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INSTITUTO POTOSINO DE INVESTIGACIÓN CIENTÍFICA Y TECNOLÓGICA, A.C. POSGRADO EN GEOCIENCIAS APLICADAS Estudio Regional Del INSTITUTO POTOSINO DE INVESTIGACIÓN CIENTÍFICA Y TECNOLÓGICA, A.C. POSGRADO EN GEOCIENCIAS APLICADAS Estudio regional del Campo Volcánico de la Cuenca Serdán – Oriental a través de métodos potenciales. Tesis que presenta Nereida de la Paz Pérez Méndez Para obtener el grado de Maestra en Geociencias Aplicadas Director de Tesis Dr. Vsevolod Yutsis San Luis Potosí, SLP. Diciembre de 2017 2 Créditos Institucionales Esta tesis fue elaborada en la División de Geociencias Aplicadas del Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, A.C., bajo la dirección del Dr. Vsevolod Yutsis Durante la realización del trabajo el autor recibió una beca académica del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (No. 596331) y del Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, A. C. ii A mis padres y hermanos por su apoyo, a Rob, por su infinita ayuda y amistad, a Gerardo por su ánimo y cariño en mis días grises, a mi familia potosina, Lupita Méndez, Juán Guerrero, Norma, J Carlos y Janabanana por quienes siempre me sentí querida y cuidada. iv Agradecimientos A mis Padres por su amor y apoyo incondicional a lo largo de toda mi vida, son mis pilares y mi fuerza. Mis hermanos Nora, Mabel, Teresa y Emmanuel quienes me consienten e inspiran a seguir adelante. A mi amigo y compañero el Mtro. Alejandro Cruz Palafox por su paciencia y ayuda al responder a mis infinitas preguntas y dudas, y por compartir largas jornadas de trabajo conmigo. A Angelina Candia, Rosaira Cruz y Claudia Rigel que siempre estuvieron para mí en todo este proceso, su amistad y conocimiento me motivaron a diario. A Edgar, Fermín y Rob con quienes inicié esta aventura y pasé momentos increíbles, ¡son los mejores! A Edith y a Gaby Assafat, que sin duda son de las personas más agradables que conozco, su disposición a ayudar es admirable así como su eficiencia. Al Dr. Valdis por su apoyo en este proceso, por no perder la fe en mí y animarme a seguir adelante. Al Dr. Nick, muchas gracias por estar a lo largo de mi educación, siempre dispuesto a ayudarme y respetar mi forma de trabajo. Al Dr. Pablo por sus observaciones y puntos de vista, sé que tengo un largo camino que seguir pero su ética profesional y forma crítica de trabajar ha puesto un ejemplo a seguir, gracias por las charlas sobre volcanes. Por último y no menos importante a mis amigos que siempre estuvieron para mí y son parte de este capítulo en mi vida: Katheryn Villareal, Nayelli Vázquez, Mónica Cuevas, Alba Hunter, Aby Rentería, Paty Fernández, Vic, Aréchiga, Oscar Chang, Al Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICyT), por el apoyo brindado durante la maestría. Al Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), por la beca otorgada. A la división de Geociencias Aplicadas y al Departamento de Geofísica, al técnico David Gaytán por su ayuda en la logística del trabajo de campo y procesamiento de datos. v Contenido Constancia de aprobación de tesis…………………………………………………... i Créditos institucionales…………………………………………………………………... ii Acta de Examen………………………………………………………………………….. iii Dedicatoria……………………………………………………………………………...… iv Agradecimientos………………………………………………………………………….. v Lista de Figuras y tablas.………………………………………………………………… xi Resumen……………………………………………………………………………….... xix Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………... xx Capítulo 1. Aspectos generales………………………………………………………. 1 1.1 Introducción…………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.2 Hipótesis……………………………………………………………………………… 2 1.3 Objetivo General…………………………………………………………………...... 2 1.3.1 Objetivos particulares……………………………………………………………... 2 1.4 Metodología…………………………………………………………………………... 2 1.4 Localización…………………………………………………………………………... 3 1.5 Antecedentes………………………………………………………………………… 4 Capítulo 2. Marco Geológico………………………………………………………… 14 2.1 Faja Volcánica Transmexicana……………….…………………………………… 14 2.2 Evolución de la FVTM………..…………………………………………………….. 14 2.2.1 Arco del Mioceno medio y tardío…………………………………………….….. 15 2.2.2 Episodio máfico del Mioceno tardío……………………………….……………. 16 2.2.3 Vulcanismo silícico del final de Mioceno y vulcanismo bimodal del Plioceno temprano…………………………………………………………………………………. 17 2.2.4 Arco del Plioceno tardío-Cuaternario 2.3 Geología Estructural y Neotectónica……………………………………………… 20 2.4 Tectónica de la FVTM……………………………………………………………… 21 2.5 Faja Volcánica Trans Mexicana Oriental………………………………………… 23 2.5.1 Coordillera Cofre de Perote-Pico de Orizaba…………………………………. 25 vi 2.5.2 Área Jalapa-Naolinco……………………………………………………………. 25 2.5.3 Macizo Palma Sola……………………………………………………………….. 25 2.5.4 Zona Altiplano…………………………………………………………………….. 26 Hidrología e hidrogeología…………………………………………………...… 26 Vulcanismo monogenético Cuaternario………………………………………. 