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Universidad Central Del Ecuador Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas Carrera De Ciencias Biológicas Y Ambientales UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS CARRERA DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Y AMBIENTALES Variación espacial y temporal de la composición y estructura de la comunidad de peces de la Laguna de Cube en la Reserva Ecológica Mache-Chindul, entre las épocas lluviosa y seca del 2019 Trabajo de titulación previo a la obtención del título de Licenciado en Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales AUTOR: Hualpa Vivanco Ronnie Mauricio TUTOR: MSc. Juan Francisco Rivadeneira Romero Quito, 2020 DERECHOS DE AUTOR Yo, Hualpa Vivanco Ronnie Mauricio, en calidad de autor y titular de los derechos morales y patrimoniales del trabajo de titulación “Variación espacial y temporal de la composición y estructura de la comunidad de peces de la Laguna de Cube en la Reserva Ecológica Mache-Chindul, entre las épocas lluviosa y seca del 2019”, modalidad proyecto de grado, de conformidad con el Art. 114 del CÓDIGO ORGÁNICO DE LA ECONOMÍA SOCIAL DE LOS CONOCIMIENTOS, CREATIVIDAD E INNOVACIÓN, concedo a favor de la Universidad Central del Ecuador una licencia gratuita, intransferible y no exclusiva para el uso no comercial de la obra, con fines estrictamente académicos. Conservo a mi favor todos los derechos de autor sobre la obra, establecidos en la normativa citada. Así mismo, autorizo a la Universidad Central del Ecuador para que realice la digitalización y publicación de este trabajo de titulación en el repositorio virtual, de conformidad a lo dispuesto en el Art. 144 de la Ley Orgánica de Educación Superior. El autor declara que la obra objeto de la presente autorización es original en su forma de expresión y no infringe el derecho de autor de terceros, asumiendo la responsabilidad por cualquier reclamación que pudiera presentarse por esta causa y liberando a la Universidad de toda responsabilidad. Firma: _____________________ Ronnie Mauricio Hualpa Vivanco C.C.: 171999873-2 Dirección electrónica: [email protected] ii APROBACIÓN POR PARTE DEL TUTOR Yo, Rivadeneira Romero Juan Francisco, en mi calidad de tutor del trabajo de titulación, modalidad: Proyecto de grado elaborado por HUALPA VIVANCO RONNIE MAURICIO cuyo título es: VARIACIÓN ESPACIAL Y TEMPORAL DE LA COMPOSICIÓN Y ESTRUCTURA DE LA COMUNIDAD DE PECES DE LA LAGUNA DE CUBE EN LA RESERVA ECOLÓGICA MACHE-CHINDUL, ENTRE LAS ÉPOCAS LLUVIOSA Y SECA DEL 2019, previo a la obtención del Grado de Licenciado en Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales; considero que el mismo reúne los requisitos y méritos necesarios en el campo metodológico y epistemológico, para ser sometido a la evaluación por parte del tribunal examinador que se designe, por lo que lo APRUEBO, a fin de que el trabajo sea habilitado para continuar con el proceso de titulación determinado por la Universidad Central del Ecuador. En la ciudad de Quito a los 12 días del mes de febrero del año 2020. _______________________ Firma Juan Francisco Rivadeneira Romero, MSc. DOCENTE TUTOR C.C.: 171330017-4 iii APROBACIÓN DEL TRABAJO DE TITULACIÓN El Tribunal constituido por: el MSc. Fidel Ernesto Rodríguez Galarza y el MSc. Carlos Enrique Carrera Reyes. Luego de receptar la presentación escrita del trabajo de titulación previo a la obtención del título de Licenciado en Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales presentado por el señor Hualpa Vivanco Ronnie Mauricio. Con el título: Variación espacial y temporal de la composición y estructura de la comunidad de peces de la Laguna de Cube en la Reserva Ecológica Mache- Chindul, entre las épocas lluviosa y seca del 2019 Emite el siguiente veredicto: Aprobado Fecha: 13 de marzo del 2020 Para constancia de lo actuado firman: Nombre Apellido Calificación Firma Revisor 1 MSc. Fidel Ernesto Rodríguez Galarza ____________ Revisor 2 MSc. Carlos Enrique Carrera Reyes ____________ iv DEDICATORIA A mi madre Gina, gracias por tu infinito amor, por tu amistad, por tu ejemplo de fuerza, sacrificio y valentía, gracias por todas tus sonrisas y perdón por aquellas lágrimas, siempre has sido y serás el motor de mi vida. A mi padre Mario, gracias por todo su trabajo y constancia, gracias por sus historias, que crearon en mí a una corta edad la ilusión de recorrer nuestro hermoso país y por qué no el mundo, gracias por enseñarme con el ejemplo la fuerza y nobleza de un buen hombre. A mi hermano Fernando, mi más grande modelo a seguir, gracias por tus enseñanzas y por tu apoyo incondicional, gracias por ser el mejor de los hermanos, y discúlpame por no siempre serlo. A mi hermanito Marlon, el hombre que más he amado. A mi sobrina Doménica, mi pequeña señorita bienvenida a la familia. Esto es por y para ustedes. v AGRADECIMIENTOS A la Sección de Ictiología del Departamento de Ciencias de la Escuela Politécnica