacharava Tamar and Koiava Liana Georgian Technical University, 77, Kostava Str., 0175, Tilisi, Georgia

Increased and the potential of their use has progress, though, in modern medicine, cosmetology or cookery there are a lot of synthetic-chemical means. It is natural because the use of the latter is often followed by side effects, like allergies, while medications produced from plants have no harmful effects. Primarily, the effectiveness of herbal means comes from their high biological activity and less toxicity. It is possible to use them for various chronic and acute diseases. The process mentioned above has a great importance as in metabolic processes taking place in ontogenesis period of plants there are formed very important and precious compounds, like essential oils, alkaloids, antioxidants, glycosides, tanning matters, vitamins or pharmaceutically active substances that have soft and long- term effects on the human organism and stable results. They also have positive physiologic effect on the organism.

After the ban of antibiotics in several countries Georgia has a chance to become one of the main manufacturer of biologically active natural substance human and animal food and take significant part in the world market with stable income because of its unique ecologically clean endemic- aboriginal phytogenetic resource.

We studied and unified a single complex model of the following specialty and singularity, which are conditioned by the research and cataloguing of genetic resources of the medicinal, aromatic, spicy, poisonous plants, including unique plants and those on the verge of extinction, conservation; diagnostics of the indigenous-endemic and collection material for the purposes of selection of the plants distinguished for their pharmacological and farming peculiarities; enrichment of seed bank and its inclusion into the international exchange programs; establishment of the database for the purposes of sustainable use and conservation of the aforementioned plants in certain regions of Georgia with different ecosystems. The goals of research: To search and catalogue the geneplasma of wild and cultural species of biodiversity; The areal, state, bio-morphological research; The creation of data bank of present ethno-pharmacological peculiarities. Main Steps: The study of biological peculiarities of medicinal, aromatic, spicy and poisonous plants ; Phenological stages and physiological mechanisms of medicinal, aromatic, spicy and poisonous plants; Quality level of raw material of productivity, content of heavy metals in plant and soil; Diseases and pests of medicinal, aromatic, spicy and poisonous plants.

Key words: Biodiversity, Medicinal, Aromatic, Spicy, Poisonous, Plants

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Conservation of medicinal plants of Kodagu district, Karnataka state, India

Indira Kalyanasundaram (Retired Professor, University of Madras) 58 Malabar Road, Virajpet Kodagu District, Karnataka 571218, India

During an Ethnobotanical survey of parts of a small district in the State of Karnataka, a total of 257 species of medicinal plants, used by the natives for the treatment of various ailments, were recorded. Of these, 204 species grow in the wild. Some of these plants are of interest because they are quite effective but not known to be used for the same purposes elsewhere in the country. Several of these are becoming rare and need to be conserved. For this, the only way seems to be to protect their natural habitats, which are vanishing because of human greed.

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6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Assessment of chemical and biological contamination of spices

Vadims Bartkevics 1, Iveta Pugajeva 1, Ingars Reinholds 1, Baiba Fogele 1, 1Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Riga, Latvia

6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, May 23-26, 2016, Riga, Latvia

Ethno-medicinal plants of Ajmer Rajasthan, India

Rashmi Sharma Department of Zoology SPC GCA Ajmer, Rajasthan, India

Ajmer is situated centrally in Rajasthan also known as heart of Rajasthan. Surrounded all sides by Aravalli Mountains oldest mountains of the world. The flora is adapted to survive dry waterless region of the state. The medicinal plants of Ajmer are Datura innoxia mill. Dried leaves and twigs are antispasmodic in Asthama, whooping cough, bronchitis etc. Calotropis procera (Akara) (family Asclepiadaceae). Flowers are used in piles and Asthematic problems. Latex used in toothache, ring worm removing face darkness. Roots for spleen complaints, elephantiasis, rheumatism, protracted labour,bark for diaphoretic expectorant emetic in dysantery, leaves on sores skin disease inflammation and rheumatic joints. More plants and their medicinal properties are studied in the present paper.

Key words : Ethnomedicinal plants, Ring worm, Ajmer.

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