28 Tectónica Regional……………………………………………………………… 30 Geología Regional…………………………………………….………………… 31 Capítulo 3. Marco Vulcanológico…………………………………………………… 39 3.1 Campos Volcánicos Monogenéticos……………………………………………... 39 3.1.1 Características físicas……………………………………………………………. 40 3.1.2 Estructura geológica……………………………………………………………… 40 3.1.3 Sistemas magmáticos monogenéticos…………………………………………. 41 3.1.4 Principales edificios volcánicos…………………………………………………. 46 Conos de escoria………………………………………………………………... 46 Anillos de toba…………………………………………………………………… 47 Conos de toba…………………………………………………………………… 48 Maars…………………………………………………………………………….. 48 Diatrema…………………………………………………………………. 48 Flujos de lava……………………………………………………….…………… 49 Volcanes escudo………………………………………………………………... 50 3.2 Hidrovulcanismo……………………………………………………………………. 52 3.3 Freatomagmatismo………………………………………………………….……… 52 3.3.1 Dinámica física……………………………………………………….…………… 52 3.3.2 Formas…………………………………………………….………………………. 54 3.4 Erupciones volcánicas sílicas……………………………………………………... 54 3.4.1 Domos……………………………………………………………………………... 55 3.4.2 Domos como indicadores de orientación de estrés tectónico……………….. 55 Capítulo 4. Método magnético………………………………………………………. 57 4.1 El Campo Magnético……………………………………………………………….. 57 4.1.1 Geomagnetismo………………………………………………………………….. 59 vii 4.2 Variaciones del campo magnético…………………….………………………….. 61 4.2.1 Variaciones diurnas……………………….……………………………………… 61 4.2.2 Micropulsaciones……………………………..………………………………….. 62 4.2.3 Tormentas magnéticas……………………………………………………….….. 62 4.2.4 Variación secular…………………………………………………………………. 62 4.2.5 Reversiones geomagnéticas…………………………………………………..... 62 4.3 Susceptibilidad magnética de las rocas……………………………………….…. 62 4.4 Anomalías magnéticas…………………………………...………………………… 65 4.5 Instrumentación…………………………………………………………………….. 67 4.6 Correcciones………………………………………………………………………... 69 4.7 Levantamiento aeromagnético……………………………………………………. 70 4.8 Filtros utilizados para el análisis de datos aeromagnéticos…………….……… 71 4.8.1 Reducción al polo………………………………………………………………… 71 4.8.2 Continuación ascendente…………………………………………………….….. 72 4.8.3 Primera derivada vertical y horizontal……………………………………….…. 72 4.8.4 Señal analítica……………………………………………………………….…… 73 Capítulo 5. Método Gravimétrico…………………………………………………… 74 5.1 Ley de la Gravitación Universal…………………………………………………… 74 5.2 Densidades de las rocas…………………………………………………………... 75 5.3 El geoide…………………………………………………………………………….. 76 5.4 Medición de la gravedad…………………………………………………………... 77 5.4.1 Gravedad absoluta………………………….……………………………………. 77 5.4.2 Gravedad Relativa………….…………….………………………………………. 78 5.5 Correcciones………………………………………………………………………… 79 5.5.1 Corrección por Deriva….………………………………………………………… 79 5.5.2 Corrección de Elevación………………………………………………………… 79 5.5.3 Corrección por Marea……………………………………………………………. 81 5.5.4 Anomalía de Aire – Libre y Bouguer………………………………..…………… 81 Capítulo 6. Análisis de datos geológicos – geofísicos………….……………… 83 6.1 Edificios volcánicos……………………………………………………….………… 83 viii 6.1.1 Identificación y clasificación de edificios volcánicos………………………….. 84 6.1.2 Mapeo de vents volcánicos…………………...…………………………………. 85 6.1.3 Lineamientos……………………………………………………………………… 85 Vents volcánicos………………………………………………………………… 85 Rocas sedimentarias……………………….…………………………………… 85 Rosetas…………………………………………………………………...……… 85 6.1.4 Perfiles geológicos – volcánicos………………………………………………... 86 6.2 Método Magnetométrico…………………………………………………………… 86 6.2.1 Procesamiento de datos..………………………………………….…………….. 87 6.2.2 Dominios aeromagnéticos……………………………………………………….. 89 6.3 Método Gravimétrico……………………………………………………………….. 89 6.3.1 Gravedad Terrestre………………………………………………………………. 89 Adquisición de datos……………………………………………………………. 89 Equipo utilizado………………………………………………………….………. 89 Corrección de datos…………………………………………………………….. 90 Procesado de datos…………………………………………………………….. 90 6.3.2 Gravedad Satelital………………………………………………………………... 91 Procesado de datos…………………………………………………………….. 91 Anomalía de Bouguer Completa y Residual…………………………………. 91 Primera derivada en vertical (z)……………………………………………….. 91 6.3.3 Dominios gravimétricos………………………………….………………………. 92 6.4 Modelado……………………………………………………………………………. 92 Capítulo 7. Integración y Resultados………………………………………….…… 93 7.1 Geoformas……………………………………………………………………….….. 93 7.1.1 Identificación y clasificación de Edificios Volcánicos…………………………. 93 Maars…………………………………………………………………………….. 96 Domos……………………………………………………………………………. 99 Flujos de lava………………………………………………………………...… 100 Conos monogenéticos………………………………………………………… 102 Edificios poligenéticos………………………………………………………… 102 ix 7.1.2 Lineamientos de vents volcánicos………………………………………….…. 105 7.1.3 Lineamientos de rocas sedimentarias………………………………………… 109 7.1.4 Perfiles…………………………………………………………………………… 111 7.2 Magnetometría………………………………………………………………........ 113 7.2.1 Campo Magnético Residual (CMR)…………………………………………… 113 7.2.2 Campo Magnético Residual – Reducido al Polo……………………………. 114
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