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Supporting Information A. Site information SI Table 1: Grid references of sites SI Table 2: Sampling dates SI Figure 1: Photographs of sites B. Detailed sampling methodology C. Assemblage and environmental data SI Table 3: Fish assemblage SI Table 4: Benthic Invertebrate assemblage SI Table 5: Diatom assemblage SI Figure 2: Species accumulation curves for each site and assemblage SI Figure 3: Rank abundance plots for the three assemblages SI Table 6: Environmental variables by site D. Detailed statistical methodology SI Table 7: a and b diversity metrics used in the study SI Figure 4: Illustration of cyclic shift randomization SI Figure 5: a diversity trend for each assemblage and site SI Figure 6: b diversity trend for each assemblage and site E. Detectability and repeatability SI Table 8: Repeatability tests F. Supplementary Results SI Figure 7: Disturbance v. biodiversity change. SI Table 9: Randomization tests: Z scores and quantiles SI Figure 8: Randomization tests: Fish species plots SI Figure 9: Randomization tests: Fish families plots SI Figure 10: Randomization tests: Benthic invertebrates plots SI Figure 11: Randomization tests: Diatom plots SI Figure 12: Biotic homogenization References 1 A. Site information Sites (Table S1) in Trinidad’s Northern Range (see Figure 3, main text) Were sampled four times per year (twice in the Wet season and twice in the dry season – Table S2) for five years (2010-2015). On each sampling occasion the diversity of stream fish, benthic invertebrates and diatoms Was quantified. The stream fish assemblage included only finfish (vertebrates). Sampling methodology Was consistent throughout. Eight of our sites Were exposed to overt human pressure as a result of regular recreational use (e.g. 1). These ‘disturbed’ (d) sites Were matched With ‘undisturbed’ (u) sites in the same river system. Four sites Were resampled in 2011 (see E below). SI Table 1 with grid references of sites Site Latitude Longitude Acono d (AD) 10.712317 -61.399383 Acono u (AU) 10.713650 -61.398183 Caura d (CD) 10.689533 -61.355167 Caura u (CU) 10.702750 -61.367850 Lopinot d (LD) 10.689050 -61.319583 Lopinot u (LU) 10.705167 -61.319683 LoWer Aripo d (LAD) 10.650300 -61.220683 LoWer Aripo u (LAU) 10.656333 -61.222733 Maracas d (MD) 10.722150 -61.419950 Maracas u (MU) 10.717983 -61.419083 Quare d (QD) 10.665650 -61.193583 Quare u (QU) 10.673933 -61.196867 Turure d (TD) 10.656900 -61.168017 Turure u (TU) 10.680233 -61.167333 Upper Aripo d (UAD) 10.681517 -61.230450 Upper Aripo u (UAU) 10.685800 -61.232500 2 SI Table 2 - Sampling dates This table gives the year and month (values in cells) of each sample session at each site (site abbreviations as in SI Table 1). Shaded cells represent Wet seasons, unshaded cells dry seasons. year session AD AU CD CU LD LU LAD LAU MD MU QD QU TD TU UAD UAU 2010 omitted from 11 11 12 12 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 analysis 2011 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2011 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 2011 3 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 2011 4 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 11 11 10 10 11 11 11 11 2012 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2012 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2012 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 2012 8 10 10 10 10 11 11 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 10 10 2013 9 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2013 10 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 2013 11 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 2013 12 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 10 10 11 11 11 11 2014 13 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2014 14 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2014 15 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 2014 16 10 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 11 11 11 11 12 12 11 11 2015 17 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2015 18 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2015 19 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 3 SI Figure 1 Photographs of survey sites Disturbed Undisturbed Acono Caura Lopinot Lower Aripo 4 Maracas Quare Turure Upper Aripo 5 B. Detailed sampling methodology Assemblages The same 50m stretches of stream were revisited each session. Fish, invertebrates and diatoms were sampled during each visit. Fish Were exhaustively sampled (2, 3) using (first) a tWo-person seine net (mesh 6.4mm) and (second) by electrofishing. A dip net Was used to catch any remaining fish. All stream fish Were identified to species and counted. Captured fish Were then returned unharmed to the river at the end of the session. Any macroinvertebrates (e.g. crayfish) sampled Were also recorded but have not been analysed here. Next, a surber sampler (2) was deployed to assess benthic invertebrates. Five samples, dispersed along the stream section, Were taken on gravel substratum. These samples Were preserved in alcohol and returned to the laboratory Where all taxa were identified to family (the best taxonomic resolution achievable based on local expertise at the University of the West Indies, Trinidad & Tobago). All individuals sampled Were recorded. Data from the invertebrate samples at a given site and session were combined for analysis. Finally, in the case of diatoms three rocks of ~20cm diameter Were collected from a depth of around 15 cm at intervals along the stream section, folloWing the recommendations in (4). On return to the laboratory each sample was processed using the protocols in (4, 5). No taxonomic key is available for Trinidadian diatoms; specimens Were therefore identified to morphospecies using a photographic catalogue compiled by AED (6). Diatom samples underWent a knoWn dilution after Which individuals were counted along 5 haphazard transects on a 1 ml Sedgewick-Rafter