Nacional por permitir el desarrollo del presente trabajo de titulación, por aportar los recursos necesarios para su desarrollo y por brindar apertura a la formación de nuevos investigadores. A la Universidad de Tulane de New Orleans, EE. UU., a la Fundación para la Conservación de los Andes Tropicales (FCAT) y a su Directora Ejecutiva la MSc. Margarita Baquero, por la iniciativa de implementar el proyecto del cual se deriva este estudio, así como por el trabajo de logística y financiamiento necesario para su desarrollo. Al Dr. Ramiro Barriga, curador del departamento de Ictiología del Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas de la EPN, por apoyar mi vinculación al Departamento de Ictiología, siendo el autor material y principal gestor de los recursos necesarios para llevar a cabo la presente investigación. Agradezco al MSc. Juan Francisco Rivadeneira Romero, tutor del presente estudio, por su apoyo y dirección durante todo el proceso de titulación. Al Lic. Pablo Arguello, por todos sus consejos y enseñanzas durante la preparación y desarrollo de este trabajo, gracias por ser a más de un mentor un amigo. A la Reserva Ecológica Mache-Chindul (REMACH), y a la comunidad de Cube, gracias por su arduo trabajo e interés por conservar el bello paisaje que los rodea. A mis amigos y futuros colegas Santiago García, Antonio Borja, Geovanna Tapia, Sheyla Pastás, Erick Acosta, Roger Caiza, Carlos Parra y Bequer Suarez, por haberme acompañado durante todos estos años, por compartir tantas experiencias y sueños. A Kely Granda, por su incondicional apoyo durante todas las etapas de este trabajo, por su inalcanzable responsabilidad, por sus sinceras críticas, por sus inagotables sonrisas y por todas las metas que compartimos. vi ÍNDICE GENERAL pág. DERECHOS DE AUTOR ................................................................................................. II APROBACIÓN POR PARTE DEL TUTOR ............................................................... III APROBACIÓN DEL TRABAJO DE TITULACIÓN ................................................ IV DEDICATORIA ................................................................................................................... V AGRADECIMIENTOS..................................................................................................... VI LISTA DE TABLAS ........................................................................................................... IX LISTA DE FIGURAS ......................................................................................................... X LISTA DE ANEXOS ....................................................................................................... XII RESUMEN ........................................................................................................................ XIII ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... XIV INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................1 METODOLOGÍA .................................................................................................................7 ÁREA DE ESTUDIO..............................................................................................................7 DISEÑO DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN ..................................................................................... 11 METODOLOGÍA ................................................................................................................ 11 Fase de campo .............................................................................................................. 11 Fase de laboratorio ...................................................................................................... 13 Consideraciones éticas ................................................................................................ 14 ANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICOS ................................................................................................. 14 PATRONES DE ABUNDANCIA ......................................................................................... 14 Curvas de Acumulación de Especies ........................................................................ 14 Curvas de Rango-abundancia o de Whittaker ......................................................... 14 Índice de Constancia (C)............................................................................................. 15 ÍNDICES ECOLÓGICOS .................................................................................................... 15 vii Diversidad Alfa (α) – Índice de Shannon-Wiener Exponencial ........................... 15 Dominancia – Índice De Simpson Inverso ............................................................. 15 Diversidad Beta (Β) – Índice Similitud De Horn ...................................................
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