Philippine Political Economy 1998-2018: a Critical Analysis

American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 11-12, November-December 2018 [email protected] SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES Manuscript info: Received November 4, 2018., Accepted November 12, 2018., Published November 30, 2018. PHILIPPINE POLITICAL ECONOMY 1998-2018: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS Ruben O Balotol Jr, [email protected] Visayas State University-Baybay http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2573-5616-2018-12-2 Abstract: In every decision than an individual deliberates always entails economic underpinnings and collective political decisions to consider that affects the kind of decision an individual shape. For example governments play a major role in establishing tax rates, social, economic and environmental goals. The impact of economic and politics are not only limited from one's government, different perspectives and region of the globe are now closely linked imposing ideology and happily toppling down cultural threat to their interests. According to Žižek (2008) violence is not solely something that enforces harm or to an individual or community by a clear subject that is responsible for the violence. Violence comes also in what he considered as objective violence, without a clear agent responsible for the violence. Objective violence is caused by the smooth functioning of our economic and political systems. It is invisible and inherent to what is considered as normal state of things. Objective violence is considered as the background for the explosion of the subjective violence. It fore into the scene of perceptibility as a result of multifaceted struggle. It is evident that economic growth was as much a consequence of political organization as of conditions in the economy. It also manifest that society's laws could be described on the same economic principles used to explicate society's choice of roads, bridges, hospitals, and schools. To elaborate the point of the study. First it discusses the Philippine politics and economy from Spanish to American period. It highlights the transformation of primitive politics and economy in the Philippines as shaped by colonialism. Second, it examines the divided political and economic policy from Estrada to early administration of Duterte. Finally, the study critically presents the 21st century phenomena of Philippine political economy and the transformation Filipino's ideologies. Key words: Political economy, colonialism, violence, Duterterismo, Philippines Recommended citation: Ruben O Balotol Jr. Philippine Political Economy 1998-2018: A Critical Analysis. 11-12. American Journal of Research P. 15-31 (2018). USA, Michigan Generalization of Scientific Results 15 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 11-12, November-December 2018 [email protected] Introduction Philippine political economy from In every decision than an 1998 to early of 2018. The year 1998 individual deliberates always entails to early 2018 is considered significant economic underpinnings and because it marks revolutionary collective political decisions to changes in political populism and consider that affects the kind of reevaluation of democracy are decision an individual shape. For prevalent among scholars. example governments play a major Furthermore, to elaborate the role in establishing tax rates, social, point of the study critical analysis economic and environmental goals. was employed.A philosophical The impact of economic and politics method which emphasizes that the are not only limited from one's search for truth depends on the government, different perspectives rigor of thinking. As it seeks answers and region of the globe are now to those questions that have closely linked imposing ideology and implications to human life.To happily toppling down cultural threat elaborate the point of the study. First, to their interests. to discuss the Philippine political The International Monetary Fund economy from Spanish to American (IMF), World Bank, World Trade colonial era. It is a crucial part of Organization (WTO), Moody's and Philippine history that would serve other international arbiter of as a guide in understanding economic and political stability thoroughly the climate of modern affects individual and the communal political economy in the political prospects, it is forced to Philippines.Second, examines the sacrifice elementary political divided political and economic freedoms and hampers economic policy from Estrada to early sustainability which the adverse administration of Duterte. Finally, effect manifest in the inability to the study critically presents the 21st expand determinants of freedom century phenomena of Philippine such as educational and health political economy and the accessibility as well as the exercise transformation of Filipino's of political and civil rights (Sen, ideologies. As the country enters into 1999; Cohn, 2012). the crucial phase of the present It is evident that economic growth administration was as much a consequence of political organization as of Revisiting Philippine Political conditions in the economy. It also Economy from Spanish to American manifest that society's laws could be Colonia Era described on the same economic The absence of political unity principles used to explicate society's allowed Miguel Lopez de Legaspi choice of roads, bridges, hospitals, to impose Christianity and and schools (Usher, 2003). Thus, established a feudal colonial rule to this study is a critical analysis of the majority of the Filipinos. All the USA, Michigan Generalization of Scientific Results 16 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 11-12, November-December 2018 [email protected] protestations of friendship, equality, activities of the British that radically and brotherhood were empty words modifies the economic life. English which meant nothing in practical merchants and the East India terms. But what the Spanish rule did Company at start occupied positions mean was an interruption and of importance second only to the redirection of technology, economy, Chinese traders, by the end of religion, politics and society nineteenth century, the English had (Casi?o, 1982; Constantino, 1994). attain commercial primacy in Manila The Spanish conquest eventually (Constantino, 1994). shaped fundamentally the lives of the The demands of the capitalist native population. The Spaniards modernity forced Philippines to forced the natives to adapt to new developed export-crop economy, ways, to take on the immense labor fostering a national market, attracting of producing enough food for their commerce. Tobacco industry was the masters and themselves, causing to first large-scale commercial venture develop a consciousness of national in the Philippine agricultural solidarity from a century of common economy (Fenner, 1982; grievances. In addition, the Constantino, 1994; Casi?o, 1982). introduction of new systems affects Moreover, the liberalism of the the economic development, paving ilustrados in Europe and in the to three distinct economic systems Philippines failed to secure that existed in the Philippines; a administrative reforms and promote Western economy, a native class participation in the political economy, and a Chinese economy. rule. The attempts to establish an The Spanish galleon trade, Manila- independent Philippine governance Acapulco became a potent stimulus is first manifested in Rizal's La Liga for the increase of migrants and Filipina, the blueprint constitution which eventually monopolized by of a Filipino nation, which sought the Chinese, making them an to involve the people directly in the indispensable and established reform movement. institution in Philippine economic However, the struggle was marred life not until the coming of British with personal interests within the traders since the Spanish crown ranks of the revolutionary could not sanction rival European government which resulted to the powers due to the distance, passage of leadership of the supervision is difficult (Casi?o, movement from the proletariat to the 1982). hands of the elite-Illustrado claimed While the increasing that the direction and control of the commercialization within the revolution would be best guided Philippines was the handiwork of the under their stewardship. Future Chinese who did business with the events would demonstrate how the native producers, Spanish governors revolutionary forces of the people and friars, it was the commercial would be used as a bargaining lever USA, Michigan Generalization of Scientific Results 17 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 11-12, November-December 2018 [email protected] by the elite for the protection of featured a perpetual scramble for their economic and political position and patronage which the advances (Constantino, 1994). colonial power satisfied as reward In Hong Kong, Americans have for acquiescence to its own political cunningly guaranteed Aguinaldo not and economic objectives. its mercenary motives but for the Philippine Politics and the sake of humanity, considered it as Economy under Estrada, Arroyo, apropos to extend their protective Aquino III and Duterte mantle over Philippines, thus administration making Filipinos as the first colonial The discussion approaches the possession of the United States n examination of politics and economy South-East Asia following the of the 21st century Philippines by Spanish-American War. Unlike critically reflecting the governance other American conquest, the of Estrada, Arroyo, Aquino III and Filipino politician resisted

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