counting cell using an Olympus IX51 inverted light microscope (x60 N.A. 0.70 lens). Data from the diatom samples at a given site and session were combined for analysis. In all cases sampling methods and effort Were constant throughout. Environmental Data The folloWing data Were collected during each session at each site: i. Water parameters -1 -1 Conductivity (µS.cm ), O2 (mg.l ), pH and temperature (˚C) Were measured using a field meter. Turbidity Was recorded using a scale of 1-5 (1: Completely clear, substratum clearly visible even in deeper sections; 2: Clear in shallow parts, but slight turbidity evident in deeper areas (i.e. hard to see the substratum); 3: Some turbidity evident even in shalloWer areas.; 4: Considerably turbid in both shalloW and deep areas - water brown in colour; 5: Extremely turbid throughout, substratum completely obscured.) ii. Recreational impact Recreational impact Was assessed by counting the number of pieces of garbage in or alongside the sample site. iii. River features Three transects (5m, 25m and 45m from the upstream margin of the site) Were identified. FloW (m.s-1) was measured 9 times (3 times near the centre of each transect) and averaged. Transect Width Was measured, average depth calculated and these data used to estimate Water volume. The canopy cover above each transect Was estimated using a concave spherical densiometer. These data Were used to construct an integrated canopy measure. iv. Substratum The percentage cover of different substratum categories: silt, sand, fine gravel, coarse gravel, cobble, small boulders, large boulders and bedrock Was recorded at each transect, and averaged. The percentage of leaf litter Was also recorded. 6 C. Assemblage Data 1 SI Table 3: Fish assemblage PHYLUM FAMILY SPECIES AUTHORITY COMMON NAME Chordata Callichthyidae Corydoras aeneus Gill 1858 Bronze cory/pui pui Chordata Callichthyidae Hoplosternum littorale (Hancock, 1828) Cascadura Chordata Charachidae Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Two-spot sardine Chordata Charachidae Corynopoma riisei Gill 1858 Sword-tail sardine Chordata Charachidae Hemibrycon taeniurus (Gill, 1858) Mountain stream sardine Chordata Charachidae Hemigrammus (Gill 1858) Featherfin tetra unilineatus Chordata Charachidae Odontostilbe pulchra (Gill 1858) Chordata Charachidae Roeboides dientonito (Schultz 1944) Humpback sardine Chordata Cichlidae Andinoacara pulcher (Gill, 1858) Coscorob/blue acara (previously Aequidens pulcher) Chordata Cichlidae Cichlasoma taenia (Bennett, 1831) Brown coscorob Chordata Cichlidae Crenicichla frenata Gill, 1858 Pike cichlid (previously C. alta) Chordata Cichlidae Oreochromis (Peters, 1852) Tilapia mossambicus Chordata Curimatidae Steindachnerina (Gill, 1858) Stout sardine argentea Chordata Erythrinidae Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch 1794) Guabine/Wolf fish Chordata Gobidae Awaous banana (Valenciennes 1837) Sandfish Chordata Gymnotidae Gymnotus carapo Linneaus 1758 Cutlass/knife fish Chordata Heptapteridae Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) River catfish/cascalaW Chordata Loricariidae Ancistrus maracasae FoWler 1946 Jumbie teta Chordata Loricariidae Hypostomus robini Valenciennes 1840 Teta/armoured catfish Chordata Muglilidae Agonostomus (Bancroft, 1834) Mountain mullet monticola Chordata Poecilidae Micropoecilia picta (Regan, 1913) Swamp guppy (previously P. picta) Chordata Poecilidae Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859 Guppy/millionsfish/ drainfish Chordata Poecilidae Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes, 1846 Molly Chordata Rivulidae Anablepsoides hartii (Boulenger, 1890) Rivulus/jumping guabine (previously Rivulus hartii) Chordata Synbranchidae Synbranchus Bloch 1795 Zangee marmoratus SI Table 4: Benthic Invertebrate Assemblage 1 Data are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.17630/ede726cd-3ab0-41a7-a6ef-5063732af297 7 PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY AUTHORITY COMMON NAME Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Psephenidae Lacordaire, 1854 Water pennies Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Curtis, 1830 Riffle beetles Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Tricorythidae Mayfly larvae Arthropoda Insecta
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  • Mechanisms Underlying Spectral Sensitivity in Teleost Fishes Karen L

    Mechanisms Underlying Spectral Sensitivity in Teleost Fishes Karen L

    © 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2020) 223, jeb193334. doi:10.1242/jeb.193334 REVIEW Seeing the rainbow: mechanisms underlying spectral sensitivity in teleost fishes Karen L. Carleton1,*, Daniel Escobar-Camacho1, Sara M. Stieb2,3,4, Fabio Cortesi4 and N. Justin Marshall4 ABSTRACT thespectrumandoftenworkinanopponentmannertoprovidecolor Among vertebrates, teleost eye diversity exceeds that found in all vision (although in some instances rods may contribute to chromatic other groups. Their spectral sensitivities range from ultraviolet to red, tasks; Joesch and Meister, 2016). and the number of visual pigments varies from 1 to over 40. This Vision helps animals navigate through the environment, find food, variation is correlated with the different ecologies and life histories of avoid predators and find mates (Cronin et al., 2014). In an organism fish species, including their variable aquatic habitats: murky lakes, with a fixed number of visual channels, each visual task may be clear oceans, deep seas and turbulent rivers. These ecotopes often optimized by a different set of visual sensitivities. For a single change with the season, but fish may also migrate between ecotopes species, natural selection may average over all visual tasks to select diurnally, seasonally or ontogenetically. To survive in these variable the best set of visual pigments for that species. For example, honey light habitats, fish visual systems have evolved a suite of mechanisms bee vision is good for detecting most